Topics
Force, Work, Power and Energy
Force
Work, Power and Energy
- Introduction of Work
- Definition of Work
- Measurement of Work
- Work Done by the Force of Gravity (W = mgh)
- Concept of Power
- Concept of Energy
- Mechanical Energy and Its Different Forms
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Potential Energy
- Types of Potential Energy
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Kinetic Energy
- Types of Kinetic Energy
- Conversion of Potential Energy into Kinetic Energy
- Transformation of Energy
- Different Forms of Energy
- Principle of Conservation of Energy
- Theoretical verification of K + U = Constant for a freely falling body
- Application of Principle of Conservation of Energy to a Simple Pendulum
Machines
Light
Refraction of Light Through Plane Surface
- Refraction of Light
- Law of Refraction of Light
- Refractive Index
- Speed of Light
- Relationship Between Refractive Index and Speed of Light (µ = C/V)
- Principle of Reversibility of the Path of Light
- Experimental Verification of Law of Refraction
- Refraction of Light Through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- Multiple Images in a Thick Plane Glass Plate Or Thick Mirror
- Concept of Prism
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Real and Apparent Depth
- Apparent Bending of a Stick Under Water
- Transmission of Light from a Denser Medium (Glass Or Water) to a Rarer Medium (Air) at Different Angles of Incidence
- Critical Angle
- Relationship Between the Critical Angle and the Refractive Index (µ = 1/ Sin C)
- Total Internal Reflection
- Total Internal Reflection in a Prism
Spectrum
- Deviation Produced by a Triangular Prism
- Colour in White Light with Their Wavelength and Frequency Range
- Concept of Prism
- Dispersion of Light Through Prism and Formation of Spectrum
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Different Radiation of Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Gamma Rays
- X rays
- Ultraviolet Radiations
- Visible Light
- Infrared Radiations
- Micro Waves
- Radio Waves
- Scattering of Light and Its Types
- Applications of Scattering of Light
Refraction of Light Through a Lense
- Lens
- Action of a Lens as a Set of Prisms
- Spherical Lens
- Refraction of Light Through the Equiconvex Lens and Equiconcave Lens
- Guideline for Image Formation Due to Refraction Through a Convex and Concave Lens
- Formation of Image by Reflection: Real and Virtual Image
- Images Formed by Sperical Lenses
- Concave Lens
- Images Formed Due to Refraction Through a Concave Lens
- Convex Lens
- Images Formed Due to Refraction Through a Convex Lens
- Differentiation Between Concave and Convex Lens
- Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses
- Lens Formula
- Magnification Due to Spherical Lenses
- Power of a Lens
- Magnifying Glass Or Simple Microscope
- Experimental Determination of Focal Length of Convex Lens
Sound
- Sound
- Difference Between the Sound and Light Waves
- Characteristics of a Sound Wave
- Reflection of Sound
- Echoes
- Natural Vibrations
- Damped Vibrations
- Forced Vibrations
- Resonance
- Demonstration of Resonance
- Properties of Sounds
- Loudness and Intensity
- Pitch (or shrillness) and frequency
- Audibility and Range
- Quality (Or Timbre) and Wave Form
- Noise Pollution
- Noise and Music
- Sound (Numerical)
Electricity and Magnetism
Current Electricity
- Electric Charge
- Electric Current
- Electric Circuit
- Electric Potential (Electrostatic Potential) and Potential Difference
- Resistance (R)
- Ohm's Law
- Experimental Verification of Ohm’s Law
- Ohmic and Non-ohmic Resistors
- Electrical Resistivity and Electrical Conductivity
- Choice of Material of a Wire
- Superconductors
- Electro-motive Force (E.M.F.) of a Cell
- Terminal Voltage of a Cell
- Internal Resistance of a Cell
- System of Resistors
- Resistors in Series
- Resistances in Parallel
- Series Connection of Parallel Resistors
- Parallel Connection of Series Resistors
Electrical Power and Energy and Household Circuits
- Electrical Energy
- Measurement of Electrical Energy (Expression W = QV = Vlt)
- Electrical Power
- Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy
- Power Rating of Appliances
- Household Consumption of Electric Energy
- Effects of Electric Current
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Transmission of Power from the Power Generating Station to the Consumer
- Household Electrical Circuits
- House Wiring (Ring System)
- Electric Fuse
- Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
- Electric Switch
- Circuits with Dual Control Switches (Staircase Wire)
- Earthing (Grounding)
- Three-pin Plug and Socket
- Colour Coding of Live, Neutral, and Earth Wires
- High Tension Wires
- Precautions to Be Taken While Using Electricity
Electro Magnetism
- Effects of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Straight Conductor
- Rule to Find the Direction of Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Loop (Or Circular Coil)
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carving Cylindrical Coil (or Solenoid)
- Electromagnet
- Making of an Electromagnet
- Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet
- Applications of Electromagnets
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Direct Current Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Alternating Current (A.C.) Generator
- Distinction Between an A.C. Generator and D.C. Motor
- Types of current: Alternating Current (A.C.) and Direct Current (D.C.)
- Transformer
- Types of Transformer
Heat
- Heat and Its Unit
- Temperatures
- Heat and Temperature
- Heat Capacity Or Thermal Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Relationship Between the Heat Capacity and Specfic Heat Capacity
- Calorimetry and Calorimeter
- Natural Phenomena and Consequences of High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- Some Examples of High and Low Heat Capacity
- Change of State of Matter
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Latent Heat and Specific Latent Heat
- Specific Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
- Explanation of Latent Heat of Melting on the Basis of Kinetic Model
Modern Physics
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Structure of an Atom
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Nucleus
- Atomic Mass
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Isotones
- Radioactivity
- Radioactivity as Emission of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiations
- Properties of Alpha Particles
- Properties of Beta Particles
- Properties of Gamma Radiations
- Changes Within the Nucleus in Alpha, Beta and Gamma Emission
- Alpha Decay (Alpha Emission)
- Beta Decay (Beta Emission)
- Gamma Decay (Gamma Emission)
- Uses of Radioactivity
- Radiation
- Nuclear Energy
- Safety Precautions While Using Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fusion
- Distinction Between the Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Fission
- Distinction Between the Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
notes
COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY
The unit joule is too small and hence is inconvenient to express large quantities of energy. We use a bigger unit of energy called kilowatt hour (kW h).
Let us say we have a machine that uses 1000 J of energy every second. If this machine is used continuously for one hour, it will consume 1 kW h of energy. Thus, 1 kW h is the energy used in one hour at the rate of 1000 Js–1 (or 1 kW).
1 kW h = 1 kW ×1 h
= 1000 W × 3600 s
= 3600000 J 1 kW h
= 3.6 × 106 J.
The energy used in households, industries and commercial establishments are usually expressed in kilowatt hour. For example, electrical energy used during a month is expressed in terms of ‘units’. Here, 1 ‘unit’ means 1 kilowatt hour.
notes
Energy and Work:-
We, in our daily lives, use energy from various sources for doing work.
We use diesel to run our trains. We use electricity to light our street-lamps. Or we use energy in our muscles to cycle to school.
The muscular energy for carrying out physical work, electrical energy for running various appliances, chemical energy for cooking food or running a vehicle all come from some source.
Kinetic energy of the wind can be used to do work. This energy was harnessed by windmills in the past to do mechanical work. For example, in a water-lifting pump, the rotatory motion of windmill is utilised to lift water from a well.
description
- Energy is the capacity to do work
- Relationship between work and energy
- Units of energy