Behavioural and Developmental Disorders - Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by challenges in communication, social interaction, and restricted/repetitive behaviours. Symptoms typically appear between 12-24 months, though they can emerge earlier or later.

1. Social-Communication Issues:

• Difficulty sharing emotions, interests, or maintaining conversations.
• Problems with nonverbal cues (e.g., poor eye contact, reading body language).
• Challenges developing/maintaining relationships.

2. Restricted/Repetitive Behaviours:

• Repetitive movements, speech, or actions.
• Rigid adherence to routines.
• Unusual sensory sensitivities (hyper/hypo-reactive).
• Fixated interests/preoccupations.

No single cause; multiple suspected factors:

• Family history of ASD
• Genetic mutations/disorders
• Older parental age
• Low birth weight
• Environmental toxins
• Viral infections during pregnancy

No cure, but therapies help significantly:

• Behaviour therapy: Builds social skills
• Speech therapy: Improves communication
• Occupational therapy: Daily living skills
• Play therapy: Social interaction practice

Supportive Strategies:

• Weighted blankets/massages for calming.
• Visual schedules for routines.
• Balanced diet, exercise (under research).

• Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder – ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting communication and social interaction.
• Symptoms usually appear in early childhood (12–24 months).
• ASD is characterized by problems in communication and social relationships.
• Children show restricted and repetitive behaviours, such as repeated movements or rigid routines.
• Other features include poor eye contact, difficulty sharing emotions, and sensitivity to sensory stimuli.
• Causes are not fully known but may include genetic factors, family history, older parents, low birth weight, and environmental risks.
• There is no cure, but therapies like behaviour therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy help improve functioning.