Topics
Variations in Psychological Attributes
- Individual Differences in Human Functioning
- Assessment of Psychological Attributes
- Concept of Intelligence
- Theories of Intelligence
- Binet's One-Factor Theory
- Charles Spearman's Two Factor Theory
- Louis Thurstone’s Multifactor Theory
- Jensen's Hierarchical Theory of Intelligence
- Guilford's Structural Model Theory
- Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory
- Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
- PASS Model of Intelligence
- Individual Differences in Intelligence
- Assessment of Intelligence
- Mental Age
- Intelligence Quotient
- Variations of Intelligence
- Types of Intelligence Tests
- Individual Test
- Group Test
- Verbal Test
- Non-Verbal Test
- Performance Test
- Culture Bias and Culture Fair Tests
- Misuses of Intelligence Tests
- Intelligence Testing in India
- Culture and Intelligence
- New Trends in Intelligence> Emotional Intelligence
- Special Abilities
- Creativity
- Creativity and Intelligence
Self and Personality
- Self and Personality
- Concept of Self
- Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self
- Culture and Self
- Concept of Personality
- Characteristics of Personality
- Personality Related Terms
- Descriptive Personality Theories
- Type Theories
- Trait Theories
- Trait Theory> Trait Theory of G. Allport
- Trait Theory> Cattell’s Concept of Personality
- Type Theory> Eysenck Concept of Personality
- Psychodynamic Approach
- Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality> Stages of Personality Development
- Neo-Freudian Theory of Personality
- Carl Jung’s Theory of Personality
- Karen Horney (1950)
- Psychodynamic Therapies> Alfred Adler's Psychodynamic Therapy
- Erich Fromm's Theory
- Erik Erikson's Theory of Psycho-Social Development
- Behavioural Approach
- Cultural Approach
- Humanistic Approach
- Measurement of Personality
- Self Report Inventories
- Projective Techniques
- Behavioural Analysis
Meeting Life Challenges
Psychological Disorders
- Concept of Psychological Disorders
- Concept of Abnormal Behaviour
- Classification of Psychological Disorders
- Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour
- Major Psychological Disorder> Anxiety Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Major Psychological Disorder> Trauma and Stress Related Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Dissociative Disorders
- Depressive Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Bipolar Disorder
- Major Psychological Disorder> Schizophrenia
- Major Psychological Disorder> Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Eating Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Therapeutic Approaches
- Therapeutic Approaches in Psychology
- Concept of Psychotherapy
- Forms of Psychotherapy
- Behaviour Therapies
- Cognitive Therapy
- Humanistic-existential Therapy
- Humanistic-existential Therapy> Client Centred Therapy
- Healing Factors in Psychotherapy
- Ethics in Psychotherapy
- Alternative Therapies
- Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill
Attitude and Social Cognition
Social Influence and Group Processes
Psychology and Life
- Introduction to Psychology and Life
- Human-environment Relationship
- Environmental Effects on Human Behaviour
- Promoting Pro-environmental Behaviour
- Psychology and Social Concerns
Developing Psychological Skills
- Introduction to Developing Psychological Skills
- Developing as an Effective Psychologist
- General Skills
- Observational Skills
- Specific Skills
- Interviewing Skills
- Counselling Skills
Estimated time: 23 minutes
- Background – Humanistic and Existential Therapies
- Aim of Client‑Centred Therapy
- Theoretical Basis – Self‑Actualisation
- Non‑Directive Nature and Therapeutic Climate
- Warm, Accepting Environment and Its Effects
- Empathy, Congruence, and Unconditional Positive Regard
- Client’s Role and Guiding Principles
- Limitations
- Key Points: Humanistic-existential Therapy> Client Centred Therapy
CBSE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Background – Humanistic and Existential Therapies
- Humanistic and existential therapies arose as a reaction to psychoanalytic and behaviouristic viewpoints of therapy.
- They say mental disorders occur because the environment blocks personal growth and self‑fulfilment.
- In these therapies, the client takes the main responsibility for change, and the therapist acts only as a guide or facilitator.
CBSE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Aim of Client‑Centred Therapy
- Client‑centred therapy is a major, influential humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers.
- It aims to reduce the client’s negative self‑image and remove the anxiety produced by that negative self‑evaluation.
CISCE: Class 12
Theoretical Basis – Self‑Actualisation
- Client‑centred therapy is based on the theory of self‑actualisation.
- Rogers rejected Freud’s view about primitive and erotic urges and said problems arise when efforts toward self‑actualisation or self‑fulfilment are blocked.
- When a child’s desire to achieve something is hampered by others’ judgments and decisions, personality growth is harmed.
CISCE: Class 12
Non‑Directive Nature and Therapeutic Climate
- The therapy is also called non‑directive because the therapist does not direct, interpret, or decide for the client.
- The therapist only encourages the client to speak more and explore their own experiences, while remaining passive.
- Client‑centred therapy tries to undo faulty evaluations so that the client can assess themselves positively.
CISCE: Class 12
Warm, Accepting Environment and Its Effects
- A psychological climate is created in which the person realises they have value and worth.
- The therapist offers unconditional positive regard, sympathetic understanding, and accurate reflection of the client’s feelings and perceptions.
- In this warm, non‑rejecting environment, clients feel unique and valuable, their disorders reduce, and they restart normal efforts toward self‑actualisation.
CBSE: Class 12
Empathy, Congruence, and Unconditional Positive Regard
- Many psychologists feel Rogerian therapy develops acceptance, recognition, and clarification of feelings in the client.
- Duke and Nowicki say the therapist builds a receptive climate through empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard.
- The therapist accepts the client’s thoughts and feelings neutrally, without giving personal judgments or intervening.
CISCE: Class 12
Client’s Role and Guiding Principles
- In this technique, the client does the entire job of therapy, while the therapist mainly clarifies the client’s true feelings.
- The therapist restates what the client says in their own words to help this clarification.
- The method is called client‑centred and is based on non‑direction, non‑interference, non‑analysis, non‑imposition of judgment, and self‑actualisation of the client.
CISCE: Class 12
Limitations
- Some limitations of psychoanalysis are also present in client‑centred therapy.
- Rogers’ belief that self‑actualisation is innate in everyone is doubted, and many people lack fulfilment opportunities yet do not develop disorders.
- Changes seen in sessions have not been adequately tested by empirical studies, so effectiveness in real‑life situations is not fully established.
CBSE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Key Points: Humanistic-existential Therapy> Client Centred Therapy
- Humanistic Approach: Mental disorders occur when the environment blocks personal growth and self-fulfilment.
- Developer & Aim: Developed by Carl Rogers to reduce negative self-image and anxiety.
- Basis: Based on self-actualisation; problems arise when a person’s growth is blocked, especially in childhood.
- Non-Directive Therapy: The therapist does not direct or interpret; the client explores their own feelings.
- Therapeutic Climate: Therapist provides empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard.
- Client’s Role: The client does most of the therapeutic work.
- Limitation: Effectiveness is not fully supported by empirical research.
