Topics
Matter in Our Surroundings
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Plasma
- Bose-einstein Condensate
- Change of State of Matter
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
Is Matter Around Us Pure
- Matter (Substance)
- Types of Matter
- Mixture
- Types of Mixtures
- Solutions
- Concentration of a Solution
- Suspension Solution
- Colloidal Solution
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Sublimation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Pure Substances
- Compound
- Elements
Atoms and Molecules
- Maharishid Kanad's Views on Atom
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Symbol of Elements
- Mass Number (A) or Atomic Mass
- Molecules
- Difference Between Atoms and Molecules
- Molecules of Elements
- Molecules of Compounds
- Ions and Its Types
- Chemical Formula Or Molecular Formula
- Writing Chemical Formulae
- Naming Chemical Compounds
- Molecular Mass
- Mole Concept
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
Structure of the Atom
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Sub-atomic Particles of Atom
- Protons (p)
- Electrons (e)
- Neutrons (n)
- Nucleus
- Structure of an Atom
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Neils Bohr’s model of an atom (atomic stability)
- Electrons Distributed in Different Orbits (Shells)
- Valency and Its Types
- Atomic Number (Z)
- Mass Number (A) or Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
The Fundamental Unit of Life
- Cell: the Fundamental Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Cell Theory
- Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Concept of Diffusion
- Concept of Osmosis
- Osmotic Pressure
- Structure of a Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Semi-permeable Membrane (Cell Membrane)
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
Tissues
- Tissues – “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Plant Tissues
- Meristems Or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Diversity in Living Organisms
- Biodiversity
- Biological Classification
- Classification and Evolution
- The Hierarchy of Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Kingdom Monera: Bacteria
- Kingdom Protista: Amoeba
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Differences Between Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Algae)
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Fungi)
- Kingdom Plantae: Bryophytes (Mosses)
- Kingdom Plantae: Pteridophytes (Ferns)
- Kingdom Plantae: Gymnosperms
- Kingdom Plantae: Angiosperms
- Kingdom Animalia
- Invertebrate: Phylum Porifera
- Invertebrate: Phylum Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Invertebrate: Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Invertebrate: Phylum Nematoda
- Invertebrate: Phylum Annelida
- Invertebrate: Phylum Arthropoda
- Invertebrate: Phylum Mollusca
- Invertebrate: Phylum Echinodermata
- Chordata: Prochordata
- Chordata: Vertebrata
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Taxonomy
- Naming of Living Organisms
Motion
- Motion and Rest
- Motion Along a Straight Line
- Types of Motion Based on Speed
- Measuring the Rate of Motion - Speed with Direction
- Rate of Change of Velocity
- Distance and Displacement
- Displacement – Time Graph Or Distance – Time Graph
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Velocity - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Velocity Relation by Graphical Method
- Uniform Circular Motion
- Motion (Numerical)
Force and Laws of Motion
- Force
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Effect of Force
- Effect of Force
- Types of Force: Contact Force
- Types of Force: Non-Contact Force
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Inertia and Mass
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Force and Laws of Motion (Numerical)
Gravitation
Work and Energy
- Introduction of Work
- Definition of Work
- Concept of Energy
- Mechanical Energy and Its Different Forms
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Kinetic Energy
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Potential Energy
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Transformation of Energy
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Rate of Doing Work
- Work and Energy (Numericals)
Sound
Why Do We Fall ill
- Health
- Disease
- Categories of Disease
- Acute and Chronic Diseases
- Causes of Disease
- Communicable Or Infectious Diseases
- Non-communicable or Non-infectious Diseases
- Infectious Agents
- Manifestation of Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Principles of Prevention of Diseases
- Principles of Treatment of Diseases
Natural Resources
- Natural Resource
- Biosphere: The Domain of Life
- Air is a Mixture
- Atmosphere and Its Layers
- Wind: The Movement of Air
- Rain
- Air Pollution and Its Causes
- Water, Our Lifeline
- Where Do We Get Water From?
- Availability of Water
- Importance of Water
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Mineral Riches in the Soil
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- Water Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Oxygen Cycle
- Ozone
- Ozone Layer Depletion
Improvement in Food Resources
- Improvements in Food Resources
- Improvement in Crop Yields
- Crop Variety Improvement
- Crop Production Improvement
- Crop Protection Management
- Methods to Replenish Nutrients in Your Soil
- Manuring (Biomanuring)
- Fertilizers
- Irrigation
- Types of Irrigation
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Dairy Farming (Cattle Farming)
- Poultry Farming
- Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Apiculture (Bee Farming)
notes
Gas:
- Constituent particles are far apart from each other.
- Force of attraction between particles is negligible.
- Particles have maximum kinetic energy.
- Neither have definite shape nor definite volume.
- Density is least and can easily diffuse.
- Highly compressible.
Exert pressure in all directions:
Have you ever seen colours fly in the air! The molecules in a gaseous element show similar behaviour. The molecules in a gaseous element scatter by forces in all direction due to the negligible force of attraction between them. Therefore the molecules exert pressure in all directions.
Mix Evenly:
They mix evenly without the help of any mechanical change. The gaseous elements are more susceptible to reactions and admixtures. The huge gap between molecules gives the molecules of other elements an ease to mix with each other. This property of gases makes them highly reactive chemical elements.
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- Gases
- Properties of gases
- Molecular model of gases
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