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Chapters
1: Reproduction in Organisms
2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
3: Human Reproduction
4: Reproductive Health
UNIT 2 : GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
7: Origin of Life
8: Evidences and Theories of Biological Evolution
9: Human Evolution
UNIT 3 : BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
10: Human Health and Diseases
11: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
12: Microbes in Human Welfare
UNIT 4 : BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
▶ 13: Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
14: Biotechnology and Its Applications
UNIT 5 : ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
15: Organisms and Populations
16: Ecosystem
17: Biodiversity and Its Conservation
18: Environmental Issues
![Nootan solutions for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई chapter 13 - Principles and Processes of Biotechnology - Shaalaa.com](/images/biology-english-class-12-isc_6:5f2b1b2038084cf381bfa42c826a928c.jpg "Nootan solutions for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई chapter 13 - Principles and Processes of Biotechnology")
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Solutions for Chapter 13: Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
Below listed, you can find solutions for Chapter 13 of CISCE Nootan for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई.
Nootan solutions for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई 13 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology Test Your Progress [Pages 529 - 533]
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given.
A gene carried by recombinant DNA is cloned when ______.
it is transcribed
it is hybridised
it is fragmented by restriction enzymes
its host bacterium divides by binary fission
Using recombinant DNA technology, genes from a donor cell can be implanted into a bacterium for DNA replication and protein synthesis. The kind of cells that can be used as gene donors are ______.
only bacteria
only eukaryotic cells
only yeast cells
any kind of cells
A piece of nucleic acid used to find a gene by forming a hybrid with it is called a ______.
probe
retrovirus
vector
restriction sequence
In recombinant DNA technology a plasmid vector must be cleaved by ______.
the same enzyme that cleaves the donor gene
modified DNA ligase
a heated alkaline solution
four separate enzymes
One of the following is not a step involved in recombinant DNA technology:
cuts made in a DNA molecule with the help of restriction enzymes.
joining of DNA fragments with the vector.
cloning of hybrid DNA into the host.
karyotyping of the host DNA.
Which of these is a true statement?
Vectors carry only the foreign gene into the host cell.
Plasmids can carry recombinant DNA but viruses cannot.
Both plasmids and viruses can serve as vectors.
All of the above statements are correct.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) ______.
can be subjected to gel electrophoresis
are the basis for DNA fingerprints
identify individuals genetically
all of the above
What is the benefit of using a retrovirus as a vector in gene therapy?
It is not able to enter cells.
It eliminates a lot of unnecessary steps.
It incorporates the foreign gene into the host chromosome.
It eliminates a lot of unnecessary steps and it incorporates the foreign gene into the host chromosome.
DNA fragments result when ______ cut DNA molecules at specific sites.
RFLPs
DNA probes
restriction enzymes
DNA polymerase
A ______ is a collection of DNA fragments, produced by restriction enzymes and incorporated into plasmids.
DNA clone
gene map
DNA library
DNA probe
A ______ is multiple, identical copies of a collection of DNA fragments inserted into plasmids.
DNA clone
gene map
DNA probe
DNA library
In reverse transcription, ______ is assembled on ______.
mRNA, DNA
DNA, agar
cDNA, mRNA
DNA, enzymes
______ is the transfer of normal genes into body cells to correct a genetic defect.
Gene therapy
Gene mutation
Nucleic acid hybridization
Reverse transcription
Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use?
Reverse transcriptase - production of cDNA from mRNA
DNA polymerase - used in polymerase chain reaction to amplify section of DNA
DNA ligase - enzyme that cuts DNA, creating the sticky ends of restriction fragments
Restriction enzyme - production of RFLPs
Which of the following is not a technique for introducing recombinant DNA into host cells?
Infection by Agrobacterium
Microinjection
Electrophoresis
Infection by bacteriophage
Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because ______.
recombinant genes can be inserted into plant cells by microinjection
a somatic plant cell can grow into a complete plant
more vectors are available for transferring recombinant DNA into plant cells
plant genes do not contain introns
The human genome project involves all of the following except ______.
altering the human genome
physical mapping of the chromosomes
sequencing of the entire nucleotide sequence of the human genome
location of RFLP markers
Recombinant DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following has not yet been attempted or achieved?
Genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles
Prenatal identification of genetic disease genes
Introduction of genetically engineered genes into human germ cells
Production of hormones for treating diabetes and dwarfism
Which of the following sequences along a double stranded DNA molecule may be recognized as a cutting site for a particular restriction enzyme?
AAGG TTCC
AGTC TCAG
GGCC CCGG
ACCA TGGT
In recombinant DNA methods, the term ‘vector’ refers to ______.
a DNA probe used to locate in a particular gene
a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living cell
enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments
‘sticky end’ or a DNA fragment
The template used to make cDNA is ______.
a restriction fragment
a DNA probe
a plasmid
mRNA
Transposons:
are specific DNA sequences that move within and between chromosomes
alter the expression of neighbouring genes especially if the transposon is a regulator gene
have been discovered in corn, fruit flies, bacteria, and humans
all of the above
What is the function of a restriction enzyme in recombinant technology?
Cut DNA into many fragments
Link together newly joined fragments of DNA
Make millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA
Separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges
What is the function of DNA ligase in recombinant technology?
Cut DNA into many fragments
Carry DNA into a new cell
Link together newly joined fragments of DNA
Separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges
What is complementary DNA (cDNA)?
A sequence of DNA as it is found in the genome
Any sequence of cloned DNA
DNA made from a mature mRNA template
DNA made through the polymerase chain reaction
What is the function of a vector in genetic engineering?
Cut DNA into many fragments
Carry DNA into a new cell
Link together newly joined fragments of DNA
Make millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA
Which of the following molecules forms lengths of DNA with ‘sticky ends’?
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Restriction enzyme
When using bacteria to clone a human gene and express its product-as in the case of insulin-the gene cannot contain introns because bacteria do not have the enzymes to process mRNA. Therefore:
if the sequence is known, very small human genes can be built with a DNA synthesizer in a laboratory and they will lack introns
reverse transcriptase can be used to make DNA 'backwards' from human mature mRNA and this would lack introns
it is impossible to use bacteria to express human gene products because all human genes have introns
both (a) and (b) are true
What is not useful as a possible DNA probe?
A protein that binds to DNA specifically
A sequence of mRNA that binds to a particular site on the DNA
DNA produced by a DNA synthesizer to have a particular base sequence
cDNA that is complementary to a particular region of the genomic DNA
What is the function of the polymerase chain reaction in genetic engineering?
Cut DNA into many fragments
Carry DNA into a new cell
Link together newly joined fragments of DNA
Make millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA
Which of the following statements is untrue about restriction enzymes?
They are made by bacteria and viruses.
The first one was isolated in 1970, and thereafter hundreds of different ones have been isolated and purified.
They produce single-stranded complementary ends that can join together two different DNA strands.
Each enzyme cuts DNA at a different specific base sequence.
What is a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)?
A sequence of DNA complementary to a mRNA molecule.
A variation in length of DNA fragments due to inherited differences in proteins produced.
A variation in length of DNA fragments due to inherited differences in highly repetitive DNA.
A variation in length of DNA fragments due to random differences in highly repetitive DNA.
To carry out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), one must have the catalytic DNA polymerase and ______.
a blueprint or gene map of the sequence one wish to copy
a number of ‘primers’ from either side of the target DNA in order to get the polymerase replication process going
a DNA synthesizer machine
a DNA probe
Which of the following methods of transferring DNA is useful in bacteria and plants, but not in animals?
Bacteriophage infection
Plasmid transfer
Microinjection of DNA
Laser irradiation of cells in a fluid containing DNA
What is the function of gel electrophoresis in genetic engineering?
Cut DNA into many fragments
Link together newly joined fragments of DNA
Make millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA
Separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges
The molecule needed to allow a cell to transfer genetic information from RNA to DNA is ______.
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
reverse transcriptase
chlorophyll
Cloning of animals has been possible due to advances in ______.
nuclear technology
computer technology
biotechnology
autoradiography
Shotgun method is used for ______.
gene cloning
gene synthesis
gene therapy
hereditary control
Silencing of a gene could be achieved through the use of ______.
RNAi only
antisense RNA only
both RNAi and antisense RNA
none of the above
Which of the following enzymes catalyse the removal of nucleotides from the ends of DNA?
Endonuclease
Exonuclease
DNA ligase
Hind - II
Which of the following is not a source of restriction endonuclease?
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Entamoeba histolytica
Which of the given statements is correct in the context of visualizing DNA molecules separated by agarose gel electrophoresis?
DNA can be seen in visible light
DNA can be seen without staining in visible light
Ethidium bromide stained DNA can be seen in visible light
Ethidium bromide stained DNA can be seen under exposure to UV light
While isolating DNA from bacteria, which of the following enzymes is not required?
Lysozyme
Ribonuclease
Deoxyribonuclease
Protease
The most important feature in a plasmid to serve as a vector in gene cloning experiment is ______.
its size
presence of a selectable marker
presence of sites for restriction endonuclease
all of the above
In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules are separated on the basis of their ______.
size only
charge only
charge to size ratio
all of these
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for the development of PCR technique?
Kary Mullis
Herbert Boyer
J.D. Watson
F.H.C. Crick
The enzyme which acts as a biological scissors in genetic engineering is ______.
ligase
restriction endonuclease
polymerase
none of these
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
Plasmids that can integrate into the bacterial DNA are called ______.
Recombinant DNA is a DNA molecule carrying a new combination of ______.
The two main vectors used in genetic engineering to carry genes into bacteria are ______ and ______.
The enzyme that facilitates synthesis of copy DNA is ______, made naturally by ______.
The position of a probe on a chromosome is easily detected by marking the probe with ______.
The science of improving physical and mental qualities of humans, through control of the factors influencing heredity, is called ______.
______ is used to detect DNA bands under UV light on the gel after electrophoresis.
A ______ is a foreign gene artificially transferred into an organism.
State whether the following statement is true or false.
Manipulation of DNA to change its structure is called genetic engineering.
State whether the following statement is true or false.
Restriction enzymes are nucleases which cut DNA at specific sites into fragment containing identifiable genes.
State whether the following statement is true or false.
A collection of cloned DNA fragments that represents the entire genome is called gene library.
State whether the following statement is true or false.
Gene cloning is the technique to obtain clones or identical copies of a particular DNA molecule.
State whether the following statement is true or false.
A sheep ‘Dolly’ was the first animal cloned from a cell taken from the udder of an adult transgenic sheep.
State whether the following statement is true or false.
Transgene is a foreign gene artificially transferred into an organism.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Name the enzyme which cuts the DNA molecule into fragments with sticky ends.
What are VNTRs?
What technique is used to identify a specific mRNA from the total RNA isolated from a tissue?
What type of cells were used in cloning ‘Dolly’ sheep?
Name the technique used for separating DNA fragments in the laboratory.
Do you know what palindromes are?
What are restriction enzymes?
Name the enzymes that are used for the isolation of DNA from bacterial and fungal cells for recombinant DNA technology.
Write the two components of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule constructed by Cohen and Boyer.
Name the host cells in which microinjection technique is used to introduce an alien DNA.
List the three steps involved in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Mention the source of thermostable DNA polymerase.
What is plasmid?
Name the technique that is used for separating the fragments of DNA cut by restriction endonucleases.
Why do DNA fragments move towards the anode during gel electrophoresis?
Mention the role of vectors in recombinant DNA technology. Give any two examples.
Why is the enzyme cellulase needed for isolating genetic material from plant cells and not form the animal cells?
Expand the following acronym which is used in the field of protechnology.
PCR
Write the full form of VNTR.
What does ‘competent’ refer to in competent cells used in transformation experiments?
Would you choose an exonuclease while producing a recombinant DNA molecule?
Restriction enzymes should not have more than one site of action in the cloning site of a vector. Comment.
Suggest a technique to a researcher who needs to separate fragments of DNA.
Mention two vectors generally used in genetic engineering.
Give the full form of EFB.
SHORT/LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
What is a genomic library?
How can a genomic library be prepared?
What is a cDNA library?
How can a cDNA library be prepared?
What is the advantage of a genomic library?
What is the advantage of a cDNA library?
What are the three main steps involved in the construction of a transgene?
What is recombinant DNA technology called popularly? Name the vectors and enzymes used in this technique.
What are ‘molecular scissors’?
Explain the role of ‘molecular scissors’ in recombinant DNA technology.
Nootan solutions for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई 13 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology BOARD EXAMINATION QUESTIONS [Page 533]
Give an account of the Blue-White Method of selection of recombinants.
What does PCR stand for?
Describe the steps of PCR technique.
Write a short note on Gel Electrophoresis.
What are restriction endonucleases?
Give the rules of restriction endonuclease nomenclature.
Explain the mechanism of action of restriction endonucleases that makes them suitable for genetic engineering.
Explain what are the desirable characteristics of an ideal cloning vector used in rDNA technology.
Describe two vectors less methods of gene transfer used in rDNA technology.
Give one significant contribution of S. Cohen.
Write the role of ‘ori site’ in the cloning vector pBR322.
Write the role of ‘restriction sites’ in the cloning vector pBR322.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
Describe the steps of PCR technique.
What is a Ti plasmid?
Name the organism in which Ti plasmid is found.
Draw a well-labelled diagram of a stirred-tank bioreactor.
Nootan solutions for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई 13 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS QUESTIONS (HOTS) [Pages 534 - 535]
You probably appreciate the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction, why?
Why recombinant DNA technology is more useful than traditional hybridization procedures?
Do you know the likely fate of a piece of DNA, which is somehow transferred into an alien organism?
While doing a PCR, ‘denaturation’ step is missed. What will be its effect on the process?
Name the selectable markers in the cloning vector pBR322. Mention the role they play.
Why is the coding sequence of an enzyme β-galactosidase a preferred selectable marker in comparison to the ones named above?
Why must a cell be made ‘competent’ in biotechnology experiments? How does calcium ion help in doing so?
State the role of “biolistic gun” in biotechnology experiments.
Give an account of artificial chromosomes in the transfer of genetic material.
What is RNA interference?
Give any one application of RNA interference.
Nootan solutions for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई 13 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology NCERT EXERCISES WITH ANSWERS [Pages 535 - 536]
Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage recombinant DNA is made?
Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor the transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
Describe briefly the following:
Origin of replication
Describe briefly the following:
Bioreactors
Describe briefly the following:
Downstream processing
Explain briefly:
PCR
Explain briefly:
Restriction enzymes and DNA
Explain briefly:
Chitinase
Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between plasmid DNA and chromosomal DNA.
Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between RNA and DNA.
Distinguish between exonuclease and endonuclease.
Nootan solutions for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई 13 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology VALUE BASED QUESTIONS [Page 536]
You have created a recombinant DNA molecule by ligating a gene to a plasmid vector. By mistake, your classmate adds exonuclease enzyme to the tube containing the recombinant DNA. How will your experiment get affected as you plan to go for transformation now?
Both a wine maker and a molecular biologist who had developed a recombinant vaccine claim to be biotechnologists. Who in your opinion is correct?
Nootan solutions for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई 13 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN [Page 536]
Differentiate between electroporation and gene gun.
Differentiate between gene cloning and cell cloning.
Distinguish between exonuclease and endonuclease.
Differentiate between genomic DNA and cDNA.
Differentiate between genomic library and cDNA library.
Differentiate between the following:
Repetitive DNA and Satellite DNA
Solutions for 13: Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
Nootan solutions for बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई chapter 13 - Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
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Concepts covered in बायोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ आयसीएसई chapter 13 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology are Principles of Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology, Restriction Enzymes, Types of Restriction Enzymes, Features of an Ideal Vector, Plasmids, pBR 322 Vectors, pUC Vectors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Phages, Artificial Chromosomes as Vectors, Vectors for Cloning Genes in Plants and Animals, Gene Library, Cloning, Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology, Applications and Risks of Genetic Engineering, Moral and Ethical Issues of Genetic Engineering, Genetic Transformation in Plants, Genetic Transformation in Animals.
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