Topics
Matter in Our Surroundings
- Matter
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Plasma
- Bose-einstein Condensate
- Change of State of Matter
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
Is Matter Around Us Pure
- Matter
- Mixture
- Solutions
- Concentration of a Solution
- Concept of Suspension
- Colloidal Solution
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Sublimation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Pure Substances
- Elements
- Compound
Atoms and Molecules
- Difference Between Atoms and Molecules
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions
- Atom
- The Modern Day Symbols of Atoms of Different Elements
- Mass Number (A) or Atomic Mass
- Molecules
- Molecules of Elements
- Molecules of Compounds
- Concept of an Ion
- Writing Chemical Formulae
- Concept of Molecular Mass
- Concept of Molecular Mass
- Mole Concept
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
Structure of the Atom
- Atom
- Sub-atomic Particles of Atom
- Structure of an Atom
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Neil Bohr’s Model of Atom
- Concept of Proton
- Neutrons (N)
- Concept of Electron
- Concept of Electrons Distributed in Different Orbits (Shells)
- Valency and Its Types
- Atomic Number (Z)
- Mass Number (A) or Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
The Fundamental Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Structure of a Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusions
- Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Cell Inclusion
Tissues
Diversity in Living Organisms
Motion
- Motion and Rest
- Distance and Displacement
- Motion and Rest
- Motion Along a Straight Line
- Types of Motion Based on Speed
- Measuring the Rate of Motion - Speed with Direction
- Rate of Change of Velocity
- Distance - Time Graphs
- Distance - Time Graphs
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Velocity - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Position - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Position - Velocity Relation by Graphical Method
- Types of Motion Based on Speed
- Motion (Numerical)
Force and Laws of Motion
- Force
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Effect of Force
- Effect of Force
- Types of Force: Contact Force
- Types of Force: Non-Contact Force
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Inertia and Mass
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Force and Laws of Motion (Numerical)
Gravitation
- Concept of Gravitation
- Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
- Free Fall
- To Calculate the Value of G
- Motion of Objects Under the Influence of Gravitational Force of the Earth
- Concept of Mass
- Concept of Weight
- Trust and Pressure
- Buoyancy Force (Upthrust Force)
- Pressure Exerted by Liquids and Gases
- Density of the Fluid
- Archimedes' Principle
- Relative Density
Work and Energy
- Definition of Work
- Work Done by a Constant Force
- Concept of Energy
- Different Forms of Energy
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Kinetic Energy
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Potential Energy
- The Potential Energy of an Object at a Height
- Work Done by a Energy
- Work Done by a Power
- Conversion of One Form of Energy into the Other Form
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Rate of Doing Work
- Concept of Energy
- Work and Energy (Numericals)
Sound
Why Do We Fall ill
- Health and Its Failure
- The Significance of ‘Health'
- Personal and Community Issues Both Matter for Health
- Distinctions Between ‘Healthy’ and ‘Disease-free’
- Identification of Disease
- Categories of Diseases
- Chronic Diseases and Poor Health
- Causes of Disease
- Infectious and Non-infectious Causes
- Categories of Diseases
- Infectious Agents
- Airborne Diseases Caused by Bacteria
- Diseases Caused by Parasitic Worms
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases (Air, Water, Food, Insects)
- Organ-specific and Tissue-specific Manifestations of Disease
- Principles of Prevention of Diseases
- Principles of Treatment of Diseases
Our Environment
- The Environment
- The Breath of Life - Air
- The Role of the Atmosphere in Climate Control
- Movements of Air (Winds) and Its Role in Bringing Rains Across India
- Water - A Wonder Liquid
- Water Pollution
- Mineral Riches in the Soil
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- The Water-cycle
- The Nitrogen-cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Oxygen-cycle
- Ozone Layer Depletion
Improvement in Food Resources
notes
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissues consist of neurons and neurological cells. The neuron is an excitable cell and a main component of the neural system. The neuroglia forms the rest of the neural system, which makes up double the volume of neural tissue in the human body. Nervous tissues have the greatest control over the body’s responsiveness to changing conditions.
Structure of a Neuron
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It is an elongated cell with a Cell Body that consists of some branch-like structure called Dendrites.
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There is a Nucleus present in the center of the cell body.
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The Nerve Endings of the cell are connected with the cell body via Axon.
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A nerve cell can be up to 1 m long.
The Structure of Neuron:
1. Dendrites
- They are tree-like extensions (highly-branched) at the beginning of a neuron.
- They increase the surface area of the neuron.
- They receive chemical signals from different neurons of the body.
- They then convert these chemical signals into electrical signals and pass them to the neuron cell body.
- A neuron can have a single dendrite or multiple dendrites
2. Cell Body
- Also called Soma.
- The main function of the cell body and nucleus of the neuron is to maintain the functionality of the cell.
- It does not play an active role in the transmission of the signal.
- It produces proteins that are required by different parts of the neuron to work properly.
- It contains different cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus etc that perform various functions of the cell.
3. Axon
- Neurons have one axon in general.
- It is a long structure that connects the cell body to the terminals and it also connects with other neurons, cells and organs of the body through nerve terminals.
- It allows in fast transmission of signals. The larger the diameter of the axon the faster it will transmit signals.
- It is covered with a special insulating substance called myelin. It helps in rapid transmission of signals.
4. Schwann Cells (OLYMPIAD)
- The Myelin sheath that covers the axon is produced by Schwann cells.
- The Myelin sheath keeps the signal intact
notes
Nervous tissue:
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Highly specialized for receiving stimulation and then transmitting it very rapidly from one place to another within the body.
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The brain, spinal cord, and nerves are all composed of the nervous tissue.
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The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.
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Many nerve fibres bound together by connective tissue make up a nerve.
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Each neuron consists of a cell body and axon.
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Cell body - consists of the nucleus and cytoplasm. It also has dendrites (branchings).
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Axon - can be myelinated or unmyelinated depending on the presence or absence of mylien sheath which helps in the insulation of nerve fibre( like a rubber covering to copper wires).
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Nerve ending - the end of a neuron through which impulse is released.
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