Topics
Heredity and Evolution
- Heredity
- Protein Synthesis
- Transcription, Translation and Translocation
- Protein synthesis - Transcription
- Protein synthesis – Translation
- Evolution
- Theories of Origin of Life
- Evolution and Classiffication
- Evidences for Biological Evolution
- Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
- Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
- Speciation
- Origin and Evolution of Man
Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1
- Living Organisms and Life Processes
- Living Organism and Energy Production
- Formation of ATP
- Energy Production in Living Organism
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Mitosis and Its Phases
- Phases of Mitosis: Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Phases of Mitosis: Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis as a Reduction Division
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis II
- Significance of Meiosis
- Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis
Life Processes in Living Organisms Part - 2
- Introduction to Life Processes in Living Organisms
- Asexual Reproduction in Animal
- Fission
- Fragmentation
- Regeneration
- Budding
- Sporulation (Sporogenesis)
- Asexual Reproduction in Plant
- Budding
- Vegetative Reproduction
- Reproduction in Plant
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Sexual Reproduction in Animals
- Human Reproductive System
- The Male Reproductive System
- The Female Reproductive System
- Gametogenesis
- Fertilization in Human
- Embryonic Development in Human
- Implantation in Human
- Pregnancy in Humans
- Placenta (Growth) in Human
- Parturition (Birth) in Human
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Reproduction and Modern Technology
- Reproductive Health
Environmental Management
Towards Green Energy
Animal Classification
- Biological Classification
- Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- New Criteria for Basis of Classification
- History of Animal Classification
- Traditional Method of Animal Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Phylum: Aschelminthes
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Phylum: Hemichordata
- Phylum: Chordata
- Chordata: Vertebrata
Introduction to Microbiology
Cell Biology and Biotechnology
Social Health
Disaster Management
Life's Internal Secrets
The Regulators of Life
The Life Cycle
Mapping Our Genes
Striving for Better Environment 2
Understanding Metals and Non-Metals
Amazing World of Carbon Compounds
- The Covalent Bond
- Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
- Chains, Branches and Rings of Carbon Compound
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (IUPAC)
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Soap
description
- Five kingdom classification
- Merits of five kingdom classification
- Demerits of five kingdom classification
notes
Five Kingdom Classification - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia:
- Two kingdom classifications: Carolus Linnaeus in 1758 classified the living organisms into two groups as plants and animals.
- Five kingdom classification: H. Whittaker in 1959 further classified the organisms into five kingdoms as Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and kingdom Animalia.
The five kingdoms and their key characteristics are given below:
1. Monera:
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These are prokaryotes; which means nuclear materials are not membrane-bound in them.
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They may or may not have a cell wall.
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They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
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All organisms of this kingdom are unicellular.
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Examples: Bacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), and mycoplasma.
2. Protista:
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These are eukaryotes and unicellular.
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Some organisms use cilia or flagella for locomotion.
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They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
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Examples: Plants like unicellular algae, diatoms; animals like protozoans (Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena)
3. Fungi:
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These are eukaryotic organisms with the cell walls, made up of Chitin. They do not perform Photosynthesis (Heterotrophs).
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They may be unicellular (yeast) or filamentous (most fungi).
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They feed on decaying organic materials. Such a mode of nutrition is called saprophytic. Some fungi live in a symbiotic relationship with other organisms (Lichens), while some are parasites as well.
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Examples: Mushrooms(Agaricus), green mold(Penicillium), smut (Aspergilus).
4. Plantae:
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These are multicellular and autotrophs.
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The presence of chlorophyll is a distinct characteristic of plants, because of which they are capable of taking out photosynthesis.
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Cell wall is present.
5. Animalia:
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These are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic organisms.
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Cell wall is absent.
notes
Hierarchy Classification- Formation of Kingdoms:
Linnaeus proposed a classification system by arranging organisms into taxonomic groups at different levels according to the characteristics they have. The groups or the levels from top to bottom are:
notes
Five Kingdom Classification - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia:
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Monera
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Protista
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Fungi
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Plantae
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Animalia
The five kingdoms and their key characteristics are given below:
1) Monera:
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Woese divided Monera into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
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Prokaryote
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Unicellular
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Cell wall may be present or absent
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Can be Autotrophs or heterotrophs
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Eg. bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, and mycoplasma
2) Protista:
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Eukaryote
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Unicellular
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Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
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Uses hair-like cilia or whip-like flagella for movement
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diatoms and protozoans like an amoeba, euglena, paramecium, etc.
3) Fungi:
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Eukaryote
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Unicellular or multicellular (at certain stages of life)
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Saprophytes- feed on dead and decayed matter
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Cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin.
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Symbiosis: lichens are symbiotic life forms of fungi and algae.
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Lichens: They are bioindicators of pollution i.e. they don’t grow on places with pollution.
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eg. Agaricus (mushrooms), Penicillium, Aspergillus
4. Plantae:
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These are multicellular and autotrophs.
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The presence of chlorophyll is a distinct characteristic of plants, because of which they are capable of taking out photosynthesis.
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Cell wall is present.
5. Animalia:
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These are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic organisms.
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Cell wall is absent.
notes
The hierarchy of classification:
Ernst Haeckel (1894), Robert Whittaker (1959), and Carl Woese (1977) have tried to classify all living organisms into broad categories, called kingdoms.
Further classification is done by naming the sub-groups at various levels as given in the following scheme:
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Kingdom
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Phylum (for animals) / Division (for plants)
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Class
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Order
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Family
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Genus
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Species