Topics
Matter in Our Surroundings
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Plasma
- Bose-einstein Condensate
- Change of State of Matter
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
Is Matter Around Us Pure
- Matter (Substance)
- Types of Matter
- Mixture
- Types of Mixtures
- Solutions
- Concentration of a Solution
- Suspension Solution
- Colloidal Solution
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Sublimation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Simple Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Pure Substances
- Compound
- Elements
Atoms and Molecules
- History of Atom
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions (Law of Definite Proportions)
- Dalton’s atomic theory
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Symbols Used to Represent Atoms of Different Elements
- Atomic Mass
- Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
- Molecules
- Classification of Molecules
- Difference Between Atoms and Molecules
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Molecular Mass
- Formula Unit Mass
- Mole Concept
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
Structure of the Atom
- Introduction of Atoms
- Existence of Charged Particles in Matter
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Protons (p)
- Electrons (e)
- Neutrons (n)
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Advantage and Limitations of Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Valency
- Different Ways to Determine Valency
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
- Isobars
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
The Fundamental Unit of Life
- Cell: the Fundamental Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Cell Theory
- Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Simple Diffusion
- Concept of Osmosis
- Osmotic Pressure
- Structure of a Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Semi-permeable Membrane (Cell Membrane)
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
Tissues
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Plant Tissues
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Diversity in Living Organisms
- Biodiversity
- Biological Classification
- Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Differences Between Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Algae)
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Fungi)
- Kingdom Plantae: Bryophytes (Mosses)
- Kingdom Plantae: Pteridophytes (Ferns)
- Kingdom Plantae: Gymnosperms
- Kingdom Plantae: Angiosperms
- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Invertebrate: Phylum Nematoda
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Subphylum: Prochordata
- Chordata: Vertebrata
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Nomenclature
Motion
- Motion and Rest
- Describing Motion
- Motion Along a Straight Line
- Types of Motion
- Measuring the Rate of Motion - Speed with Direction
- Rate of Change of Velocity
- Distance and Displacement
- Displacement - Time Graph Or Distance - Time Graph
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Velocity - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Velocity Relation by Graphical Method
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Motion (Numerical)
Force and Laws of Motion
- Force
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Effect of Force
- Effect of Force
- Types of Force: Contact Force
- Types of Force: Non-Contact Force
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Inertia and Mass
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Force and Laws of Motion (Numerical)
Gravitation
Work and Energy
Sound
- Sound
- Production of Sound
- Propagation of Sound
- Sound Need a Medium to Travel
- Sound Waves Are Longitudinal Waves
- Characteristics of a Sound Wave
- Speed of Sound (Velocity of Sound)
- Reflection of Sound
- Echoes
- Reverberation
- Uses of Multiple Reflection of Sound
- Range of Hearing in Humans
- Ultrasonic Sound Or Ultrasound
- SONAR
- Human Ear
- Sound (Numerical)
Why Do We Fall ill
- Health
- Disease
- Categories of Disease
- Acute and Chronic Diseases
- Causes of Disease
- Communicable Or Infectious Diseases
- Non-communicable or Non-infectious Diseases
- Infectious Agents
- Manifestation of Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Organ-specific and Tissue-specific Manifestations
- Principles of Prevention of Diseases
- Principles of Treatment of Diseases
Natural Resources
- Natural Resource
- Biosphere: The Domain of Life
- Air is a Mixture
- Atmosphere and Its Layers
- Wind: The Movement of Air
- Rain
- Air Pollution and Its Causes
- Water, Our Lifeline
- Where Do We Get Water From?
- Availability of Water
- Importance of Water
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Mineral Riches in the Soil
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- Water Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Oxygen Cycle
- Ozone
- Ozone Layer Depletion
Improvement in Food Resources
- Improvements in Food Resources
- Improvement in Crop Yields
- Crop Variety Improvement
- Crop Production Improvement
- Crop Protection Management
- Methods to Replenish Nutrients in Your Soil
- Manuring (Biomanuring)
- Fertilizers
- Irrigation
- Types of Irrigation
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Dairy Farming
- Poultry Farming
- Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Apiculture (Bee Farming)
Definition
- Mixture: Mixtures are formed when two or more substances mixed together without participating in a chemical change.
- Homogeneous Mixtures: A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture. Example: salt in water.
- Heterogeneous Mixture: A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture. Eg. Vegetable soup.
Notes
Mixture:
- Mixtures are formed when two or more substances mixed together without participating in a chemical change.
- In simple words, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically combined.
Examples of Mixtures:
- Oil and water
- Potassium nitrate, sulfur, and carbon (Gunpowder)
- Minerals, organic materials, air, water, and living organisms (Soil)
General Properties of Mixtures:
- A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
- No chemical change happens when a mixture is made. So, each substance has the same chemical makeup it has before the mixture was formed.
- A mixture is a physical change.
- Each substance in a mixture keeps its identity.
- The substances in a mixture can be separated using physical methods such as filtration, freezing, and distillation.
Types of mixture:
1) Homogeneous Mixtures:
- Homo means same
- A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture.
- Example: salt in water.
- It has a uniform composition and it can’t be separated out physically.
2) Heterogeneous Mixture:
- Hetero means different
- A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture. Eg. Vegetable soup.
- It has a non-uniform composition and it can be separated out physically.
Then is air homogeneous or heterogeneous?
It is homogeneous because as its constituents quickly mix in with the other constituents to become uniform (clearly, we do not see different layers of its components)
Example
List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.
Sr. No. | Homogeneous mixture | Heterogeneous mixture |
1 | All the components of the mixture are uniformly mixed. | All the components of the mixture are not thoroughly mixed. |
2 | No separation boundaries are visible. | Separation boundaries are visible. |
3 | It consists of a single phase. | It consists of two or more phases. |
4 | Example: Sugar dissolved in water | Example: Air, sand, and common salt. |
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