Topics
Physics and Measurement
- What is Physics?
- Scope and Excitement of Physics
- Physics Related to Technology and Society
- Nature of Physical Laws
- Physical Quantities
- Unit and Its Types
- Unit Systems
- The International System of Units (SI)
- Unit Prefixes
- Measurement of Length
- Measurement of Mass
- Accuracy, Precision and Least Count of Measuring Instruments
- Errors in Measurements>Systematic Errors
- Significant Figures
- Dimensions of Physical Quantities
- Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations
- Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications
Kinematics
- Introduction to Kinematics
- Position, Path Length and Displacement
- Position - Time Graph
- Speed and Velocity
- Uniform and Non-uniform Motion
- Average Speed
- Uniformly Accelerated Motion
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Relations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion (Graphical Treatment)
- Vector Analysis
- Vector
- Vector Operations>Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
- Vector Addition – Analytical Method
- Scalar (Dot) and Vector (Cross) Product of Vectors
- Resolution of Vectors
- Motion in a Plane
- Projectile Motion
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Equations of Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
Laws of Motion
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Aristotle’s Fallacy
- The Law of Inertia
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum and Its Applications
- Equilibrium of a Particle
- Common Forces in Mechanics
- Types of Friction>Rolling Friction
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Types of Friction>Kinetic Friction
- Laws of Friction
- Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion - Centripetal Force
- Solving Problems in Mechanics
- Motion of Connected Bodies, Pulley and Equilibrium of Forces
- Friction
- Banking of Roads
Work, Energy, and Power
- Introduction of Work, Energy and Power
- Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: the Work-energy Theorem
- Mechanical Energy > Kinetic Energy (K)
- Concept of Work
- Types of Forces>Work Done by a Variable Force
- Mechanical Energy > Potential Energy (U)
- Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Potential Energy of a Spring
- Forms of Energy > Solar Energy
- Concept of Power
- Collisions
- Concept of Energy
Rotational Motion
- Centre of Mass of Two-particle System
- Centre of Mass of a Rigid Body
- Translational and Rotational Motions
- Moment of a Force
- Torque and Angular Momentum
- Moment of Inertia
- Values of Moments of Inertia for Simple Geometrical Objects (No Derivation)
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Rigid Body Rotation
- Equations of Rotational Motion
- Centre of Gravity
- Principle of Moments
- Angular Displacement
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Couple and Its Torque
- Rolling Motion
- Rotational K.E.
Gravitation
- Concept of Gravitation
- Kepler’s Laws
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- The Gravitational Constant
- Acceleration Due to Gravity of the Earth
- Acceleration Due to Gravity Below and Above the Earth's Surface
- Variation in the Acceleration>Variation in Gravity with Altitude
- Gravitational Field
- Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
- Escape Speed
- Earth Satellites
- Binding Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
- Geostationary and Polar Satellites
- Weightlessness
- Escape Velocity
- Orbital Velocity of a Satellite
- Motion of Satellites
Properties of Solids and Liquids
- Introduction of Properties of Solids and Liquids
- Stress and Strain
- Hooke’s Law
- Stress-strain Curve
- Elastic Modulus>Young’s Modulus
- Elastic Modulus>Young’s Modulus
- Elastic Modulus>Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity)
- Elastic Modulus>Bulk Modulus
- Elastic Modulus>Poisson’s Ratio
- Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
- Pressure
- Pascal’s Law
- Variation of Pressure with Depth
- Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
- Hydraulic Machines
- Streamline and Turbulent Flow
- Bernoulli's Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Torricelli's Law
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Stoke's Law
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Angle of Contact
- Drops and Bubbles
- Capillary Rise
- Detergents and Surface Tension
- Temperature and Heat
- Measurement of Temperature
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Thermal Expansion
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Calorimetry
- Latent Heat
- Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Blackbody Radiation
- Qualitative Ideas of Black Body Radiation
- Wien's Displacement Law
- Green House Effect
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Reynold's Number
- Work Done in Stretching a Wire
- Terminal Velocity
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Fluid Flow
- Thermometer and Its Types
Thermodynamics
- Introduction of Chemical Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Measurement of Temperature
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Process
- Isothermal Processes
- Adiabatic Processes
- Heat Engine
- Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
- Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Carnot Engine
Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Introduction of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Mean Free Path
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Equation of State of a Perfect Gas
- Work Done in Compressing a Gas
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Kinetic Theory of Gases - Concept of Pressure
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- RMS Speed of Gas Molecules
- Degrees of Freedom
- Avogadro's Number
- Gas Laws
- Mechanical Energy > Kinetic Energy (K)
- Speed of Gas
Oscillations and Waves
- Introduction of Oscillations
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
- Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
- Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Displacement as a Function of Time
- Periodic Functions
- Oscillations - Frequency
- Wave Motion
- Transverse Waves
- Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave
- The Speed of a Travelling Wave
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Reflection of Waves
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Standing Waves and Normal Modes
- Beats
- Doppler Effect
- Interference
Electrostatics
- Concept of Electrostatics
- Electrical Conduction in Solids
- Charging by Induction
- Electric Field Due to a System of Charges
- Physical Significance of Electric Field
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Continuous Charge Distribution
- Gauss’s Law
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Electrostatic Potential
- Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Relation Between Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Single Charge
- Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
- Work Done in Carrying a Charge
- Grouping of Capacitor
Current Electricity
- Electric Current and Its Related Concepts
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Resistors in Parallel
- Cells, EMF, and Internal Resistance
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Specific Resistance or Electrical Resistivity
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Cells in Series
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Cells, Thermo e.m.f. Electrolysis
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Magnetic force
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Velocity Selector
- Cyclotron
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current-carrying Conductor: Biot-savart's Law
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Axis of a Circular Current-carrying Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Toroid
- Solenoid
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents (Ampere’s Law)
- Torque on a Current-Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor Placed in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole : Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current Loop
- Bar Magnet and Solenoid Analogy
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Permanent Magnet
- Hysteresis: Retentivity and Coercivity
- Force and Torque on Current Carrying Conductor
- Properties of magnetic lines of force
- Properties of Solids: Magnetic Properties
- Magnetic Equipment
Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Magnetic Flux
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Energy Consideration: a Quantitative Study
- Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents
- Inductance
- Mutual Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Alternating-Current Generator
- AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- LC Oscillations
- Transformers
- Peak and Rms Value of Alternating Current Or Voltage
- Reactance and Impedance
- Power in AC Circuit
- Motional and Static EMI and Application of EMI
- Voltage and Power
- Introduction to Ac and Aс Circuits
- LCR Circuit
- Quality and Power Factor
Electromagnetic Waves
- Displacement Current
- Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Applications of e.m. waves
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves (Quantitative Analysis)
- Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
Optics
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Refraction of Light
- Total Internal Reflection
- Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses
- Refraction at a Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction by a Lens
- Thin Lenses and Their Combination
- Refraction Through a Prism
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Introduction to Optical Instruments
- Simple Microscope or a Reading Glass
- Compound Microscope
- Telescope
- Huygens Principle
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at Plane Surface Using Huygens' Principle
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Refraction at a Rarer Medium
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Doppler Effect
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Diffraction of Light
- Fraunhofer's Diffraction Due to a Single-slit
- Electric Polarisation of Dielectrics
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Dispersion of Light
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width
- No Interference by Two Independent Light-Sources : Coherent Sources
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Width of Central Maximum
- Lens Formula
- Magnification
- Brewster's Law
- Polaroids
- Plane Mirror
- Spherical Mirrors
- Reflection of Light
- Power of a Lens
- Resolving Power of Optical Instruments
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
- Understanding Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Electron Emission
- The Photoelectric Effect
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- Dual Behaviour of Matter: De Broglie's relationship
- Cathode and Positive Rays
- Photoelectric Effect X-rays
Atoms and Nuclei
- Concept of Atoms
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Energy Levels
- The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
- De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Size of the Nucleus
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Mass - Energy
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Nuclear Force
- Radioactivity
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Alpha Decay
- Beta Decay
- Gamma Decay
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Reactor
- Nuclear Fusion
- Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
Electronic Devices
- Concept of Semiconductors
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Diode or p-n Junction
- Semiconductor Diode
- p-n Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Voltage Regulator
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Junction Transistor
- Transistor Action
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
Communication Systems
- Communication System
- Propagation of EM Waves
- Need for Modulation and Demodulation
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Satellite Communication
Estimated time: 1 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Unit and Its Types
- Fundamental (base) units — independent units for fundamental quantities (length, mass, time, etc.)
- Derived units — combinations of base units (e.g., m/s for speed, kg/m³ for density, Pa = kg m⁻¹ s⁻² for pressure)
