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प्रश्न
Illustrate the design of a bioreactor. Highlight the difference between a flask in your laboratory and a bioreactor which allows cells to grow in a continuous culture system.
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उत्तर
Small volume cultures cannot yield appreciable quantities of products. To produce in large quantities, the development of bioreactors, where large volumes (100-1000 litres) of culture can be processed, was required. Thus, bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, individual enzymes, etc., using microbial plant, animal or human cells. A bioreactor provides the optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions (temperature, pH, substrate”, salts, vitamins, oxygen).
Simple stirred-tank bioreactor
Sparged stirred-tank bioreactor through which sterile air bubbles are sparged
| Flask | Bioreactor |
| Flask is used for small laboratory scale testing of a culture. | Bioreactor is used for commercial production |
| The cells harbouring cloned genes of interest may be grown on a small scale in the laboratory. | The cells can also be multiplied in a continuous culture system wherein the used medium is drained out from one side while the fresh medium is added from the other to maintain the cells in their physiologically most active log/exponential phase. This type of culturing method produces larger biomass leading to higher yields of desired protein. |
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Name two commonly used bioreactors.
Suggest and describe a technique to obtain multiple copies of a gene of interest in vitro.
Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage recombinant DNA is made?
Explain briefly:
Chitinase
Prepare a flow chart in formation of recombinant DNA by the action of restriction endonuclease enzyme EcoRI.
Answer the following question:
Describe the formation of recombinant DNA by the action of EcoRI.
DNA fragments generated by the restriction endonuclease in a chemical reaction can be separated by ______.
PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism are the methods for ______.
Gene Amplification using primers can be done by ______.
PCR proceeds mthree distinct steps governed by temperature, they are in order of ______.
An antibiotic resistance gene in a vector usually helps in the selection of ______.
Read the paragraph given below and answer and questions that follow:
| Enzyme Taq polymerase, is extracted from a eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus from Yellowstone National Park in Montana, USA and isolated by Chien et al. (1976). Taq polymerase successfully replaced the DNA polymerase from E.coli that was being used in PCR earlier and this shift revolutionised the PCR technique. |
- Taq polymerase after its discovery replaced E.coli DNA polymerase in PCR technique. Explain giving reasons why was the need felt for the change?
- What is a primer and its importance in PCR?
- Write the importance of PCR as a diagnostic tool.
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
| Biotechnology revolves around the "gene of interest", with an objective to open various avenues for human welfare in health, medicine, pharma, agriculture etc. using different techniques, tools and processes. One of the breakthroughs of biotechnology in medicine is the gene therapy. |
- Name the human disease for which the gene therapy was used for the first time.
- Explain the steps of gene therapy carried to cure the disease using the lymphocytes of the patient. Why is this therapy not a permanent cure of the disease?
- Write the possible permanent cure of the disease by the gene therapy that is in progress.
State the advantage of using Thermostable DNA polymerase.
Identify the part of a bio-reactor which is used as a foam braker from the given figure.
Main steps in the formation of Recombinant DNA are given below. Arrange these steps in a correct sequence.
- Insertion of recombinant DNA into the host cell.
- Cutting of DNA at specific location by restriction enzyme.
- Isolation of desired DNA fragment.
- Amplification of gene of interest using PCR.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Upon exposure to UV radiation, DNA stained with ethidium bromide will show ______.
What is the primary definition of recombinant DNA technology?
Which enzymes act as 'molecular scissors' to cut purified DNA precisely at specific target sites?
