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प्रश्न
Describe briefly the following:
Downstream processing
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उत्तर
The product prepared by biotechnology is subjected to several processes before it is sent to the market. These processes include separation and purification and are collectively called downstream processing. The product is formulated with appropriate preservatives. In the case of drugs, such formulations are put through clinical trials. Every product also requires specific quality control tests. Downstream processing and quality control tests vary for different products.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
Name two commonly used bioreactors.
Suggest and describe a technique to obtain multiple copies of a gene of interest in vitro.
Draw a labelled sketch of sparged-stirred-tank bioreactor. Write its application.
Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage recombinant DNA is made?
Explain briefly:
Chitinase
State the importance of using a bioreactor.
Answer the following question:
Describe the formation of recombinant DNA by the action of EcoRI.
Describe the process of amplification of the “gene of interest” using the PCR technique.
In a pathological lab, a series of steps were undertaken for finding the gene of interest. Describe the steps, or make a flow chart showing the process of amplification of this gene of interest.
Which of the following term used for defining a viral genome incorporated into host DNA?
______ plays an important role in blood clotting.
PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism are the methods for ______.
The first step in recombinant DNA technology is
In PCR, primers are used for ______.
Which of the following contributed in popularising the PCR (polymerase chain reactions) technique?
Significance of 'heat shock' method in bacterial transformation is to facilitate ______.
A bacterial cell was transformed with a recombinant DNA molecule that was generated using a human gene. However, the transformed cells did not produce the desired protein. Reasons could be ______.
Do biomolecules (DNA, protein) exhibit biological activity in anhydrous conditions?
Illustrate the design of a bioreactor. Highlight the difference between a flask in your laboratory and a bioreactor which allows cells to grow in a continuous culture system.
Read the paragraph given below and answer and questions that follow:
| Enzyme Taq polymerase, is extracted from a eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus from Yellowstone National Park in Montana, USA and isolated by Chien et al. (1976). Taq polymerase successfully replaced the DNA polymerase from E.coli that was being used in PCR earlier and this shift revolutionised the PCR technique. |
- Taq polymerase after its discovery replaced E.coli DNA polymerase in PCR technique. Explain giving reasons why was the need felt for the change?
- What is a primer and its importance in PCR?
- Write the importance of PCR as a diagnostic tool.
Bioreactors are the containment vehicles of any biotechnology-based production process. For large scale production and for economic reasons the final success of biotechnological process depends on the efficiency of the bioreactor.
Answer the following questions w.r.t. the given paragraph:
- List the operational guidelines that must be adhered to so as to achieve optimisation of the bioreactor system. Enlist any four.
- Mention the phase of the growth we refer to in the statement "Optimisation of growth and metabolic activity of the cells".
- Is the biological product formed in the bioreactor suitable for the intended use immediate? Give reason in support of your answer.
Which enzyme is specifically used to break open fungal cells during the isolation of genetic material?
Which enzymes act as 'molecular scissors' to cut purified DNA precisely at specific target sites?
Which enzyme is utilized in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) because it remains active at high temperatures?
Which enzyme is responsible for joining the desired gene to a carrier vector DNA to form recombinant DNA?
Which of the following are direct methods used for introducing recombinant DNA into host cells besides chemical transformation?
