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प्रश्न
Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage recombinant DNA is made?
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उत्तर
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes to half. During the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes of each pair exchange one or more segments, a process known as cross-over.
Homologous chromosomes come together in pairs during the zygotene stage of the first prophase of meiosis. We refer to this process as synapsis. In the pachytene substage, microscopic round knobs appear at one or more places in the synaptonemal complex; these are called recombination nodules.
Crossing over is the mutual exchange of one or more segments between the interconnected chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This results in the formation of homologous recombinant DNA. At the sites where pieces of chromatids break and rejoin for transduction, recombination nodes form.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Name two commonly used bioreactors.
Suggest and describe a technique to obtain multiple copies of a gene of interest in vitro.
Draw a labelled sketch of sparged-stirred-tank bioreactor. Write its application.
Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
Describe briefly the following:
Bioreactors
Explain briefly:
PCR
Answer the following question:
Describe the formation of recombinant DNA by the action of EcoRI.
Which of the following term used for defining a viral genome incorporated into host DNA?
______ plays an important role in blood clotting.
DNA fragments generated by the restriction endonuclease in a chemical reaction can be separated by ______.
Gene Amplification using primers can be done by ______.
The first step in recombinant DNA technology is
During the purification process for recombinant DNA technology, the addition of chilled ethanol precipitates out ______.
During the process of gene amplification using PCR, if a very high temperature is not maintained in the beginning, then which of the following steps of PCR will be affected first?
Which of the following contributed in popularising the PCR (polymerase chain reactions) technique?
Significance of 'heat shock' method in bacterial transformation is to facilitate ______.
Which of the following steps are catalysed by Taq DNA polymerase in a PCR reaction?
How is copy number of the plasmid vector related to yield of recombinant protein?
While doing a PCR, ‘denaturation’ step is missed. What will be its effect on the process?
Do biomolecules (DNA, protein) exhibit biological activity in anhydrous conditions?
Identify and explain steps ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ in the PCR diagram given below.
Illustrate the design of a bioreactor. Highlight the difference between a flask in your laboratory and a bioreactor which allows cells to grow in a continuous culture system.
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
| Biotechnology revolves around the "gene of interest", with an objective to open various avenues for human welfare in health, medicine, pharma, agriculture etc. using different techniques, tools and processes. One of the breakthroughs of biotechnology in medicine is the gene therapy. |
- Name the human disease for which the gene therapy was used for the first time.
- Explain the steps of gene therapy carried to cure the disease using the lymphocytes of the patient. Why is this therapy not a permanent cure of the disease?
- Write the possible permanent cure of the disease by the gene therapy that is in progress.
Write the scientific name of the source organism of the thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR.
State the advantage of using Thermostable DNA polymerase.
Bioreactors are the containment vehicles of any biotechnology-based production process. For large scale production and for economic reasons the final success of biotechnological process depends on the efficiency of the bioreactor.
Answer the following questions w.r.t. the given paragraph:
- List the operational guidelines that must be adhered to so as to achieve optimisation of the bioreactor system. Enlist any four.
- Mention the phase of the growth we refer to in the statement "Optimisation of growth and metabolic activity of the cells".
- Is the biological product formed in the bioreactor suitable for the intended use immediate? Give reason in support of your answer.
