CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus - Free PDF Download
CISCE Syllabus 2026-27 ISC Class 12: The CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus for the examination year 2026-27 has been released by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, CISCE. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2026-27 CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new CISCE syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus for 2026-27 is below.
Academic year:
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Revised Syllabus
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Course Structure 2026-27 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1: Reproduction [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants [Revision]
- Modes of Reproduction
- Life Cycle of Angiosperms
- Flower
- Types of Flowers
- Events in Sexual Reproduction > Pre-fertilization Events
- Structure and Development of Anther
- Microsporogenesis
- Structure and Development of Male Gametophyte
- Structure and Development of Ovule
- Types of Ovules (Based on Orientation)
- Types of Ovules (Based on Integuments)
- Megasporogenesis
- Development of Female Gametophyte or Embryo Sac
- Male Vs Female Gametophytes in Angiosperms
- Pollination
- Self-pollination
- Cross-pollination
- Geitonogamy
- Outbreeding Devices
- Agents and Types of Cross-pollination
- Anemophily
- Hydrophily
- Entomophily
- Ornithophily
- Cheiropteriphily
- Malacophily
- Wind Vs Insect-pollinated flowers
- Self-pollination Vs Cross-pollination
- Events in Sexual Reproduction > Fertilization (Syngamy)
- Artificial Hybridization or Artificial Fertilization
- Pollen Pistil Interaction
- Double Fertilization and Triple Fusion
- Events in Sexual Reproduction > Post-Fertilization Structures and Events
- Endosperm
- Dicotyledonous Embryo
- Monocotyledonous Embryo
- Parthenocarpy
- Polyembryony
- Apomixis
- Formation of Seed and Fruit
- The Fruit
- The Seed
1 Reproduction in Organisms [Revision]
- Reproduction
- Modes of Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Binary Fission
- Binary Fission > Simple Binary Fission
- Binary Fission > Transverse Binary Fission
- Binary Fission > Longitudinal Binary Fission
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Multiple Fission
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Budding
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Budding
- Asexual Reproduction in Animals > Gemmule Formation
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Regeneration
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Fragmentation
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Spore Formation
- Binary Vs Multiple Fission
- Vegetative Reproduction or Vegetative Propagation
- Monocarpic Vs Polycarpic Plants
- Events in Sexual Reproduction > Pre-fertilization Events
- Events in Sexual Reproduction > Fertilization (Syngamy)
- Events in Sexual Reproduction > Post-Fertilization Structures and Events
- Sexual Vs Asexual Reproduction
- Sexuality in Plants
- Sexuality in Animals
- Oviparous Vs Viviparous Animals
- Parthenogenesis (Virgin Birth)
- Oestrus vs Menstrual Cycles
2 Human Reproduction [Revision]
- Human Reproduction
- Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Humans
- Human Reproductive Organs
- The Male Reproductive System
- Testes
- Duct system of Male Reproductive Tract
- Accessory Glands of Male Reproductive System
- External Genitalia: Penis
- Semen (Seminal fluid)
- Disorders of Male Reproductive System
- The Female Reproductive System
- External Genitalia: Vulva
- Female Internal Reproductive Organ > Ovary
- Ovarian Follicle Development and Function
- Female Reproductive Duct System
- Mammary Glands
- Disorders of Female Reproductive System
- Male Urethra Vs Female Urethra
- Graafian Follicle Vs Corpus Luteum
- Sperm Vs Ovum
- Gametogenesis
- Spermatogenesis
- Spermiogenesis
- Factors affecting Spermatogenesis
- Structure of Sperm
- Oogenesis
- Spermatogenesis Vs Oogenesis
- Puberty
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Major Events of Menstrual Cycle
- Hormonal Control of Menstrual Cycle
- Menarche and Menopause
- Embryonic Development in Human
- Fertilization in Human
- Fate of Germ Layers in Embryonic Development
- Major Features of Embryonic Development
- Placenta (Growth) in Human
- Parturition (Birth) in Human
- Lactation in Human
3 Reproductive Health [Revision]
- Concept of Reproductive Health
- Population Explosion and Control Measures
- Birth Control
- Induced Abortion or Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Inequality of Sexes
- Infertility
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
- Amniocentesis
- Genetic Counselling
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
2: Genetics and Evolution [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation [Revision]
- Heredity and Variation
- Gregor Johann Mendel – Father of Genetics
- Mendel's Experiments on Inheritance
- Crossing Technique
- Monohybrid Cross
- Dihybrid Cross
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Dominance
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Segregation (Law of Purity of Gametes)
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Independent Assortment
- Genetic Terminology
- Reasons for Mendel's Success
- Applications and Beyond Mendel's Laws
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Incomplete Dominance
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Co-Dominance
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Pleiotropy
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Multiple alleles
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Polygenic traits - Quantitative inheritance
- Pedigree Analysis
- Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Linkage
- Types of Linkage > Complete Linkage
- Types of Linkage > Incomplete Linkage
- Influencing Factors and Significance of Linkage
- Linked and Unlinked Genes
- Mechanism of Crossing Over
- Types of Crossing Over
- Influencing Factors and Significance of Crossing Over
- Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes
- Sex Determination
- Sex Linked Traits
- Morgan and Drosophila
- Sex Linked Inheritance
- Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila
- Sex-Linked Inheritance in Human Beings
- Human Genetic Disorders
- Autosomal Abnormilities
- Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
- Disorders of Sex Development due to Sex-Chromosome Abnormality
- Variation
- Recombinations
- Mutations
- Gene Mutations
- Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations: Deficiency or deletion
- Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations: Duplication
- Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations: Translocation
- Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations: Inversion
- Genomic Mutations or Heteroploidy or Numerical Aberrations: Aneuploidy
- Genomic Mutations or Heteroploidy or Numerical Aberrations: Euploidy
- Induction of Gene Mutation
- Polyploidy: Instant Speciation
5 Molecular Basis of Inheritance [Revision]
- Concept of Genes
- Nature of Genes
- Griffith’s Experiment
- Avery, McCarty and MacLeod’s Experiment
- The Hershey-Chase Experiment
- Properties of Genetic Material
- Indirect Evidences for DNA as the Genetic Material
- DNA Vs RNA
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
- The RNA World
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Nucleic Acids
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Purines Vs Pyrimidines
- Chargaff's Rules for Base Pairing in DNA
- Variants of Double Helix DNA
- Prokaryotic DNA Vs Eukaryotic DNA
- ssDNA vs dsDNA
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Prokaryotic mRNA Vs Eukaryotic mRNA
- Various Other Types of RNA
- DNA Replication
- Meselson and Stahl’s Experiment
- Enzymes used in DNA Replication
- Mechanism of DNA Replication
- Leading Strand Vs Lagging Strand
- Errors in DNA Replication and Its Repair
- Protein Synthesis
- Reverse Transcription (Teminism)
- Transcription
- Transcription Unit and the Gene
- Post-transcriptional Processing of RNAs
- Translation
- Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Genetic Code
- Mechanism of Translation
- Mutations and Protein Structure
- Packaging of DNA Helix
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Operon Concept
- Human Genome Project
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Rice Genome Project
6 Origin of Life [Revision]
7 Evidences and Theories of Biological Evolution [Revision]
- Evidences of Organic Evolution
- Evidences of organic evolution > Palaeontology
- Mass Extinctions
- Geological Time Scale
- Homology and Homologous Organs
- Analogy and Analogous Organs
- Vestigial Organs
- Connecting Links
- Embryological Evidences
- Atavism
- Evidences from Cell Biology and Biochemistry
- Molecular (Genetic) Evidences
- Evidences from Geographical Distribution
- Adaptive Radiation
- Theories and Mechanism of Evolution
- Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution (Lamarckism)
- Neo-Lamarckism
- Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection (Darwinism)
- Basic Postulates of Darwinism
- Drawbacks and Criticism of Darwinism
- Neo-Darwinism
- Mutation Theory of De Vries
- Modern Theory of Evolution
- Causes of Variations
- Common Misconceptions about the Theory of Evolution
- Mutations
- Implications of Mutations
- Recombinations
- Migration
- Genetic Drift
- Gene Flow
- Selection
- Types of Selection
- Hardy Weinberg’s Principle
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution > Natural Selection
- Natural Vs Artificial Selection
- Adaptations
- Convergent vs Divergent Evolution
- Speciation
8 Human Evolution [Revision]
3: Biology and Human Welfare [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
9 Human Health and Diseases [Revision]
- Health
- Human Diseases > Communicable / Infectious Diseases
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Typhoid
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Pneumonia
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Diphtheria
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Plague
- Diseases Caused by Viruses > Common Cold
- Diseases Caused by Viruses > Dengue Fever
- Diseases Caused by Viruses > Chikungunya
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa > Malaria
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa > Amoebiasis (Amoeboic dysentery)
- Diseases Caused by Helminths > Ascariasis
- Diseases Caused by Helminths > Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
- Diseases Caused by Fungi > Ringworm
- Human Diseases > Non-communicable or Non-infectious Diseases
- Cancer
- Chemical Carcinogens and their Target Tissues
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Portals of Entry
- Barriers to Invasion by Pathogens
- The Body's Defence Mechanisms
- The Immune System
- Production of Lymphocytes
- Antibodies
- Allergies
- Immunity
- Types of Immunity > Innate Immunity
- Types of Immunity > Acquired Immunity
- Vaccines
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Human Health
- Autoimmunity
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
- Organ Transplants and Immunosuppression
- Kidney Transplantation
- Role of Stem Cells in Medical Treatment
- Concept of Adolescence
- Addiction
- Tobacco Smoking: Health Impacts and Statistics
- Addiction > Alcohol
- Common Misconceptions about Alcoholism
- Impact of Alcohol Use and Abuse on Health
- Symptoms of Alcohol Intoxication
- Categories of Drugs
- Hallucinogens
- Drug Abuse
10 Microbes in Human Welfare [Revision]
11 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [Revision]
- Rise of Agriculture and Settled Life
- Origin of Cultivated Plants
- Green Revolution
- Key Points: Green Revolution
- Crop Improvement
- Steps in Plant Breeding
- Selection in Plant Breeding
- Types of Selection in Plant Breeding
- Hybridization
- Hybridization Procedure
- Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance
- Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests
- Hybrid Vigour (Heterosis)
- Induced Mutations
- Plant Introduction and Acclimatization
- Tissue Culture
- Definition: Tissue Culture
- Introduction
- Tissue Culture Stages
- Processes in Tissue Culture
- Technique of Tissue Culture
- Components of Culture Media for Cell/Tissue Culture
- Types of Cell/Tissue Culture
- Applications of Tissue Cultures in Crop Improvement
- Single Cell Protein (SCP)
- Biofortification
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Apiculture (Bee Farming)
- Bee Keeping and Extraction of Honey
- Products of Bee Keeping/ Advantage of Apiculture
- Development of Apiculture in India
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Dairy (Livestock) Farm Management
- Proper Care for Optimal Yield
- Dairy Farm Management
- Protecting the Cattle from Diseases
- Livestock Management: Sheep, Goats, and Horses
- Cattle Management
- Controlled Breeding Experiments (Artificial Insemination)
- Common Livestock Diseases
- Nutritive Value of Milk
- Utility of Cattle
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Animal Breeding
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Poultry Farm Management
- Poultry Farm Management
- Components of Poultry Farm Management
- Egg and Broiler Production
- Poultry Disease
- Nutritive Value of Eggs
- Poultry Farming Vs Livestock Rearing
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
4: Biotechnology and Its Applications [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
11 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology [Revision]
- Concept of Biotechnology
- Principles of Processes of Biotechnology
- Genetic Engineering
- Recombinant DNA technology
- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Types of Restriction Enzymes
- Features of an Ideal Vector
- Plasmids
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens
- Phages
- Artificial Chromosomes as Vectors
- Vectors for Cloning Genes in Plants and Animals
- Gene Library
- Human Health
- Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Applications and Risks of Genetic Engineering
- Moral and Ethical Issues of Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Transformation in Plants
- Genetic Transformation in Animals
12 Biotechnology and Its Applications [Revision]
- Core Objectives of Biotechnological Research
- Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture
- Mechanism of RNA Interference
- Applications of Biotechnology in Health and Medicine
- Stem Cell Technology
- Stem Cell Therapy
- Human Health
- Molecular Diagnosis
- ELISA
- Transgenic Animals
- Role of GEAC in Regulating Genetically Modified Organisms in India
- Biopatent
- Bioethics
- Biopiracy
- Biosafety Issues
5: Ecology and Environment [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
13 Organisms and Populations [Revision]
- Ecology and Biomes
- Levels of Ecological Organisation
- Population Interactions
- Interaction between Organisms
- Intraspecific Relationships
- Interspecific Relationships
- Concepts and Measures of Population Ecology
- Environmental Resistance
- Population Growth
- Carrying Capacity and Its Role in Population Sustainability
- Environmental Stochasticity
- Population Growth Curve
- Population Age Distribution
- Sex Ratio
- Population Dispersal and Energy Flow (Bioenergetics)
- Population and Population Attributes
14 Ecosystem [Revision]
- Concept of Ecosystem
- Components of an Ecosystem > Biotic Component
- Key Ecological Terms
- Food Chain
- Types of Food Chains
- Trophic Levels
- Food Web
- Ecological Pyramids
- Components of an Ecosystem > Abiotic Component
- Functions of an Ecosystem
- Structure of Pond Ecosystem
- Flow of Energy
- Efficiencies in Ecosystem
- Ecosystem Services
15 Biodiversity and Its Conservation [Revision]
- Biodiversity
- Types of Biodiversity
- Patterns of Biodiversity
- Biodiversity In India
- Importance of Biodiversity
- Rivet-Popper Hypothesis
- Loss of Biodiversity
- Need for Biodiversity Conservation
- Threatened Species
- Endangered Flora and Fauna
- Hotspots of Biodiversity
- Red Data Book
- Genetic Conservation
- Gene Pool
- Genetic Erosion
- Conservation Strategies
- Wildlife Conservation Strategy in India
- Wildlife Acts/Projects of India for Wildlife Conservation
- Protected Areas in India
- Seed Bank
- Cryopreservation
- Gene (Germplasm) Banks
- Ramsar Sites
- Conventions on Biological Diversity
- Earth Summit
- World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
18 Environmental Issues [Revision]
- Environmental Pollution
- Kinds of Pollutants
- Environmental Issues
- Air Pollution
- Definition: Air Pollution
- Introduction
- Water Pollution
- Definition: Water pollution
- Introduction
- Noise Pollution
- Definition: Noise Pollution
- Introduction
- Air Pollution
- Sources of Air Pollution
- Major Air Pollutants
- Effects of Air Pollution
- Consequences of Air Pollution
- Global Warming
- El Nino Effect
- Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
- Ozone
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Key Points: Ozone Layer Depletion
- Acid Rain
- Key Points: Acid Rain
- Nuclear Winter
- Climate Change
- Kyoto Protocol
- Sources of Water Pollution
- Ganga and Yamuna River Pollution Control Initiatives
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects on Human Beings
- Effects on Ecosystem
- Effect of Agrochemicals
- Environmental Acts
- Prevention and Control of Water Pollution
- Eutrophication
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
- Biological Concentration and Biomagnification
- A Case Study of Integrated Waste Water Treatment
- Ecosan Toilets
- Sources of Noise Pollution
- Effects of Noise Pollution
- Decibel
- Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution
- Sources of Radioactive Pollution
- Effect of Radioactive Pollution
- Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution
- Sources of Soil Pollution
- Effects of Soil Pollution
- Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution
- Land Degradation
- Soil Erosion
- Prevention and Control of Land Degradation
- Land and Water Management in India
- Wasteland Development
- Solid Waste Management
- E-waste Management
- Deforestation and Its Causes
- Consequences of Deforestation
- Conservation of Forests
- Case Study of People's Participation in Conservation of Forests
- Case Study of Organic Farming
- Case Study of Remedy for Plastic Waste
- Pollution-related Diseases
- Occupational Respiratory Disorders
