Topics
Basic Biology
Cell - the Structure and Fundamental Unit of Life [For Revision Only]
- Cell: the Fundamental Unit of Life
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Structure of a Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusions
- Ribosomes
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Protoplasm
Cell Cycle, Cell Division and Structure of Chromosomes
- Chromosomes - The Carriers of Heredity
- Chromatin
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Its Structure
- Histone Proteins
- Chromosomes - The Carriers of Heredity
- Genes and Genetic
- Need for New Cells
- Cell Cycle - "Divide, Grow and Redivide"
- Interphase of Cell Cycle
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Mitosis and Its Types
- Phases of Mitosis: Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Phases of Mitosis: Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis as a Reduction Division
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis II
- Significance of Meiosis
Genetics – Some Basic Fundamentals
Plant Physiology
Absorption by Roots : the Processes Involved
- Plant Anatomy and Plant Physiology
- Water Absorption by the Root
- Need of Water and Minerals for Plant
- Concept of Imbibition
- Concept of Diffusion
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Active, Passive, and Bulk Cell Transport
- Turgidity and Flaccidity
- Root Pressure
- Absorption and Conduction of Water and Minerals
- Ascent of Sap
- Semi-permeable Membrane (Cell Membrane)
Transpiration
Photosynthesis: Provider of Food for All
- Photosynthesis - Food Making Process in Plants
- Experiments - Show the Necessity of Light, Carbon Dioxide and Chlorophyll
- Emphasis on Destarching and the Steps Involved in Starch Test.
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Internal Structure of Chloroplast
- Opening and Closing of Stomata Based on Potassium Ion Exchange Theory.
- Overall Balanced Chemical Equation to Represent Photosynthesis.
- Introduction of the Terms "Photochemical" for Light Phase
- "Biosynthetic" for Dark Phases.
- Light Reaction
- Dark Reaction
- Experiments with Regard to the Factors Essential for Photosynthesis
Chemical Coordination in Plants
Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Circulatory System
- Human Circulatory System
- Need for Transport Inside the Body
- Blood
- Functions of Blood
- Composition of Blood: Plasma
- Composition of Blood: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Composition of Blood: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Composition of Blood: Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Function of Platelets - Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Blood Circulatory System
- Human Heart - Chambers of the Heart, Septum Or Grooves of Heart
- Blood Vessels Entering and Leaving the Heart - Arteries and Veins of the Heart
- Valves of Heart
- Circulation of Blood in the Heart: Cardiac Cycle
- Heart Beat - Heart Sounds "LUBB" and "DUP"
- Pacemaker
- Blood Vessels – Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
- Pulmonary and Systemic Blood Circulation (Double Circulation)
- Blood Pressure
- Tissue Fluid
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- The Spleen
The Excretory System (Elimination of Body Wastes)
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
The Reproductive System
- Human Reproductive System
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Male Reproductive System
- Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Structure and Functions of the Various Parts of the Sperm
- Structure and Functions of the Various Parts of the Egg
- Placenta (Growth)
- Functions of Foetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid
- Menstrual Cycle
- Role of Sex Hormones
- Nutrition and Respiration of the Embryo
- Fertilisation
- Identical and Fraternal Twins
Human Evolution
Population
Population – The Increasing Numbers and Rising Problems
Pollution
- Pollution and Its Types
- Pollution and Its Types
- Air Pollution
- Water Pollution
- Sources of Pollution and Major Pollutant - Thermal Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Sources of Pollution and Major Pollutant - Biomedical Waste
- Sources of Pollution and Major Pollutant - Radiation
- Noise Pollution
- Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Wastes
- Effects of Pollution on Climate, Environment, Human Health and Other Organisms
- Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
- Meaning of Global Warming
- Effect of Global Warming
- Acid Rain - Composition, Cause and Its Impact
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Preventive Measures of Pollution
Physical Health and Hygiene
Health Organisations
Aids to Health
notes
The cells can be categorized in two types:
1. Prokaryotic Cell
2. Eukaryotic Cell
1. Prokaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cells are cells in which true nucleus is absent. They are primitive and incomplete cells. Prokaryotes are always unicellular organisms. For example, archaebacteria, bacteria, blue green algae are all prokaryotes.
2. Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryobc cells are the cells in which true nucleus is present. They are advanced and complete cells. Eukaryotes include all living organisms (both unicellular and multicellular organisms) except bactera and blue green algae.
Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells:
|
S. No. |
Prokaryotic cell |
Eukaryotic cell |
|
1. |
Size of cell is generally small (1-10 mm). |
Size of cell is generally large (5-100 mm). |
|
2. |
Nucleus is absent. |
Nucleus is present. |
|
3. |
It contains single chromosome. |
It contains more than one chromosome. |
|
4. |
Nucleolus is absent. |
Nucleolus is present. |
|
5. |
Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. |
Membrane bound cell organelles such as mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, etc., are present. |
|
6. |
Cell division takes place by fission or budding. |
Cell division takes place by mitotic or meiotic cell division. |
definition
- Unicellular Organism: A unicellular organism is an organism that consists of a single cell. This means all life processes, such as reproduction, feeding, digestion, and excretion, occur in one cell.
- Multicellular Organism: A multicellular organism is an organism composed of many cells. For example, Human beings have different cells of different shapes and sizes in their body to perform different functions.
- Prokaryotes Cell: Prokaryotes Cell is single-celled organisms that lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells: Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles and are enclosed by a plasma membrane.
notes
Classification of organisms:
Organisms can be classified in the following ways:
-
On the basis of the number of cells
-
Unicellular Organism
-
Multicellular Organism
-
-
On the basis of types of cells
-
Prokaryotes
-
Eukaryotes
-
On the basis of the number of cells
Unicellular Organism |
Multicellular Organism |
|
1) The body of the organism consists of a single cell. |
1) The body of the organism consists of many cells. |
|
2) A single cell carries out all life processes. |
2) Different cells are specialized to perform different functions. |
|
3) Injury of cells can lead to the death of individuals. |
3) Injury of a few cells won’t affect the individual as the will be replaced. |
|
4) Eg. Amoeba
|
4) Eg. Humans |
On the basis of types of cells
Prokaryotes Cell |
Eukaryotes Cell |
| 1) Cells lack a nuclear membrane. | 1) Cells have a nuclear membrane. |
| 2) Nucleolus absent | 2) Nucleolus present |
| 3) Always unicellular | 3) Unicellular or multicellular |
| 4) Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. | 4) Membrane bound cell organelles are present. |
|
Eg. Bacteria
|
Eg. Animal cell
|
Shaalaa.com | Eukaryotes
Series: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
Related QuestionsVIEW ALL [6]
Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
| Prokaryotic cell | Eukaryotic cell | |
| 1. | Size: generally small ( 1-10 µm) 1 µm = 10-6 m | Size: generally large (5-100 µm) |
| 2. | Nuclear region: ______________and is known as____ | Nuclear region: well-defined and surrounded by a nuclear membrane |
| 3. | Chromosome: single | More than one chromosome |
| 4. | Membrane-bound cell organelles are absent | _______________________________ |
