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Patterns of Biodiversity

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Estimated time: 3 minutes
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12

Key Points: Patterns of Biodiversity

Latitudinal Gradient

  • Species richness is high near the equator (tropics: 23.5°N to 23.5°S) and decreases towards the poles. Example: The Amazon rainforest has 40,000 plants, 1300 birds and 427 mammals.
  • Tropics have high diversity due to a stable climate, less glaciation, abundant sunlight, higher rainfall and greater niche specialisation.

Altitudinal Gradient

  • Species diversity decreases at higher altitudes due to drastic climatic changes and seasonal variations.

Species-Area Relationship

  • Observed by Alexander Von Humboldt, species richness increases with area but only up to a limit. For many species, this forms a rectangular hyperbola.
  • Expressed as: log⁡ S = log⁡ C + Z log⁡ A, where S = species richness, A = area, Z = slope, C = Y-intercept. On a logarithmic scale, it gives a straight line.
  • Z value for smaller areas = 0.1 to 0.2. For larger areas (continents) = 0.6 to 1.2 (steeper slope — species increase faster than area explored).

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