Topics
Matter in Our Surroundings
- Matter
- Characteristics of Molecules of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Plasma
- Bose-einstein Condensate
- Change of State of Matter
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
Is Matter Around Us Pure
- Matter
- Concept of Mixture
- Concept of Solution
- Concentration of a Solution
- Concept of Suspension
- Concept of Colloidal Solution
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Using a Separating Funnel Method
- Sublimation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Concept of Physical Changes
- Types of Pure Substances
- Concept of Elements
- Concept of Compounds
Atoms and Molecules
- Introduction of Atoms and Molecules
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions
- Concept of Atom
- The Modern Day Symbols of Atoms of Different Elements
- Concept of Atomic Mass
- Concept of Molecule
- Molecules of Elements
- Molecules of Compounds
- Concept of an Ion
- Writing Chemical Formulae
- Concept of Molecular Mass
- Concept of Molecular Mass
- Mole Concept
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
Structure of the Atom
- Concept of Atom
- Charged Particles in Matter
- The Structure of an Atom
- J. J. Thomson’s Model of an Atom
- Rutherford’s Model of an Atom
- Neil Bohr’s Model of Atom
- Concept of Proton
- Concept of Neutrons
- Concept of Electron
- Concept of Electrons Distributed in Different Orbits (Shells)
- Concept of Valency
- Concept of Atomic Number
- Concept of Mass Number
- Concept of Isotopes
- Concept of Isobars
- Structure of Atom Numericals
The Fundamental Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Structure of a Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Vacuoles
- Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Cell Inclusion
Tissues
Diversity in Living Organisms
Motion
- Concept of Motion
- Displacement
- Concept of Motion
- Motion Along a Straight Line
- Uniform Motion and Non-uniform Motion
- Measuring the Rate of Motion - Speed with Direction
- Rate of Change of Velocity
- Graphical Representation of Motion: Distance - Time Graphs
- Graphical Representation of Motion: Distance - Time Graphs
- Graphical Representation of Motion: Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Velocity - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Position - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Position - Velocity Relation by Graphical Method
- Uniform Circular Motion
- Motion (Numerical)
Force and Laws of Motion
- Force
- Force - Push Or Pull
- Forces Are Due to an Interaction
- Exploring Forces
- Force Can Change the State of Motion
- Force Can Change the Shape of an Object
- Concept of Contact Forces
- Concept of Non-contact Forces
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Inertia and Mass
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Force and Laws of Motion (Numerical)
Gravitation
- Concept of Gravitation
- Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
- Free Fall
- To Calculate the Value of G
- Motion of Objects Under the Influence of Gravitational Force of the Earth
- Concept of Mass
- Concept of Weight
- Pressure
- Buoyancy Force
- Pressure Exerted by Liquids and Gases
- Density of the Fluid
- Archimedes' Principle
- Relative Density
Work and Energy
- Work
- Work Done by a Constant Force
- Energy
- Different Forms of Energy
- Kinetic Energy
- Potential Energy
- The Potential Energy of an Object at a Height
- Work Done by a Energy
- Work Done by a Power
- Conversion of Energy from One Form to Another
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Rate of Doing Work
- Energy
- Work and Energy (Numericals)
Sound
- Sound
- Production of Sound
- Propagation of Sound
- Sound Need a Medium to Travel
- Longitudinal Nature of Sound Waves
- Characteristics of a Sound Wave
- Speed of Sound
- Reflection of Sound
- Reflection of Sound – Echo
- Reflection of Sound – Reverberation
- Reflection of Sound
- Range of Hearing in Humans
- SONAR
- Structure of the Human Ear (Auditory Aspect Only)
- Sound (Numerical)
Why Do We Fall ill
- Health and Its Failure
- The Significance of ‘Health'
- Personal and Community Issues Both Matter for Health
- Distinctions Between ‘Healthy’ and ‘Disease-free’
- Identification of Disease
- Categories of Diseases
- Chronic Diseases and Poor Health
- Causes of Disease
- Infectious and Non-infectious Causes
- Categories of Diseases
- Infectious Agents
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria
- Diseases Caused by Parasitic Worms: Taeniasis
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases (Air, Water, Food, Insects)
- Organ-specific and Tissue-specific Manifestations of Disease
- Principles of Prevention of Diseases
- Principles of Treatment of Diseases
Our Environment
- Introduction of Our Environment
- The Breath of Life - Air
- The Role of the Atmosphere in Climate Control
- Movements of Air (Winds) and Its Role in Bringing Rains Across India
- Water - A Wonder Liquid
- Concept of Water Pollution
- Mineral Riches in the Soil
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- The Water-cycle
- The Nitrogen-cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Oxygen-cycle
- Ozone Layer Depletion
Improvement in Food Resources
notes
Five Kingdom Classification - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia:
- Two kingdom classifications: Carolus Linnaeus in 1758 classified the living organisms into two groups as plants and animals.
- Five kingdom classification: H. Whittaker in 1959 further classified the organisms into five kingdoms as Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and kingdom Animalia.
The five kingdoms and their key characteristics are given below:
1. Monera:
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These are prokaryotes; which means nuclear materials are not membrane-bound in them.
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They may or may not have a cell wall.
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They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
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All organisms of this kingdom are unicellular.
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Examples: Bacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), and mycoplasma.
2. Protista:
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These are eukaryotes and unicellular.
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Some organisms use cilia or flagella for locomotion.
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They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
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Examples: Plants like unicellular algae, diatoms; animals like protozoans (Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena)
3. Fungi:
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These are eukaryotic organisms with the cell walls, made up of Chitin. They do not perform Photosynthesis (Heterotrophs).
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They may be unicellular (yeast) or filamentous (most fungi).
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They feed on decaying organic materials. Such a mode of nutrition is called saprophytic. Some fungi live in a symbiotic relationship with other organisms (Lichens), while some are parasites as well.
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Examples: Mushrooms(Agaricus), green mold(Penicillium), smut (Aspergilus).
4. Plantae:
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These are multicellular and autotrophs.
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The presence of chlorophyll is a distinct characteristic of plants, because of which they are capable of taking out photosynthesis.
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Cell wall is present.
5. Animalia:
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These are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic organisms.
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Cell wall is absent.
notes
Hierarchy Classification- Formation of Kingdoms:
Linnaeus proposed a classification system by arranging organisms into taxonomic groups at different levels according to the characteristics they have. The groups or the levels from top to bottom are:
notes
Five Kingdom Classification - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia:
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Monera
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Protista
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Fungi
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Plantae
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Animalia
The five kingdoms and their key characteristics are given below:
1) Monera:
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Woese divided Monera into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
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Prokaryote
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Unicellular
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Cell wall may be present or absent
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Can be Autotrophs or heterotrophs
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Eg. bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, and mycoplasma
2) Protista:
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Eukaryote
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Unicellular
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Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
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Uses hair-like cilia or whip-like flagella for movement
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diatoms and protozoans like an amoeba, euglena, paramecium, etc.
3) Fungi:
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Eukaryote
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Unicellular or multicellular (at certain stages of life)
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Saprophytes- feed on dead and decayed matter
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Cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin.
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Symbiosis: lichens are symbiotic life forms of fungi and algae.
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Lichens: They are bioindicators of pollution i.e. they don’t grow on places with pollution.
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eg. Agaricus (mushrooms), Penicillium, Aspergillus
4. Plantae:
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These are multicellular and autotrophs.
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The presence of chlorophyll is a distinct characteristic of plants, because of which they are capable of taking out photosynthesis.
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Cell wall is present.
5. Animalia:
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These are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic organisms.
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Cell wall is absent.
notes
The hierarchy of classification:
Ernst Haeckel (1894), Robert Whittaker (1959), and Carl Woese (1977) have tried to classify all living organisms into broad categories, called kingdoms.
Further classification is done by naming the sub-groups at various levels as given in the following scheme:
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Kingdom
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Phylum (for animals) / Division (for plants)
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Class
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Order
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Family
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Genus
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Species