Reproduction is the process of formation of new individuals by sexual or asexual means, which can repeat the process in their own turn.
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Formation of new organism of same species by earlier existing organism is called as reproduction.
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Reproduction is a biological process that results in the formation of new individuals of the same kind, though usually with slight genetic, structural and physiological variations.
A mode of reproduction where a new organism is formed from a part of the parent body without involving gametes.
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The process of forming a new organism from an organism of the same species without the involvement of gametes is called asexual reproduction.
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When offspring is produced by a single parent by the formation of specialised asexual reproductive structures by the parent body, the reproduction is asexual.
Binary fission is an asexual reproduction process in single-celled organisms where a parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells through coordinated nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
Simple binary fission is an asexual reproduction process in which a single Amoeba cell divides along a randomly oriented plane to form two genetically identical daughter cells.
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When a unicellular organism divides into two identical daughter cells in any plane, due to lack of definite shape, it is called simple binary fission.
Example: Amoeba
When a unicellular organism divides across the transverse (horizontal) axis, it is called transverse binary fission.
Example: Paramecium
When a unicellular organism divides along the longitudinal (vertical) axis, it is called longitudinal binary fission.
Example: Euglena
The daughter individuals formed as a result of sporogony in Plasmodium are called sporozoites.
When an Amoeba forms a protective covering around itself during adverse conditions and stops movement, it is called a cyst.
The process by which Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and forms a hard, protective, three-layered cyst around its body during unfavourable conditions is called encystation.
The small daughter cells formed when each daughter nucleus produced during multiple fission in Amoeba gets surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm are called amoebulae or pseudopodiospores.
The type of multiple fission in which the parent Amoeba forms a cyst and releases many daughter individuals on return of favourable conditions is called sporulation.
When a single organism divides into many daughter cells by forming multiple nuclei followed by cytoplasmic division, it is called multiple fission.
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The mode of asexual reproduction in which a single parent organism divides to produce many daughter organisms at the same time is called multiple fission.
The end products of multiple fission that are enclosed in a hard, resistant covering are called spores.
The process of multiple fission occurring in the oocyst of Plasmodium inside the mosquito is called sporogony.
In unicellular organisms like yeast, when a small bud forms on the parent cell, gets a nucleus, grows, and separates to become a new cell, it is called budding.
In multicellular organisms like Hydra, when a bud grows on the parent body due to cell division and later becomes a new individual, it is called budding.
All freshwater sponges like Spongilla and some marine sponges reproduce asexually by the formation of specialised endogenous buds, known as gemmules (internal buds).
The process in which an organism develops a new individual from its body parts using specialised cells that multiply and differentiate into various tissues is called regeneration.
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When an organism regrows its lost or damaged body part, or forms a new organism from a body part, it is called regeneration.
When the body of a multicellular organism breaks into two or more fragments, and each fragment grows into a new individual, it is called fragmentation.
Example: Ulothrix, Spirogyra, etc
Spores that possess flagella and are capable of movement in water are called motile spores or zoospores.
Spores that lack flagella and are incapable of movement are called non-motile spores.
Non-motile spores with a typical cell wall and without flagella are called aplanospores.
Asexual spores produced inside a sporangium are called sporangiospores.
Non-motile asexual spores produced externally and not inside a sporangium in many fungi are called conidia or conidiospores.
A special reproductive structure formed by simple plants and fungi that germinates directly to form a new individual is called a spore.
When plants reproduce using vegetative parts like root, stem, leaf, or bud to form a new plant, it is called vegetative propagation.
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Regeneration of new plants from a part of the vegetative organ is called vegetative reproduction or vegetative propagation.
Define vegetative propagation.
Reproduction in plants, in which a new plant can arise from a vegetative part such as a root, stem, or leaf without the help of any reproductive organ, is called vegetative propagation.
The process in which a new plant develops from a vegetative part (stem, root, or leaf) of the parent plant under suitable conditions is called natural vegetative propagation.
The method of plant reproduction in which a part of the mother plant is detached and grown independently to produce a new plant with identical characters is called artificial vegetative propagation.
The period of growth and development before an organism becomes sexually mature is called the juvenile phase.
A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote that develops into a new organism.
All the events of sexual reproduction prior to the fusion of gametes are referred as prefertilization events.
The fusion of the germ-cells (male and female) to form a zygote is called fertilisation.
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The process in which male and female gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote is called fertilization. The actual union of the male and female gametes during fertilization is called syngamy.
The process in which a zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores in some algae and fungi is called zygotic meiosis.
The process by which the embryo present in the seed develops into a seedling under appropriate conditions is called germination.
The process by which the zygote develops into an embryo through mitotic divisions and cell differentiation is called embryogenesis.
All events occurring after fertilization and formation of the zygote during sexual reproduction are called post-fertilization events.
A unisexual female flower that bears only pistils is called a pistillate flower.
A plant in which both male and female flowers are present on the same individual is called a monoecious plant.
A plant in which male and female flowers are present on separate individuals is called a dioecious plant.
A plant that possesses both male and female reproductive structures on the same plant is called a bisexual plant.
A plant in which male and female reproductive structures are present on different plants is called a unisexual plant.
A unisexual male flower that bears only stamens is called a staminate flower.
Animals in which an individual possesses either male or female reproductive organs are called unisexual animals.
An organism that has both male and female reproductive organs in the same body is called a hermaphrodite.
Specialized reproductive organs that produce gametes in animals are called gonads.
The male gonad that produces sperms (male gametes) is called the testis.
The female gonad that produces ova (female gametes) is called the ovary.
The mode of reproduction in which a new individual develops from an unfertilized ovum without the participation of a sperm cell is called parthenogenesis.
An organism that develops from an unfertilized egg by parthenogenesis is called a parthenogenome or parthenote.
The periodic shedding of the uterine lining that occurs at the beginning of each menstrual cycle in human females is called menstruation
The reproductive cycle in most non-primate mammals in which females are sexually receptive and permit copulation only during a specific breeding period is called the oestrus cycle.
| Part Involved | Structure | Key Feature | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Underground stem | Rhizome / Tuber / Bulb / Corm | Modified stem with buds | Ginger, Potato, Onion, Colocasia |
| Sub-aerial stem | Runner / Offset / Sucker / Stolon | Creeping or branching stem | Doob grass, Water hyacinth, Mint, Strawberry |
| Root | Tuberous / Adventitious roots | Roots bear buds | Sweet potato, Dahlia |
| Leaf | Foliar buds | Buds on leaf margin or surface | Bryophyllum, Begonia |
| Special structure | Bulbil | Modified bud or flower | Agave, Dioscorea |
Note: All such structures capable of forming new plants are called vegetative propagules.
