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प्रश्न
Describe briefly the following:
Downstream processing
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उत्तर
The product prepared by biotechnology is subjected to several processes before it is sent to the market. These processes include separation and purification and are collectively called downstream processing. The product is formulated with appropriate preservatives. In the case of drugs, such formulations are put through clinical trials. Every product also requires specific quality control tests. Downstream processing and quality control tests vary for different products.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage recombinant DNA is made?
In a pathological lab, a series of steps were undertaken for finding the gene of interest. Describe the steps, or make a flow chart showing the process of amplification of this gene of interest.
Which of the following term used for defining a viral genome incorporated into host DNA?
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A single strand of nucleic acid tagged with a radioactive molecule is called ______.
During the purification process for recombinant DNA technology, the addition of chilled ethanol precipitates out ______.
During the process of gene amplification using PCR, if a very high temperature is not maintained in the beginning, then which of the following steps of PCR will be affected first?
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Which of the following contributed in popularising the PCR (polymerase chain reactions) technique?
Significance of 'heat shock' method in bacterial transformation is to facilitate ______.
Which of the following should be chosen for best yield if one were to produce a recombinant protein in large amounts?
How is copy number of the plasmid vector related to yield of recombinant protein?
Do biomolecules (DNA, protein) exhibit biological activity in anhydrous conditions?
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Read the paragraph given below and answer and questions that follow:
| Enzyme Taq polymerase, is extracted from a eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus from Yellowstone National Park in Montana, USA and isolated by Chien et al. (1976). Taq polymerase successfully replaced the DNA polymerase from E.coli that was being used in PCR earlier and this shift revolutionised the PCR technique. |
- Taq polymerase after its discovery replaced E.coli DNA polymerase in PCR technique. Explain giving reasons why was the need felt for the change?
- What is a primer and its importance in PCR?
- Write the importance of PCR as a diagnostic tool.
Bioreactors are the containment vehicles of any biotechnology-based production process. For large scale production and for economic reasons the final success of biotechnological process depends on the efficiency of the bioreactor.
Answer the following questions w.r.t. the given paragraph:
- List the operational guidelines that must be adhered to so as to achieve optimisation of the bioreactor system. Enlist any four.
- Mention the phase of the growth we refer to in the statement "Optimisation of growth and metabolic activity of the cells".
- Is the biological product formed in the bioreactor suitable for the intended use immediate? Give reason in support of your answer.
Identify the part of a bio-reactor which is used as a foam braker from the given figure.
Given below are two statements:
Statement I: The DNA fragments extracted from gel electrophoresis can be used in construction of recombinant DNA.
Statement II: Smaller size DNA fragments are observed near anode while larger fragments are found near the wells in an agarose gel.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
What is the primary definition of recombinant DNA technology?
Which enzyme is specifically used to break open fungal cells during the isolation of genetic material?
Which enzymes act as 'molecular scissors' to cut purified DNA precisely at specific target sites?
In agarose gel electrophoresis, why do DNA fragments move toward the positive electrode?
How are bacterial cells typically made competent to facilitate the uptake of recombinant DNA during transformation?
Which of the following are direct methods used for introducing recombinant DNA into host cells besides chemical transformation?
Which series of operations is collectively referred to as 'downstream processing'?
