Topics
Matter in Our Surroundings
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Plasma
- Bose-einstein Condensate
- Change of State of Matter
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
Is Matter Around Us Pure
- Matter (Substance)
- Types of Matter
- Mixture
- Types of Mixtures
- Solutions
- Concentration of a Solution
- Suspension Solution
- Colloidal Solution
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Sublimation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Pure Substances
- Compound
- Elements
Atoms and Molecules
- History of Atom
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions or Law of Definite Proportions
- Dalton’s atomic theory
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Symbols Used to Represent Atoms of Different Elements
- Atomic Mass
- Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
- Molecules
- Classification of Molecules
- Difference Between Atoms and Molecules
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
- Chemical Formula Or Molecular Formula
- Molecular Mass
- Formula Unit Mass
- Mole Concept
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
Structure of the Atom
- Introduction of Atoms
- Existence of Charged Particles in Matter
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Protons (p)
- Electrons (e)
- Neutrons (n)
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic model
- Advantage and Limitations of Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Valency
- Different Ways to Determine Valency
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Applications of Isotopes
- Isobars
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
The Fundamental Unit of Life
- Cell: the Fundamental Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Cell Theory
- Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Concept of Diffusion
- Concept of Osmosis
- Osmotic Pressure
- Structure of a Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Semi-permeable Membrane (Cell Membrane)
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
Tissues
- Tissues – “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Plant Tissues
- Meristems Or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Diversity in Living Organisms
- Biodiversity
- Biological Classification
- Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Differences Between Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Algae)
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Fungi)
- Kingdom Plantae: Bryophytes (Mosses)
- Kingdom Plantae: Pteridophytes (Ferns)
- Kingdom Plantae: Gymnosperms
- Kingdom Plantae: Angiosperms
- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Invertebrate: Phylum Nematoda
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Subphylum: Prochordata
- Chordata: Vertebrata
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Nomenclature
Motion
- Motion and Rest
- Motion Along a Straight Line
- Types of Motion
- Measuring the Rate of Motion - Speed with Direction
- Rate of Change of Velocity
- Distance and Displacement
- Displacement – Time Graph Or Distance – Time Graph
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Velocity - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Velocity Relation by Graphical Method
- Uniform Circular Motion
- Motion (Numerical)
Force and Laws of Motion
- Force
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Effect of Force
- Effect of Force
- Types of Force: Contact Force
- Types of Force: Non-Contact Force
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Inertia and Mass
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Force and Laws of Motion (Numerical)
Gravitation
Work and Energy
- Introduction of Work
- Definition of Work
- Concept of Energy
- Mechanical Energy and Its Different Forms
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Kinetic Energy
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Potential Energy
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Transformation of Energy
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Rate of Doing Work
- Work and Energy (Numericals)
Sound
Why Do We Fall ill
- Health
- Disease
- Categories of Disease
- Acute and Chronic Diseases
- Causes of Disease
- Communicable Or Infectious Diseases
- Non-communicable or Non-infectious Diseases
- Infectious Agents
- Manifestation of Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Principles of Prevention of Diseases
- Principles of Treatment of Diseases
Natural Resources
- Natural Resource
- Biosphere: The Domain of Life
- Air is a Mixture
- Atmosphere and Its Layers
- Wind: The Movement of Air
- Rain
- Air Pollution and Its Causes
- Water, Our Lifeline
- Where Do We Get Water From?
- Availability of Water
- Importance of Water
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Mineral Riches in the Soil
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- Water Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Oxygen Cycle
- Ozone
- Ozone Layer Depletion
Improvement in Food Resources
- Improvements in Food Resources
- Improvement in Crop Yields
- Crop Variety Improvement
- Crop Production Improvement
- Crop Protection Management
- Methods to Replenish Nutrients in Your Soil
- Manuring (Biomanuring)
- Fertilizers
- Irrigation
- Types of Irrigation
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Dairy Farming (Cattle Farming)
- Poultry Farming
- Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Apiculture (Bee Farming)
notes
The cells can be categorized in two types:
1. Prokaryotic Cell
2. Eukaryotic Cell
1. Prokaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cells are cells in which true nucleus is absent. They are primitive and incomplete cells. Prokaryotes are always unicellular organisms. For example, archaebacteria, bacteria, blue green algae are all prokaryotes.
2. Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryobc cells are the cells in which true nucleus is present. They are advanced and complete cells. Eukaryotes include all living organisms (both unicellular and multicellular organisms) except bactera and blue green algae.
Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells:
|
S. No. |
Prokaryotic cell |
Eukaryotic cell |
|
1. |
Size of cell is generally small (1-10 mm). |
Size of cell is generally large (5-100 mm). |
|
2. |
Nucleus is absent. |
Nucleus is present. |
|
3. |
It contains single chromosome. |
It contains more than one chromosome. |
|
4. |
Nucleolus is absent. |
Nucleolus is present. |
|
5. |
Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. |
Membrane bound cell organelles such as mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, etc., are present. |
|
6. |
Cell division takes place by fission or budding. |
Cell division takes place by mitotic or meiotic cell division. |
definition
- Unicellular Organism: A unicellular organism is an organism that consists of a single cell. This means all life processes, such as reproduction, feeding, digestion, and excretion, occur in one cell.
- Multicellular Organism: A multicellular organism is an organism composed of many cells. For example, Human beings have different cells of different shapes and sizes in their body to perform different functions.
- Prokaryotes Cell: Prokaryotes Cell is single-celled organisms that lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells: Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles and are enclosed by a plasma membrane.
notes
Classification of organisms:
Organisms can be classified in the following ways:
-
On the basis of the number of cells
-
Unicellular Organism
-
Multicellular Organism
-
-
On the basis of types of cells
-
Prokaryotes
-
Eukaryotes
-
On the basis of the number of cells
Unicellular Organism |
Multicellular Organism |
|
1) The body of the organism consists of a single cell. |
1) The body of the organism consists of many cells. |
|
2) A single cell carries out all life processes. |
2) Different cells are specialized to perform different functions. |
|
3) Injury of cells can lead to the death of individuals. |
3) Injury of a few cells won’t affect the individual as the will be replaced. |
|
4) Eg. Amoeba
|
4) Eg. Humans |
On the basis of types of cells
Prokaryotes Cell |
Eukaryotes Cell |
| 1) Cells lack a nuclear membrane. | 1) Cells have a nuclear membrane. |
| 2) Nucleolus absent | 2) Nucleolus present |
| 3) Always unicellular | 3) Unicellular or multicellular |
| 4) Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. | 4) Membrane bound cell organelles are present. |
|
Eg. Bacteria
|
Eg. Animal cell
|
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Related QuestionsVIEW ALL [6]
Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
| Prokaryotic cell | Eukaryotic cell | |
| 1. | Size: generally small ( 1-10 µm) 1 µm = 10-6 m | Size: generally large (5-100 µm) |
| 2. | Nuclear region: ______________and is known as____ | Nuclear region: well-defined and surrounded by a nuclear membrane |
| 3. | Chromosome: single | More than one chromosome |
| 4. | Membrane-bound cell organelles are absent | _______________________________ |
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