- A group is two or more people who interact, share common goals, and follow norms and roles.
- Family is the first group, and later groups like school, neighbourhood, and clubs influence development.
- Groups create a sense of belonging, and members influence one another.
- Small groups have about 2–10 members, while large groups include racial and political groups and nations.
- Social influence changes attitudes through compliance, identification, and internalisation.
- A group differs from a crowd or an audience because groups involve interaction and interdependence.
- Teams are special groups where members work together with shared responsibility to achieve a common goal.
Topics
Variations in Psychological Attributes
- Individual Differences in Human Functioning
- Assessment of Psychological Attributes
- Concept of Intelligence
- Theories of Intelligence
- Binet's One-Factor Theory
- Charles Spearman's Two Factor Theory
- Louis Thurstone’s Multifactor Theory
- Jensen's Hierarchical Theory of Intelligence
- Guilford's Structural Model Theory
- Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory
- Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
- PASS Model of Intelligence
- Individual Differences in Intelligence
- Assessment of Intelligence
- Mental Age
- Intelligence Quotient
- Variations of Intelligence
- Types of Intelligence Tests
- Individual Test
- Group Test
- Verbal Test
- Non-Verbal Test
- Performance Test
- Culture Bias and Culture Fair Tests
- Misuses of Intelligence Tests
- Intelligence Testing in India
- Culture and Intelligence
- New Trends in Intelligence> Emotional Intelligence
- Special Abilities
- Creativity
- Creativity and Intelligence
Self and Personality
- Self and Personality
- Concept of Self
- Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self
- Culture and Self
- Concept of Personality
- Characteristics of Personality
- Personality Related Terms
- Descriptive Personality Theories
- Type Theories
- Trait Theories
- Trait Theory> Trait Theory of G. Allport
- Trait Theory> Cattell’s Concept of Personality
- Type Theory> Eysenck Concept of Personality
- Psychodynamic Approach
- Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality> Stages of Personality Development
- Neo-Freudian Theory of Personality
- Carl Jung’s Theory of Personality
- Karen Horney (1950)
- Psychodynamic Therapies> Alfred Adler's Psychodynamic Therapy
- Erich Fromm's Theory
- Erik Erikson's Theory of Psycho-Social Development
- Behavioural Approach
- Cultural Approach
- Humanistic Approach
- Measurement of Personality
- Self Report Inventories
- Projective Techniques
- Behavioural Analysis
Meeting Life Challenges
Psychological Disorders
- Concept of Psychological Disorders
- Concept of Abnormal Behaviour
- Classification of Psychological Disorders
- Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour
- Major Psychological Disorder> Anxiety Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Major Psychological Disorder> Trauma and Stress Related Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Dissociative Disorders
- Depressive Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Bipolar Disorder
- Major Psychological Disorder> Schizophrenia
- Major Psychological Disorder> Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Eating Disorders
- Major Psychological Disorder> Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Therapeutic Approaches
- Therapeutic Approaches in Psychology
- Concept of Psychotherapy
- Forms of Psychotherapy
- Behaviour Therapies
- Cognitive Therapy
- Humanistic-existential Therapy
- Humanistic-existential Therapy> Client Centred Therapy
- Healing Factors in Psychotherapy
- Ethics in Psychotherapy
- Alternative Therapies
- Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill
Attitude and Social Cognition
Social Influence and Group Processes
Psychology and Life
- Introduction to Psychology and Life
- Human-environment Relationship
- Environmental Effects on Human Behaviour
- Promoting Pro-environmental Behaviour
- Psychology and Social Concerns
Developing Psychological Skills
- Introduction to Developing Psychological Skills
- Developing as an Effective Psychologist
- General Skills
- Observational Skills
- Specific Skills
- Interviewing Skills
- Counselling Skills
Estimated time: 26 minutes
- Meaning of a Group
- Definition: Group
- Definition: Small Group
- Small Groups and Large Groups
- Social Influence (Kelman, 1961)
- Nature and Formation of Groups
- Group vs. Crowd
- Group vs. Team
- Group vs. Audience
- Group vs. Mob
- Key Points: Social Group
CISCE: Class 12
Meaning of a Group
- Family is the first group; the child learns norms and values through it.
- Family (primary group) shapes socialisation and personality.
- Secondary groups — school, neighbourhood, clubs — shape later growth.
- Social groups include family, religious, ethnic, sports, and classmate groups.
- Groups create a sense of belongingness.
CBSE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
Definition: Group
A group may be defined as an organised system of two or more individuals who are interacting and interdependent, who have common motives, have a set of role relationships among its members, and have norms that regulate the behaviour of its members.
CISCE: Class 12
Definition: Small Group
- “A small group is usually of 2 to 10 persons who have common objects of attention, jointly attempt at problem solving and decision making, who are strongly stimulating each other, who have common loyalty, and participate in similar activities.” - Kuppuswamy
- “A small group is a small number of persons with intimate relationships with each other, who collectively and vigorously work for the group's goal.” - Borgardus
CISCE: Class 12
Small Groups and Large Groups
- Small groups include dyad (2), triad (3), up to 10 members.
- Large groups include racial groups, political groups, nations, and other big collectivities
- Social psychologists study small groups; sociologists study large groups.
CISCE: Class 12
Social Influence (Kelman, 1961)
- Kelman (1961) identified three types of factors played by social influence in attitude change.
- Each factor has its unique psychological basis and special consequences for change of attitude (Mann, 1985).
- (a) Compliance — Social influence on judgement and opinion arising out of pressures of conformity.
- (b) Identification — Social influence stemming from interaction in small primary groups.
- (c) Internalisation — Social influence arising from persuasive communication delivered by prestigious sources.
CBSE: Class 12
Nature and Formation of Groups
- You interact with family, classmates, teachers, and friends daily — each is a group.
- Groups provide support, comfort, and facilitate growth.
- Our lives are influenced by the nature of our group memberships.
- We can also change others and society, not just be influenced.
- Formal definition: an organised system of 2+ interacting, interdependent individuals with common motives, roles, and norms.
- People at a cricket match or school function are at one place but are not a group — no interdependence, no defined roles.
CBSE: Class 12
Group vs. Crowd
- A crowd is a collection of people who may be present at a place by chance.
- Example: a large number of people are collecting at an accident site.
- No structure, no feeling of belongingness in a crowd.
- Behaviour in crowds is irrational; there is no interdependence among members.
CBSE: Class 12
Group vs. Team
- Teams are special kinds of groups.
- Members of teams have complementary skills and are committed to a common goal.
- Members are mutually accountable for their activities.
- Teams have positive synergy through coordinated efforts.
- In groups, performance depends on individual member contributions; in teams, both individual contributions and teamwork matter.
- In groups, the leader holds responsibility; in teams, members hold themselves responsible.
CBSE: Class 12
Group vs. Audience
- An audience is a collection of people assembled for a special purpose - watching a cricket match or a movie.
- Audiences are generally passive.
- Sometimes audiences go into a frenzy and become mobs.
CBSE: Class 12
Group vs. Mob
- In mobs, there is a definite sense of purpose.
- There is polarisation in attention; actions of persons are in a common direction.
- Mob behaviour is characterised by homogeneity of thought and behaviour as well as impulsivity.
CBSE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
CISCE: Class 12
