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प्रश्न
Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage recombinant DNA is made?
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उत्तर
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes to half. During the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes of each pair exchange one or more segments, a process known as cross-over.
Homologous chromosomes come together in pairs during the zygotene stage of the first prophase of meiosis. We refer to this process as synapsis. In the pachytene substage, microscopic round knobs appear at one or more places in the synaptonemal complex; these are called recombination nodules.
Crossing over is the mutual exchange of one or more segments between the interconnected chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This results in the formation of homologous recombinant DNA. At the sites where pieces of chromatids break and rejoin for transduction, recombination nodes form.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Name two commonly used bioreactors.
Suggest and describe a technique to obtain multiple copies of a gene of interest in vitro.
Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
Describe briefly the following:
Downstream processing
Explain briefly:
PCR
Describe the process of amplification of the “gene of interest” using the PCR technique.
In a pathological lab, a series of steps were undertaken for finding the gene of interest. Describe the steps, or make a flow chart showing the process of amplification of this gene of interest.
______ plays an important role in blood clotting.
Gene Amplification using primers can be done by ______.
Blood stains are found at the site of a murder. It DNA profiling technique is to be used for identifying the criminals, which of the following is ideal for use?
In addition to the Taq polymerase enzyme, which other thermostable DNA polymerases have been isolated to be used in PCR?
During the purification process for recombinant DNA technology, the addition of chilled ethanol precipitates out ______.
During the process of gene amplification using PCR, if a very high temperature is not maintained in the beginning, then which of the following steps of PCR will be affected first?
Rising of dough is due to ______.
Which of the following contributed in popularising the PCR (polymerase chain reactions) technique?
Significance of 'heat shock' method in bacterial transformation is to facilitate ______.
Which of the following steps are catalysed by Taq DNA polymerase in a PCR reaction?
A bacterial cell was transformed with a recombinant DNA molecule that was generated using a human gene. However, the transformed cells did not produce the desired protein. Reasons could be ______.
Which of the following should be chosen for best yield if one were to produce a recombinant protein in large amounts?
Do biomolecules (DNA, protein) exhibit biological activity in anhydrous conditions?
Read the paragraph given below and answer and questions that follow:
| Enzyme Taq polymerase, is extracted from a eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus from Yellowstone National Park in Montana, USA and isolated by Chien et al. (1976). Taq polymerase successfully replaced the DNA polymerase from E.coli that was being used in PCR earlier and this shift revolutionised the PCR technique. |
- Taq polymerase after its discovery replaced E.coli DNA polymerase in PCR technique. Explain giving reasons why was the need felt for the change?
- What is a primer and its importance in PCR?
- Write the importance of PCR as a diagnostic tool.
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
| Biotechnology revolves around the "gene of interest", with an objective to open various avenues for human welfare in health, medicine, pharma, agriculture etc. using different techniques, tools and processes. One of the breakthroughs of biotechnology in medicine is the gene therapy. |
- Name the human disease for which the gene therapy was used for the first time.
- Explain the steps of gene therapy carried to cure the disease using the lymphocytes of the patient. Why is this therapy not a permanent cure of the disease?
- Write the possible permanent cure of the disease by the gene therapy that is in progress.
Bioreactors are the containment vehicles of any biotechnology-based production process. For large scale production and for economic reasons the final success of biotechnological process depends on the efficiency of the bioreactor.
Answer the following questions w.r.t. the given paragraph:
- List the operational guidelines that must be adhered to so as to achieve optimisation of the bioreactor system. Enlist any four.
- Mention the phase of the growth we refer to in the statement "Optimisation of growth and metabolic activity of the cells".
- Is the biological product formed in the bioreactor suitable for the intended use immediate? Give reason in support of your answer.
