Topics
Variations in Psychological Attributes
- Individual Differences in Human Functioning
- Assessment of Psychological Attributes
- Concept of Intelligence
- Theories of Intelligence
- Binet's One-Factor Theory
- Charles Spearman's Two Factor Theory
- Louis Thurstone’s Multifactor Theory
- Jensen's Hierarchical Theory of Intelligence
- Guilford's Structural Model Theory
- Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory
- Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
- PASS Model of Intelligence
- Individual Differences in Intelligence
- Assessment of Intelligence
- Mental Age
- Intelligence Quotient
- Variations of Intelligence
- Types of Intelligence Tests
- Individual Test
- Group Test
- Verbal Test
- Non-Verbal Test
- Performance Test
- Culture Bias and Culture Fair Tests
- Misuses of Intelligence Tests
- Intelligence Testing in India
- Culture and Intelligence
- New Trends in Intelligence> Emotional Intelligence
- Special Abilities
- Creativity
- Creativity and Intelligence
Self and Personality
- Self and Personality
- Concept of Self
- Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self
- Culture and Self
- Concept of Personality
- Characteristics of Personality
- Personality Related Terms
- Descriptive Personality Theories
- Type Theories
- Trait Theories
- Trait Theory> Trait Theory of G. Allport
- Trait Theory> Cattell’s Concept of Personality
- Type Theory> Eysenck Concept of Personality
- Psychodynamic Approach
- Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality> Stages of Personality Development
- Neo-Freudian Theory of Personality
- Carl Jung’s Theory of Personality
- Karen Horney (1950)
- Psychodynamic Therapies> Alfred Adler's Psychodynamic Therapy
- Erich Fromm's Theory
- Erik Erikson's Theory of Psycho-Social Development
- Behavioural Approach
- Cultural Approach
- Humanistic Approach
- Measurement of Personality
- Self Report Inventories
- Projective Techniques
- Behavioural Analysis
Meeting Life Challenges
Psychological Disorders
- Concept of Psychological Disorders
- Concept of Abnormal Behaviour
- Classification of Psychological Disorders
- Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour
- Major Psychological Disorder> Anxiety Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Major Psychological Disorder> Trauma and Stress Related Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Dissociative Disorders
- Depressive Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Bipolar Disorder
- Major Psychological Disorder> Schizophrenia
- Major Psychological Disorder> Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Eating Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Therapeutic Approaches
- Therapeutic Approaches in Psychology
- Concept of Psychotherapy
- Forms of Psychotherapy
- Behaviour Therapies
- Cognitive Therapy
- Humanistic-existential Therapy
- Humanistic-existential Therapy> Client Centred Therapy
- Healing Factors in Psychotherapy
- Ethics in Psychotherapy
- Alternative Therapies
- Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill
Attitude and Social Cognition
Social Influence and Group Processes
Psychology and Life
- Introduction to Psychology and Life
- Human-environment Relationship
- Environmental Effects on Human Behaviour
- Promoting Pro-environmental Behaviour
- Psychology and Social Concerns
Developing Psychological Skills
- Introduction to Developing Psychological Skills
- Developing as an Effective Psychologist
- General Skills
- Observational Skills
- Specific Skills
- Interviewing Skills
- Counselling Skills
Estimated time: 24 minutes
- Introduction
- Stages of Personality Development
- Oral Stage
- Anal Stage
- Phallic Stage
- Latency Stage
- Genital Stage
- Comparative Summary Table
CISCE: Class 12
Introduction
Childhood development progresses through five stages. Each stage centers on an erogenous zone and a core conflict. Healthy resolution leads to a balanced personality; fixation results from unresolved conflicts.
CISCE: Class 12
Stages of Personality Development
CISCE: Class 12
Oral Stage
- Age Range: Birth to 18 months
- Erogenous Zone: Mouth
- Conflict: Dependence vs. emerging autonomy
- Healthy Resolution: Learns to trust caregivers and the environment
- Fixation Outcome: Adult oral behaviors (smoking, nail-biting, overeating)
- Real-Life Analogy: A baby soothed by a pacifier feels secure that needs are met.
- Key Takeaway: Proper oral satisfaction builds fundamental trust.
CISCE: Class 12
Anal Stage
- Age Range: 18 months to 3 years
- Erogenous Zone: Anus
- Conflict: Autonomy vs. social demands (toilet training)
- Healthy Resolution: Develops self-discipline and pride in independence
- Fixation Outcomes: Expulsive: Recklessness, disorganization, and Retentive: Perfectionism, rigidity
- Real-Life Analogy: A toddler praised for potty success gains confidence in self-control.
- Key Takeaway: Mastery of bodily control fosters responsibility.
CISCE: Class 12
Phallic Stage
- Age Range: 3 to 6 years
- Erogenous Zone: Genitals
- Conflict: Oedipus/Electra complex (family attachment and rivalry)
- Healthy Resolution: Identifies with same-sex parent; forms gender identity
- Fixation Outcome: Guilt, confusion about relationships or sexuality
- Real-Life Analogy: A child mimicking a parent to earn affection and acceptance.
- Key Takeaway: Resolving family attachments shapes gender roles and identity.
CISCE: Class 12
Latency Stage
- Age Range: 6 years to puberty
- Erogenous Zone: Dormant sexual interests
- Conflict: Channeling impulses into social and academic pursuits
- Healthy Resolution: Builds friendships, develops skills, and gains confidence
- Fixation Outcome: Difficulty socializing or lack of motivation
- Real-Life Analogy: A school-aged child focuses on team sports and club activities.
- Key Takeaway: Redirected energy enhances competence and peer relationships.
CISCE: Class 12
Genital Stage
- Age Range: Puberty onward
- Erogenous Zone: Genitals (mature sexuality)
- Conflict: Balancing personal desires with social expectations
- Healthy Resolution: Establishes mature, reciprocal relationships and societal contributions
- Fixation Outcome: Trouble with intimacy or self-control in adult relationships
- Real-Life Analogy: A teenager forms a respectful romantic partnership based on mutual trust.
- Key Takeaway: Mature sexuality underpins healthy adult bonds.
CBSE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Comparative Summary Table
| Stage | Zone | Conflict | Healthy Outcome | Fixation Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral | Mouth | Dependence vs. autonomy | Trust, optimism | Oral habits (smoking, overeating) |
| Anal | Anus | Autonomy vs. social demands | Self-discipline, pride | Messiness or rigidity |
| Phallic | Genitals | Family attachment conflicts | Gender identity, role models | Guilt, sexual confusion |
| Latency | Dormant | Sublimation vs. inactivity | Social skills, confidence | Social withdrawal, immaturity |
| Genital | Genitals | Desire vs. societal expectations | Mature intimacy, productivity | Intimacy problems |
