NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus 2025 PDF Download
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NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus 2025
The NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus for the NEET (UG) 2025 is available by the CBSE. The NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus is available for review from the link below. The NEET (UG) 2025 Physics syllabus defines and describes each unit covered on the NEET (UG) 2025 Physics exam.
Academic year:
Medical Entrance Exam Physics Revised Syllabus
Units and Topics
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Syllabus
1: Class 11
Medical Entrance Exam Physics Syllabus
🞽 Physics and Measurement
1 Units and Measurement- Physical Quantities
- Introduction
- Types of Physical Quantities
- System of Units
- Fundamental Quantities
- The Seven Fundamental Quantities
- Historical Development of Standards
- Evolution of Unit Systems
- Properties of Matter and Their Measurement
- The International System of Units (SI)
- Base Physical Quantities and their Units,
- Definitions of SI Base Units,
- Prefixes used in the SI System
- The International System of Units (SI)
- Significant Figures
- Introduction
- The Five Essential Rules
- Order of magnitude
- Example
- Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures
- Rounding off the Uncertain Digits
- Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations
- Dimensions of Physical Quantities
- Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations
- Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications
- Dimensional analysis
- Applications of dimensional analysis
- Limitations of dimensional analysis
- Dimensions, units, formulae of some quantities
- Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations
- Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities
- Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations
- Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities
- Accuracy, Precision and Least Count of Measuring Instruments
- Accuracy of measuring instruments
- Precision of measuring instruments
- Least count for various instruments
- Zero error: Negative and Positive zero error
- Errors in Measurements>Random Errors
- Definition: Random Errors
- Source: Random Errors
- Effects: Random Errors
- Errors in Measurements>Systematic Errors
- Definition: Errors in Measurements
- Definition: Systematic Errors
- Source: Systematic Errors
- Effects: Systematic Errors
🞽 Kinematics
2 Motion in a Straight Line- Introduction to Motion
- Rectilinear Motion
- Displacement
- Introduction
- Formula: Displacement
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Instantaneous Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Instantaneous Velocity
- Formula: Instantaneous Velocity
- Real-Life Example
- Instantaneous Speed
- Definition: Instantaneous Speed
- Formula: Instantaneous Speed
- Graphical Study of Motion
- Instantaneous Velocity in Non-Uniform Motion
- Acceleration in Linear Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Acceleration
- Formula: Average Acceleration
- Formula: Instantaneous Acceleration
- Characteristics
- Graphical Interpretation
- Equations of Motion
- Significance
- Illustrative Example
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Displacement
- Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion
-
FIRST METHOD v = vo + at
- SECOND METHOD y = y + v t + at^2
-
- Kinematics Graphs
3 Concept of Vector and Motion in a Plane
- Motion in Two Dimensions - Motion in a Plane
- Average and Instantaneous Velocities
- Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
- Equations of Motion for an Object travelLing a Plane with Uniform Acceleration
- Relative Velocity
- Projectile Motion
- Equations of Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
- Introduction
- Vector Form Equations
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Projectile Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Projectile Motion
- Key Concepts
- Characteristics
- Trajectory Equation
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Scalars and Vectors
- Position and Displacement Vectors
- Equality of Vectors
- Multiplication of Vectors by a Real Number or Scalar
- Multiplication of a vector by a real number
- Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
- Vector Operations>Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
- Statement
- Vector Addition: Parallel Vectors
- Vector Subtraction: Anti-Parallel Vectors
- Real-Life Applications
- Resolution of Vectors
- Introduction
- Definition: Resolution of the Vector
- Definition: Rectangular Components
- Characteristics
- Vector Resolution in 2D
- 2D vs 3D Rectangular Components
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Vector Addition – Analytical Method
- Motion in a Plane
- Motion in a plane
- Two-dimensional motion
- Motion with uniform velocity
- Displacement vector
- Velocity
- Equation of motion of an object
- Equation of path
- Motion with uniform acceleration in a plane
- Displacement in uniformly accelerated motion
- Equation of motion of an object
- Position Vector and Displacement
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Definition: Uniform Circular Motion
- Scalar (Dot) and Vector (Cross) Product of Vectors
🞽 Laws of Motion
4 Laws of Motion and Friction- Intuitive Concept of Force
- Force
- Types of forces:
1) Contact forces: Weight, normal reaction, tension, spring force, upthrust
2) Non-contact forces: Gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak force and nuclear force
- Aristotle’s Fallacy
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Aristotle's Fallacy
- Aristotle Thought
- Galileo's Correction
- Real-Life Examples
- The Law of Inertia
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Balanced and Unbalanced Force
- Cause of Change in Motion
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Experiment
- Summary
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Understanding the Law
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Second law of Motion
- Activity A
- Activity B
- Real-Life Examples
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Law's Concequesnces
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Examples
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Impulse of a Force
- Introduction
- Definition: Impulse of a Force
- Relationship between Force and Momentum Change (Impulse)
- Collision Related Concepts
- Conservation of Momentum
- Conservation of linear momentum
- Law of conservation of linear momentum
- Applications of the law of conservation of linear momentum
- Equilibrium of a Particle
- Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces
- Common Forces in Mechanics
- Friction
- Friction
- Friction
- Static friction
- Kinetic friction
- Types of kinectic friction
1) Sliding friction
2) Rolling friction - Laws of friction
- Coefficient of static friction
- Coefficient of kinetic friction
- Angle of Friction
- Angle of Repose
- Application of Angle of Repose
- Advantages and disadvantages of friction
- Methods to Reduce Friction
- Lubrication
- Motion of a body on an inclined plane
- Types of Friction>Rolling Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Rolling Friction
- Characteristics
- Comparison of Friction Types
- Advantages of Friction
- Disadvantages of Friction
- Methods of Reducing Friction
- Real-Life Examples
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Kinematics of Circular Motion
- Dynamics of Circular Motion (Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force)
- Centripetal force (CPF)
- Centrifugal force (c.f.f.)
- Solving Problems in Mechanics
- Types of Friction>Kinetic Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Kinetic Friction
- Formula: Kinetic Friction
- Formula: Coefficient of Kinetic Friction
- Characteristics
- Laws of Kinetic Friction
- Coefficient of Kinetic Friction for Different Materials
- Mechanism of Kinetic Friction
- Significance
- Types of Friction>Static Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Static Friction
- Formula: Static Friction
- Formula: Coefficient of Static Friction
- Characteristics
- Self-Adjusting Nature
- Laws of Static Friction
- Significance
- Example
- Coefficient of Static Friction for Different Materials
- Real-Life Examples
- Attitude Change
- Centripetal Force
- Definition: Centripetal Force
🞽 Work, Energy and Power
5 Mechanical Energy Dynamics, Power, and Collisions- Introduction of Work, Energy and Power
- The Scalar Product
- Multiplication of Vectors
- Scalar Product(Dot Product)
- Introduction
- Definition: Scalar Product
- Characteristics of Scalar Product
- Scalar Product Using Rectangular Components
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Scalar Product(Dot Product)
- Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: the Work-energy Theorem
- Work-Energy Theorem
- Mechanical Energy > Kinetic Energy (K)
- Definition: Kinetic Energy
- Formula: Kinetic Energy
- Definition: Translational Motion
- Definition: Translational Kinetic Energy
- Definition: Rotational Motion
- Definition: Rotational Kinetic Motion
- Definition: Vibrational Motion
- Definition: Vibrational Kinetic Energy
- Concept of Work
- Definition: Work
- Key Points: Units of Work
- Types of Forces>Work Done by a Variable Force
- Work Done by Variable Forces: The Power of Integration
- Dividing and Conquering (Integration)
- The Graphical Method: Area Under the Curve
- Example
- Work Energy Theorem
- Introduction
- Definition: Work-Energy Theorem for Conservative Forces
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Real-Life Example
- Mechanical Energy > Potential Energy (U)
- Definition: Mechanical Energy
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Formula: Gravitational Potential Energy
- Key Points: Potential Energy
- Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Conservation of mechanical energy
- Principle of conservation of Energy
- Conservative forces
- Non-conservative forces
- Potential Energy of a Spring
- Concept of Power
- Definition: Power
- Formula: Power
- Key Points: Power
- Collisions
- Introduction
- Definition: Collision
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
- Introduction
- Definition: Collision
- Definition: Elastic Collision
- Definition: Inelastic Collision
- Formula: Collision
- Definition: Elastic Collision
- Formula: Inelastic Collision
- Characteristics
- Collision in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Definition: Oblique Collision
- Characterisics
- Mathematical Analysis Steps
- Flowchart
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Collisions in One Dimension
- Types of Forces>Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces
- Introduction
- Definition: Conservative Forces
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Definition: Non-Conservative Force
- Understanding Conservating Forces
- Understanding Non-Conservatives Forces
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Motion in a Vertical Circle
- Vertical Circular Motion
- Acceleration in a vertical circular motion
- Energy in a vertical circular motion
🞽 Rotational Motion
6 Rotational Motion- Motion - Rigid Body
- What kind of motion can a rigid body have?
- Centre of Mass>Mathematical Understanding of Centre of Mass
- Introduction
- Definition: Centre of Mass
- System of n Particles
- Continuous Mass Distribution
- Important Results for Symmetric Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Real-Life Examples
- Motion of Centre of Mass
- Linear Momentum of a System of Particles
- Vector Product of two vectors in Algebra (Cross Product)
- Definition of Vector Product
- Angular Velocity and Its Relation with Linear Velocity
- Relation Between Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity
- Torque, Kinetic Energy, Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
- Moment of force (Torque)
- Work done by a torque
- Kinetic energy of a rotating body
- Angular momentum of a particle
- Conservation of angular momentum
- Applications of conservation of angular momentum
- Conservation of Angular Momentum
- Ballet dancers
- Diving in a swimming pool (during competition)
- Equilibrium of Rigid Body
- Principle of moments
- Centre of gravity
- Principle of Moments
- Law: Principle of Moments
- Centre of Gravity
- Definition: Centre of Gravity
- Key Points: Centre of Gravity
- Moment of Inertia
- Moment of inertia
- Radius of gyration
- Physical significance of radius of gyration
- Kinematics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis
- Dynamics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis
- Angular Momentum in Case of Rotation About a Fixed Axis
- Centre of Mass of Two-particle System
- Centre of Mass of Some Regular Shaped Bodies
- Rigid Body Rotation
- Equations of Rotational Motion
- Comparison of Linear and Rotational Motions
- Rolling Motion
- Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion
- Rolling motion on an inclined plane
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
- Theorem of Parallel Axes
- Application of perpendicular and parallel axes theorem on different regular bodies
- Radius of Gyration
- Values of Moments of Inertia for Geometrical Objects
🞽 Gravitation
7 Gravitational Phenomena: Laws, Effects and Applications- Concept of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Gravitation
- Formula: Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Understanding Gravitation
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Kepler’s Laws
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Formula: Kepler's Law
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Drawing an Ellipse
- Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Law: Kepler's First Law
- Key Terms: Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Understanding Elliptical Orbit
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Law of Areas or Kepler's Second Law
- Introduction
- Law: Kepler's Second Law
- Formula: Kepler's Second Law
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Real-Life Example
- Law of Periods or Kepler's Third Law
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Law: Kepler's Third Law
- Formula: Kepler's Third Law
- Understanding Kepler's Third Law
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Formula: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Key Points: Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Relationship to the Acceleration of the Moon
- Generalisation to Force
- Force Due to the Collection of Masses
- Special Cases for Extended Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- The Gravitational Constant
- Universal gravitation constant
- Value of G
- Acceleration Due to Gravity of the Earth
- Variation of g with altitude, depth and latitude
- Acceleration Due to Gravity Below and Above the Earth's Surface
- Variation of g with altitude
- Variation of g with depth
- Graph of g, R and d
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Introduction
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Formula: Potential Energy
- Characteristics
- Understanding the Mechanism
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Escape Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Escape Velocity
- Formula: Escape Velocity
- Derivation
- Escape Speed
- Earth Satellites
- Introduction
- Definition: Satellite
- Types of Earth Satellites
- Communication Satellites (Geostationary Satellites)
- Polar Satellites
- Significance
- Binding Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
- Introduction
- Definition: Binding Energy of Satellite
- Formula: Binding Energy
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Real-Life Examples
- Time Period of Satellite
- Introduction
- Formula: Time Period of Satellite
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Geostationary and Polar Satellites
- Geostationary Satellites
- Polar Satellites
- Weightlessness
- Weightlessness Condition in Orbit
🞽 Properties of Solids and Liquids
8 Mechanical Properties of Solids- Elastic Behavior of Solids
- Definition: Elasticity
- Definition: Perfectly Elastic Body
- Definition: Plasticity
- Characteristics
- Stress and Strain
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress
- Definition: Strain
- Formula: Stress
- Formula: Strain
- Understanding Elasticity
- Hooke’s Law
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Modulus of Elasticity
- Understanding Hooke's Law
- Significance
- Stress-strain Curve
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress-Strain Curve
- Characteristics
- Understanding Stress-Strain Curve
- Classification of Materials Based on Stress-Strain Behavior
- Elastic Hysteresis
- Elastic Wear and Tear in Rubber Bands
- Elastic Modulus>Young’s Modulus
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire
- Elastic Modulus>Shear Modulus
- Elastic Modulus>Bulk Modulus
- Introduction
- Definition: Bulk Modulus
- Formula: Bulk Modulus
- Characteristics
- Understanding Volume Strain
- Example
- Elastic Modulus>Poisson’s Ratio
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Volume Change During Stretching
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
- Elastic Modulus>Modulus of Rigidity
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Example
- Elastic Energy
- Elastic energy
- Work done in stretching a wire
9 Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Introduction of Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Thrust and Pressure
- Introduction
- Unit of pressure
- Experiment
- Pascal’s Law
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Streamline and Turbulent Flow
- Streamline flow
- Laminar flow
- Turbulent flow
- Bernoulli's Theorem
- Bernoulli's theorem
- Equation of continuity
- Poiseuille's formula
- Special cases
1) Series combination of capillary tubes
2) Parallel combination of capillary tubes
- Torricelli's Law
- Dynamic Lift
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Viscosity
- Newton's law of viscosity
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Applications of coefficient of viscosity
- Stoke's Law
- Liquid State
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Relation between the surface energy and surface tension
- Angle of Contact
- Angle of contact
- Characteristics of angle of contact
- Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
ii) Impurities
iii) Inclination
iv) Temperature - Shape of liquid meniscus
- Shape of liquid drop
- Drops and Bubbles
- Shape of liquid drop
- Excess pressure
- Some surfaces with their excess pressure
- Capillary Rise
- Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column
- Application of Pascal’s Law
- Applications of Pascal's law
- Hydraulic press
- Hydraulic lift
- Hydraulic brakes
- Buoyancy Force (Upthrust Force)
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Archimedes' Principle
- Principle of Floatation (Laws of Flotation)
- Terminal Velocity
- Critical Velocity
- Reynold's Number
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli's theorem
- Action of atomiser
- Blowing of roofs by wind storms
- Venturimeter
- Blood Flow and Heart Attack
- Dynamic Lift
(a) Ball moving without spin
(b) Ball moving with spin
(c) Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing
10 Thermal Properties of Matter
- Thermal Properties of Matter
- Introduction
- Definition: Temperature
- Historical Background / Origin
- Temperature and Heat
- Introduction
- Definition: Heat
- Definition: Temperature
- Formula: Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature
- Formula: Heat Exchange
- Characteristics
- How Heat Affects Matter
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Summary
- Measurement of Temperature
- Definition: Adiabatic Wall
- Definition: Diathermic Wall
- Definition: Thermal Equilibrium
- Definition: Thermometry
- Law: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Temperature Scales
- Conversion Formulas
- Thermometers Use the Zeroth Law
- Thermometric Property
- Types of Thermometers
- Characteristics of a Good Thermometer
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Example 4
- Summary
- Ideal Gas Equation
- Introduction
- Definition: Ideal Gas Equation
- Law: Boyle's Law
- Law: Charles' Law
- Law: Gay-Lussac's Law
- Deriving the Ideal Gas Equation
- Formula Combines GAs Law
- Example
- Real-Life Applications
- Key Points: Ideal Gas Equation
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Introduction
- Definition: Absolute Zero
- Definition: Kelvin Scale
- Definition: Triple Point
- Definition: Ideal Gas
- Definition: Universal Gas Constant (R)
- Definition: Extrapolation
- Definition: Kelvin
- Conversion Formulas
- Gases Respond to Temperature
- The Discovery of Absolute Zero
- The Kelvin (Absolute) Temperature Scale
- Temperature Scales & Conversion
- The Ideal Gas Equation
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Key Points: Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Thermal Expansion
- Introduction
- Definition: Thermal Expansion
- Expansion of Liquids
- Introduction
- Volumetric Expansion
- Anomalous Behavior of Water
- Expansion of Solids
- Introduction
- Linear Expansion
- Areal Expansion
- Volumetric Expansion
- Expansion of Gases
- Introduction
- Effect of Heat on Gases
- Measuring Expansion of Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Calorimetry
- Introduction
- Definition: Calorimetry
- Definition: Calorimeter
- Calorimeter
- The Principle of Calorimetry
- Experiment: Method of Mixtures
- Derivation of the Calorimetry Equation
- Example
- Key Points: Calorimetry
- Change of State
- Introduction
- Definition: Change of State
- The Six Types of Phase Changes
- Practical Applications
- Key Points: Practical Applications of State
- Latent Heat
- Introduction
- Definition: Latent Heat
- Definition: Latent Heat of Fusion
- Definition: Latent Heat of Vaporization
- Formula: Latent Heat
- Experiment
- Reference Data Table
- Example
- Key Points: Latent Heat
- Heat Transfer
- Classification
- Key Points: Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Definition: Conduction
- Definition: Good Conductors of Heat
- Definition: Bad Conductors of Heat
- The Experiment
- Mechanism of Conduction
- Real-Life Example
- Key Points: Conduction
- Convection
- Introduction
- Definition: Convection
- Mechanism of Convection
- Experiment: Convection
- Key Points: Convection
- Environmental Issues
- Radiation
- Definition: Radiation
- Activity: Radiation from a Candle
- A Wonder of Science: Infrared Camera
- Experiment: The Relation Between Density and Convection
- Experiment: Black Surfaces and Heat Absorption
- Experiment: Good and Bad Conductors of Heat
- Key Points: Radiation
- Radiation
- Blackbody Radiation
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Graphical Analysis
- Law: Newton's Law of Cooling
- Mathematical Formulation
- Example
- Key Points: Newton’s Law of Cooling
🞽 Thermodynamics
11 Thermodynamics- Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- Heat
- Internal Energy
- Work: P-V diagrams
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1) Mechanical equilibrium
2) Chemical equilibrium
3) Thermal equilibrium - Equation of state
- Thermodynamic state variables
1) Extensive variables
2) Intensive variables
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Thermodynamic Process
- Thermodynamic Process
- Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process
- Quasi-static process
- Isothermal Processes
- Adiabatic Processes
- Isochoric process
- Isobaric process
- Cyclic Process
- Spontaneity
- Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Second Law of Thermodynamics - Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot cycle
i) Isothermal expansion
ii) Adiabatic expansion
iii) Isothermal compression
iv) Adiabatic compression
🞽 Kinetic Theory of Gases
12 Kinetic Theory of Gases- Introduction of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Perfect (ideal) and real gases
- Molecular Nature of Matter
- mean free path
- Behaviour of Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour
- Real gases
- Reasons for deviations
- van der Waals equation for real gases
- Effect of pressure
- Compressibility factor (Z)
- Effect of temperature
- Compressibility factor for real gases
- Pressure-Volume isotherms of Carbon dioxide
- Difference between Ideal gas and real gas
- Kinetic Theory of Gases - Concept of Pressure
- Pressure exerted by the gas on the wall of a container
- Molecular density of gas
- Dalton's Law of partial pressures
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Kinetic energy of gas
- Different forms of K.E. of gas
- Relation between K.E. and temperature of the gas
- Pressure of an Ideal Gas
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Law of equipartition of energy
- Energy of a system of the degree of freedom (f)
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Applications of the law of equipartition of energy for specific heat capacity
- Monatomic Gases
- Diatomic Gases
- Triatomic Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- Mean Free Path
- Free path
- Mean free path
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Introduction
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity — Data Table
- Formula: Molar Specific Heat Capacity
- Real-Life Applications
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Equation of State of a Perfect Gas
- Ideal gas equation (Equation of state)
- Other forms of equation of state
- Van der Waal's gas equation
- Universal gas constant
- Gas laws
- Boyle's law
- Charles' law
- Gay Lussac's law
- Avogadro's law and number
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
- Based on Nature of gas molecules
- Based on motion of gas molecules
- Degrees of Freedom
- Degrees of freedom
- Degrees of freedom of mono, di, and triatomic gases
1) Monoatomic gas
2) Diatomic gas
3) Triatomic gas
4) Polyatomic gas - Degrees of freedom for different gases at room temperature
- Gas Laws
- Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes
- Definition: Limiting Reagent or Limiting Reactant
- Law: Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes
- Avogadro's Law
- Definition: Atom
- Definition: Molecule
- Definition: Avogadro's Law
🞽 Oscillations and Waves
13 Oscillations- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Periodic Motion
- Oscillatory motion
- Some important terms in periodic motion
- Displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Fourier theorem
- Period and frequency
- Displacement
- Time Period
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Equation of S.H.M
1) Equation of displacement - Phase: Initial phase or epoch or phase constant, Phase angle
- S.H.M. as a projection of UCM
2) Equation of velocity
3) Equation of acceleration
4) Equation of time period
5) Equation of frequency
- Graphical Representation of S.H.M.
- Graphical Representation of S.H.M.
- Particle executing S.H.M., starting from mean position, towards positive
- Particle performing S.H.M., starting from the positive extreme position
- Conclusions from graph
- Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
- Oscillations of a spring
- Spring pendulum
- Oscillations of combinations of spring
- Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and Potential Energies
- Energy of S.H.M
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus displacement for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus period of S.H.M. (T) for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
- Simple pendulum
- Effect of the density of medium on time period of simple pendulum
- Oscillations due to a Spring - Restoring Force and Force Constant
- Effect of viscosity of medium
- Effect of temperature
- Some special cases of simple pendulum: Second's pendulum
- Various types of S.H.M:
1) S.H.M of a liquid in U- shaped tube
2) S.H.M of a floating cylinder
3) S.H.M of a small ball rolling down in hemispherical bowl
- Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
- damping constant
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
- resonance
- Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
- Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency
14 Wave
- Introduction of Wave Mechanics
- Wave
- One-dimensional wave
- Two-dimensional wave
- Three-dimensional wave
- Wave Motion
- Wave motion
- Characteristics of wave motion
- Mechanical waves
- Types of Mechanical waves
1) Transverse waves
2) Longitudinal waves - Difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves
- Speed of Wave Motion
- Terms involved in wave motion
- Velocity of transverse wave on string
- Velocity of longitudinal wave (Sound wave)
- Factors affecting velocity of sound in gaseous medium
1) Effect of pressure at constant temperature
2) Effect of temperature
3) Effect of density
4) Effect of humidity
- Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave
- Simple harmonic progressive wave
- Characteristics of Simple Harmonic (SH) Progressive wave
- Relation between phase difference, path difference and time difference
- Amplitude and Phase
- Wavelength and Angular Wave Number
- Period, Angular Frequency and Frequency
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Reflection of Waves
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Reflection of waves
- Reflection of a transverse waves from
- Reflection of a longitudinal wave from
- Echo
- Standing Waves and Normal Modes
- Stationary Waves (Standing waves)
- Stationary waves are of two types: Longitudinal and Transverse stationary waves
- Nodes
- Antinodes
- Characteristics of stationary waves
- Difference between progressive waves and stationary waves
- Terms related to the application of stationary waves: Note, Tone, Fundamental note and fundamental frequency, Harmonics, Overtones, Octave, Unison, Resonance.
- Standing Waves in Strings
- Harmonics and overtone
- Laws of vibrating string
1) Law of length
2) Law of mass
3) Law of density
4) Law of tension - Organ Pipes: Closed and Open Organ Pipe
- End correction
- Energy in a standing wave
- Fundamental Mode and Harmonics
- fundamental mode or the first harmonic, second harmonic
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Formation of Beats
- Beats
- Conditions for beat formation
- Theory of beats
- Applications of beats
i) To determine the frequency of tuning fork
ii) To tune musical instruments
iii) To detect harmful gases in a mine
- Doppler Effect
- Origin of Doppler Effect
- Unsafe Listening Habits
15 Motion in One Dimension
- Introduction of Motion in One Dimension
- Physics
- Types of Physics: Kinematics and Dynamics
- Rest
- Point object
- Reference Systems
- Motion
- Types of Motion
- One Dimensional Motion
- Two Dimensional Motion
- Three Dimensional Motion
- Rest and motion are relative quantities
- Elementary Concept of Differentiation and Integration for Describing Motion
- Concept of differentiation for describing motion
- Concept of integration
- Motion in a Straight Line
- One dimensional motion
- Distance
- Displacement
- Comparison between distance and displacement
- Rectilinear Motion
- Average Speed
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Speed
- Characteristics
- Calculation of Average Speed
- Formula: Average Speed
- Example
- Average Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Velocity
- Calculation of Average Velocity
- Significance
- Formula
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Instantaneous Speed
- Definition: Instantaneous Speed
- Formula: Instantaneous Speed
- Graphical Study of Motion
- Instantaneous Velocity in Non-Uniform Motion
- Instantaneous Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Instantaneous Velocity
- Formula: Instantaneous Velocity
- Real-Life Example
- Acceleration in Linear Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Acceleration
- Formula: Average Acceleration
- Formula: Instantaneous Acceleration
- Characteristics
- Graphical Interpretation
- Equations of Motion
- Significance
- Illustrative Example
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Relative Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Relative Velocity
- Formula: Relative Velocity
- Sign Convention
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Average Speed
- Uniform and Non-uniform Motion
- Uniformly Accelerated Motion
- Position - Time Graph
- Graphical Representation of Motion
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Velocity-time graph for uniform velocity
- Velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration
- Velocity - Time Graphs
16 Motion in Two Dimension
- Motion in a Plane
- Motion in a plane
- Two-dimensional motion
- Motion with uniform velocity
- Displacement vector
- Velocity
- Equation of motion of an object
- Equation of path
- Motion with uniform acceleration in a plane
- Displacement in uniformly accelerated motion
- Equation of motion of an object
- Motion in Two Dimensions - Motion in a Plane
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Formula: Velocity of A relative to B
- Formula: Velocity of B relative to A
- Characteristics
- Chaining Relative Velocities
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Projectile Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Projectile Motion
- Key Concepts
- Characteristics
- Trajectory Equation
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Definition: Uniform Circular Motion
- Motion in a Vertical Circle
- Vertical Circular Motion
- Acceleration in a vertical circular motion
- Energy in a vertical circular motion
17 Mechanical Properties of Fluids: Surface Tension
- Intermolecular Force of Attraction
- Intermolecular force of attraction
- Types of intermolecular force of attraction
i) Cohesive force
ii) Adhesive force - The effect of cohesive force and adhesive force
- Range of molecular attraction
- Surface influence (Sphere of influence)
- Surface film
- Surface Tension
- Surface Tension
- Force due to surface tension
- Factors affecting surface tension
1) Nature of liquid
2) Impurities
3) Temperature
4) Electrification - Applications of surface tension
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Relation between the surface energy and surface tension
- Angle of Contact
- Angle of contact
- Characteristics of angle of contact
- Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
ii) Impurities
iii) Inclination
iv) Temperature - Shape of liquid meniscus
- Shape of liquid drop
- Drops and Bubbles
- Shape of liquid drop
- Excess pressure
- Some surfaces with their excess pressure
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Capillary action
- Ascent formula
- Capillary fall
- Capillary rise
- Expression for capillary rise or fall
- Method (I): Using pressure difference
- Method (II): Using forces
2: Class 12
Medical Entrance Exam Physics Syllabus
🞽 Electrostatics
15 Electric Charges and Fields- Concept of Electrostatics
- Introduction
- Methods of Charging a Conductor
- Methods of Charging a Conductor
- Charging by friction
- Charging by induction
- Charging by conduction
- Conductors and Insulators Related to Electric Field
- Free Charges and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
- Introduction
- Definition: Good Conductors
- Definition: Bad Conductors
- Definition: Bound Charge
- Explanation
- Continuous Charge Distribution
- Introduction
- Linear Charge Density
- Surface Charge Density
- Volume Charge Density
- We Don't Feel Earth's Charge
- Static Charge: Use and Safety
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Work of an electric dipole
- Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges and of Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Electric potential energy
- Electric potential energy of a system of two point charges
- Electric potential energy of an electric dipole in uniform electric field
- Dipole-dipole interaction
- Equilibrium of charges
- Types of equilibrium
1) Stable equilibrium
2) Unstable equilibrium
3) Neutral equilibrium - Different cases of equilibrium of charge
- Gauss’s Law
- Definition
- Origin
- Statement
- Derivation
- Example
- Gaussian Surface
- Area Vector
- Solid Angle
- Energy Density of Charged Conductor
16 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
- Dielectrics
- Definition: Dielectrics
- Dielectric Constant
- Polar and Non-polar Dielectric Molecules
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitance
- Redistribution of charges and concept of common potential
- Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
- Capacitor
- Principle of a capacitor
- Types of capacitor
1) Parallel plate capacitor
2) Spherical capacitor
3) Cylindrical capacitor - Applications of capacitors
- Combination of Capacitors
- In Series
- In Parallel
- Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with and Without Dielectric Medium Between the Plates
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor without dielectric medium
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab between the plates
- Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
- Introduction
- Formula Derivation
- Energy Stored in Combination of Capacitors
- Energy Density in Capacitor
- Van De Graaff Generator
- Principle
🞽 Current Electricity
17 Principles of Electrical Circuits and their Applications- Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Specific Resistance
- Definition: Specific Resistance
- Definition: Conductivity
- Key Points: Specific Resistance
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Drift velocity
- Relaxation time
- Mobility of electron
- Relation of drift velocity with current
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Carbon resistors
- Colour code for carbon resistors
- Temperature Dependence of Resistance
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Resistance of a System of Resistors
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
- Potential Difference and Emf of a Cell
- Cells in Series
- Introduction
- Advantages
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Definition: Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Definition: Electric Power
- Formula: Electric Power
- Key Points: Electric Power
- Kirchhoff’s Laws
- Kirchhoff's First Law or Junction Rule
- Kirchhoff's Second Law or Loop Rule
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Introduction
- Definition: Wheatstone’s Bridge
- Derivation
- Metre Bridge: Slide-Wire Bridge
- Description
- Determination of Resistance
- Errors and Their Removal
- Potentiometer
- Principle
- Sensitivity of Potentiometer
- Construction
- Precautions
- Superiority of Potentiometer over Voltmeter
🞽 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current and Magnetism
18 Magnetic Effect of Current- Oersted's Experiment
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Observations
- Explanation
- Inference
- Magnetic force
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Key Points: Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Induction
- Magnetic Field
- Introduction
- Definition: Magnetic Field
- Experiment
- Direction of Magnetic Field
- Direction of magnetic field
- Maxwell's cork screw rule
- Right-hand thumb rule
- Right-hand palm rule
- Fleming's left hand rule
- Magnetic Flux
- Definition: Magnetic Flux
- Explanation
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Helical motion of Charges Particles and Aurora Borealis
- Force on moving charge in uniform magnetic field
- Force on a charged particle in an electric field
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Lorentz Force Equation
- Cyclotron
- Description
- Construction
- Theory and Working
- Achievement of Resonance Condition
- Limitations
- Kinetic Energy of Particles Accelerated in a Cyclotron
- Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Description
- Right-hand Palm Rule No. 2
- Fleming's Left-hand Rule
- Expression for the Force
- Biot-Savart Law
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Biot-Savart's Law in Terms of Current Density
- Units and Dimensions
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Toroidal Solenoid
- Magnetic field due to a long straight solenoid
- Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
- Definition of Ampere
- Force Between Two Parallel Current-carrying Conductors
- Roget's Spiral For Attraction Between parallel currents
- Torque on a Current-Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Galvanometer
- Definition: Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Description
- Suspended-coil Galvanometer
- Radial Field
- Working
- Pivoted-coil (or Weston) Galvanometer
19 Magnetism and Magnetic Matter
- Concept of Magnetism
- Basics of a Bar Magnet and Magnetic Lines of Force
- Introduction
- Fundamental Facts
- Magnet
- Classification of Magnets
- Classification of Magnets
1) Natural Magnet
2) Artificial Magnet
- Classification of Magnets
- Terminology in Magnet
- Pole strength (m)
- Magnetic axis
- Magnetic equator
- Magnetic length (2l)
- Geometric length
- Magnetic dipole
- Magnetic dipole moment
- The Bar Magnet
- Introduction
- Axis
- Equator
- Magnetic Length
- Magnetic Field due to a Bar Magnet
- Derivation
- The Electrostatic Analogue
- Table
- Coulomb’s Inverse Square Law of Magnetism
- Magnetic field at a point along the axial line of the magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
- Magnetic field at a point along the equatorial line due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- Gauss law of magnetism
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole: Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current Loop
- Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
- Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Introduction
- Magnetic Axis
- Magnetic Equator
- Geographic Meridian
- Magnetic Meridian
- Magnetic Declination
- Magnetic Inclination or Angle of Dip
- Earth’s Magnetic Field
- Special Cases
- Magnetic Maps of the Earth
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Magnetic Elements
- Magnetic elements
1) Magnetic declination
2) Magnetic inclination or dip: Apparent dip
3) Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field
- Magnetic elements
- Neutral Points in Magnetic Fields
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetisation
- Magnetic Intensity
- Relation between permeability and susceptibility
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Curie Temperature
- Hysteresis: Retentivity and Coercivity
- Hysteresis Curve
- Hysteresis Loss
- Hysteresis Loop
- Permanent Magnet
🞽 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
20 Electromagnetic Induction- Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Electromagnetic Induction
- Magnetic Flux
- Definition: Magnetic Flux
- Explanation
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Faraday's Experiments
1) Coil and magnet experiment
2) Coil and coil experiment
- Faraday's Experiments
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Faraday's Law of Induction
- Law: Faraday's First Law or Neumann's Law
- Law: Faraday's Second Law or Lenz's Law
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Lenz's Law
- Induced Current and Induced Charge
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents
- Explanation
- Applications
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Self Inductance
- Transformers
- Introduction
- Principle
- Construction
- Theory
- Energy Losses in a Transformer
- Utility of Transformers in Long-distance Power Transmission
- Types of Transformer
- Examples
- Uses of Transformers
- Table
- Types of Transformer
- Types of Transformer
- Step up transformer
- Step down transformer
- Distinction between the step up and step down transformers
- Examples of Step up transformer and Step down transformer
- Uses of Step up transformer and Step down transformer
- A.C. Generator
- Principle
- Construction and Its Main Parts
- Working
- Frequency of Altering Current
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for a purely resistive load
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for purely inductive circuit
- Inductive Reactance (XL)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for the purely capacitive circuit
- Capacitive Reactance
- Comparison between resistance and reactance
- Resistive-Inductive circuit (RL-circuit)
- Resistive-Capacitive circuit (RC - circuit)
- Inductive-Capacitive circuit (LC-circuit)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- LCR Series Circuit
- Phasor-diagram solution
- Analytical solution
- Resonance - Sharpness of resonance
- LC Oscillations
- Power in AC Circuit
- Circuit Containing Pure Resistance Only
- Circuit Containing both Inductance and Resistance (L-R Circuit)
- Resonant Circuits
- Series Resonant Circuit
- Characteristics of Series Resonant Circuit
21 Alternating Current
🞽 Electromagnetic Waves
22 Displacement current and Electromagnetic Waves- EM Wave
- Basic Laws and their Origin
- Displacement Current
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Definition: Invisible Spectrum
- Key Points: Electromagnetic Spectrum
🞽 Optics
23 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments- Fundamental Concepts of Light
- Introduction
- Reflection of Light
- Introduction
- Activity
- Experiment
- Key Points: Reflection of Light
- Terms Used in Reflection of Light
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Laws of Reflection
- Experiment
- Types of Reflection
- Mirrors
- Plane Mirror
- Introduction
- Reflection Formation in a Plane Mirror
- Activity
- Experiment
- Relation Between Mirror Height and Full Image Formation
- Plane Mirror
- Images Formed in Two Inclined Mirrors
- Spherical Mirrors
- Definition: Spherical Mirror
- Definition: Concave Mirror
- Definition: Convex Mirror
- Definition: Pole
- Definition: Centre of Curvature
- Definition: Radius of Curvature
- Definition: Principal Axis
- Introduction
- Types of Spherical Mirrors
- Activity
- Key Points: Spherical Mirrors
- Relationship Between the Focal Length and Radius of Curvature
- Position and Nature of Image Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- Mirror Equation/Formula
- Introduction
- Stepwise Derivation of the Mirror Formula
- Linear Magnification by Spherical Mirrors
- Introduction
- Definition: Linear Magnification
- Magnification Formula
- Other Formulae for Magnification
- Refraction of Light
- Definition: Refraction
- Definition: Refracted Light
- Definition: Refraction of Light
- Key Points: Refraction of Light
- Some Terms Related to Refraction of Light
- Some definitions related to refraction of light:
- Angle of refraction (r)
- Relative refractive index
- Absolute refractive index
- Principle of Reversibility of the Path of Light
- Refraction of Light Through a Rectangular Glass Block
- Definition: Lateral Displacement
- Key Points: Refraction of Light Through a Rectangular Glass Block
- Refraction Through a Compound Slab
- Real and Apparent Depth
- Key Points: Real and Apparent Depth
- Application of Atmospheric Refraction
- Phenomena explained by the refraction of light
- Twinkling of stars
- Sun is visible before the actual sunrise and also after sunset.
- Mirage
- Looming
- Critical Angle
- Definition: Critical Angle
- Total Internal Reflection
- Definition: Total Internal Reflection
- Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction at spherical surfaces
- Refraction from rarer to denser medium
- Refraction from denser medium to rarer medium
- Thin Lenses and Their Combination
- Analysis
- Derivation
- Behavior of Lenses in Different Mediums
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Concept of Lenses
- Definition: Lens
- Definition: Converging Lens or Convex Lens
- Definition: Diverging Lens or Concave Lens
- Key Points: Concepts of Lenses
- Definition: Centre of Curvature
- Definition: Radius of Curvature
- Definition: Principal Axis
- Definition: Optical Centre
- Definition: Principal Focus
- Definition: Focal Length
- Some Definitions Related to Lens
- Some definitions related to lens
- Optical centre
- Principal axis
- Principal focus
- Focal length
- Aperture
- Conjugate foci
- Focus in case of lenses
a) First principal focus
b) Second principal focus
- Sign Convention
- Key Points: Sign Convention
- Technical Terms Related to a Lens
- Definition: Centre of Curvature
- Definition: Radius of Curvature
- Definition: Principal Axis
- Definition: Optic Centre
- Definition: First Focal Point for Convex Lens
- Definition: First Focal Point for Concave Lens
- Definition: Second Focal Point for Convex Lens
- Definition: Second Focal Point for Concave Lens
- Definition: Focal Plane
- Definition: First Focal Plane
- Definition: Second Focal Plane
- Definition: Focal Length of a Lens
- Definition: First Focal Length
- Definition: Second Focal Length
- Images Formed by Concave Lenses
- Key Point: Characteristics and Location of Images for a Concave Lens
- Images Formed by Convex Lenses
- Key Points: Characteristics and Location of Images for a Convex Lens
- Thin Lens Formula
- Lens Maker's Formula
- Magnification
- Power of a Lens
- Definition: Power of a Lens
- Formula: Power of a Lens
- Prism
- Definition: Prism
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Dispersion of Light
- Definition: Dispersion
- Definition: Spectrum
- Key Points: Dispersion of Light
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Mirage
- Causes of Mirage Formation
- Rainbow
- The Facts to be Explained
- Conditions Necessary for Formation of a Rainbow
- Optical Phenomena Involved
- Promary Rainbow
- Secondary Rainbow
- Formation and Visibility of Rainbows
- Scattering of Light
- Definition: Scattering of Light
- Key Points: Scattering of Light
- Applications of Scattering of Light
- Key Points: Applications of Scattering of Light
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Myopia
- Key Points: Myopia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Hypermetropia
- Key Points: Hypermetropia
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Astigmatism
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Presbyopia
- Key Points: Presbyopia
- Microscope and it’s types
- Visual angle
- Microscopes
- Basic types of microscopes
1) Simple Microscope
2) Compound Microscope
- Fundamentals of Telescope
- Introduction
- Working
- Function
- Types of Telescope: Optical Telescope
- Optical Telescopes
- Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes
- Types of Reflecting Telescopes
24 Diffraction and Polarisation of Light
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Resolution of images
- Rayleigh's criterion for resolution
- Resolving the power of an optical instrument
- Resolving power of microscope
- Resolving power of telescopes
- Types of Diffraction
- Types of diffraction
1) Fresnel diffraction
2) Fraunhoffer diffraction - Comparison between Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhoffer diffraction
- Types of diffraction
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
- Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
- Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
- Distribution of intensity with angular distance
- Diffraction at plane grating
- Diffraction due to circular aperture
- Comparison between interference and diffraction
- Fresnel distance
- Polarisation of Light
- Transverse nature of light
- Unpolarised light
- Polarisation of light
- Plane polarised light
- Difference between unpolarised light and plane polarised light
- Polariser
- Polarising angle
- Analyser
- Detection of polarised light
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Brewster's Law
- Law of Malus
- Polaroids
- Polaroids
- Preparation of polaroids
- Polarising action of polaroids
- Uses of polaroids (plane polarised light)
24 Wave Optics
- Introduction of Wave Optics
- Wave Optics
- Newton's Corpuscular Theory of light
- Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory
- Huygens' Wave Theory of light
- Merits of Huygens' Wave Theory
- Limitations of Huygens' wave theory
- Properties of Luminiferous Ether
- Huygens' Principle
- Wavefront
- Wave normal
- Wave surface
- Huygens' Principle
- Spherical Wavefront
- Plane Wavefront
- Cylindrical wavefront
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at Plane Surface Using Huygens' Principle
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Reflection at plane surface
- Laws of reflection
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Refraction of light
- Laws of refraction
- Snell's law
- Refraction of plane wave from a plane surface
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Doppler Effect
- Origin of Doppler Effect
- Unsafe Listening Habits
- Proof of Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygens' Principle
- Proof of laws of reflection by using Huygens' principle
- Proof of laws of refraction using Huygens' Principle
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Interference of Light
- Interference of light
- Condition for constructive interference
- Condition for destructive interference
- Interference fringe
- Interference due to thin film
- Interference in thin parallel plate film
- Interference in thin parallel plate film due to reflected light
- Interference in thin parallel plate film due to transmitted light
- Interference in thin wedge-shaped film
- Colours in thin film
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Coherent sources
- Incoherent sources
- Sustained interference pattern
- Conditions necessary to obtain sustained (steady) interference pattern
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width
- Young's double-slit experiment (YDSE)
- Expression for fringe width from YDSE
- Shift of fringes
25 Communication System
- Communication System
- Origin
- Propagation of EM Waves
- Introduction
- Ionizing Radiations
- Applications of X-rays in Medicine and Industry
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
- Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Carrier waves and their types: Sinusoidal signal and Pulse shaped signal
- Modulation
- Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
- Base Band Signals
- Factors affecting transmission of electronic signal in the audio frequency range
- Size of the antenna or aerial: Hertz and Marconi antenna
- Effective power radiated by an antenna
- Mixing up of signals from different transmitters
- Carrier Waves and Their Types
- Carrier waves and their types
- Modulation
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Production of amplitude modulated wave
- Detection of amplitude modulated wave
- Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
- Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
- Applications of amplitude modulation
- Drawbacks in amplitude modulation
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Frequency modulation (FM)
- Modulation index in frequency modulation
- Frequency deviation
- Advantages of frequency modulation
- Drawbacks in frequency modulation
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
🞽 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
25 Photo Electric Effect and Matter Waves- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Electric Discharge Through Gases
- Determination of specific charge e/m of an electron - J.J. Thomson’s experiment
- Determination of charge of an electron – Millikan’s oil drop experiment
- Electron Emission
- Electron emission
- Thermionic emission
- Field emission
- Photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Hertz and Lenard's Observations
- Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Effect of frequency on the photoelectric current: Threshold frequency, Threshold wavelength
- Effect of intensity of light on the photoelectric current
- Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current
- Effect of photometals on stopping potential
- Laws of photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric cell: Construction, Working, and Applications of photocell
- Failure of wave theory of light to explain photoelectric effect
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Einstein's photoelectric equation
- Work function (Φ)
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Characteristics of photon
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Matter waves
- De Broglie wave relation
- De Broglie wavelength of an electron
- Ratio of de Broglie wavelengths of photon and electron
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
🞽 Atoms and Nuclei
26 Atoms- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Introduction of Atom
- Discovery of Charged Particles and the Structure of an Atom
- Atomic Models
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Discovery of Electrons
- Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model of the Atom
- Merits and Demerits
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Introduction
- Rutherford’s Nuclear atomic model
- Merits and Demerits
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Advantage and Limitations of Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Introduction
- Bohr’s stable orbit atomic model
- Merits and Demerits
- Energy Levels
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Origin
- Structure of an Atom
- Structure of Nucleus
- Atomic Number
- Mass Number
- Atomic Number (Z) and Mass Number (A)
- Atomic number or Nuclear charge
- Nucleons
- Mass number
- Relationship between atomic number and mass number
- Representation of element
- Number of Neutrons (n)
- Isotopes
- Definition: Isotopes
- Examples
- Size of the Nucleus
- Nuclear Force
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Atomic Mass
- Mass-Energy Relation
- Mass Defect
- Packing fraction
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding energy
- Binding energy per nucleon
- Binding energy curve
- Importance of binding energy curve
- Radioactivity
- Introduction
- Becquerel Rays
- Radioactivity is a Nuclear Phenomenon
- Discovery of Radioactivity
- Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radioactivity
- Types of Radioactivity
- Natural Radioactivity
- Artificial (or) Induced Radioactivity
- Radioactivity as emission of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiations
- Explanation
- Properties of Alpha Particles
- Properties of Beta Particles
- Properties of Gamma Radiations
- Alpha Decay (Alpha Emission)
- Beta Decay (Beta Emission)
- Gamma Decay (Gamma Emission)
- Radioactive Decay Law
- Radioactive Disintegration
- Decay Law
- Decay constant
- Half-life
- Average life
- Radioactivity decay rate
- Nuclear Reactions
- Transmutation
- Induced or artificial radioactivity
- Nuclear fission
- Nuclear fusion
- Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of exothermic (with the release of energy) nuclear reaction, in fusing together two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and in splitting heavy nucleus to form middle order (lower mass number) nuclei, is evident from the shape of BE per nucleon versus mass number graph. Also, calculate the disintegration energy Q for a heavy nucleus (A = 240) with BE/A ∼ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into two equal halves with A = 120 each and BE/A ∼ 8.5 MeV/nucleon; Q ∼ 200 MeV.
- Nuclear Fission
- Definition: Nuclear Fission
- Explanation
- Calculation of Energy Released in One Fission
- Controlled and Uncontrolled Chain Reactions
- Nuclear Fusion
- Definition: Nuclear Vision
- Example
- Other Example of Fusion Reaction
27 Nuclei
🞽 Electronic Devices
28 Electronic Devices- Energy Bands in Solids
- Energy bands in Solids
- Energy bands in solids are of three types
- Valence band
- Conduction band
- Forbidden energy gap or Energy band gap
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Classification of solid on the basis of conductivity
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- On the basis of energy bands
- Types of Semiconductors
- Types of semiconductors
- Intrinsic semiconductors
- Extrinsic semiconductors
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Analysis
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Doping
- Classification
- p-n Junction
- Introduction
- Diffision
- Depletion Region
- Biasing a p-n Junction
- Forward Bias
- Reverse Bias
- Features of the Depletion Region
- Fabrication of p-n Junction Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Potential barrier at the junction diode
- Biasing of the p-n junction diode
1) Forward biasing
2) Reverse biasing - V-I Characteristics of a p-n junction diode
1) p-n junction diode under forward bias: Cut-off or knee voltage
2) p-n junction diode under reverse bias: Breakdown voltage
3) Reverse Breakdown: Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown - Dynamic Resistance
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- p-n junction Diode as rectifier
- Half-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Full-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Filters: Input/output waveforms, Comparison between half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Zener diode
- I-V characteristics of Zener diode
- Zener diode as voltage regulator
- Line regulation in Zener diode
- Load regulation in Zener diode
- Ratings of a Zener diode
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Junction Transistor
- Transistor as a Device
- Transistor
- Three main regions
1) Emitter (E)
2) Base (B)
3) Collector (C) - Current in transistor
- Transistor: Structure and Action
- Types of Transistor
1) n-p-n transistor
2) p-n-p transistor - Action of n-p-n transistor
- Action of p-n-p transistor
- Current in transistor
- Types of Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- npn Transistor as Common Emitter Amplifier
- Various gains in amplifiers
- Comparison between CB, CE and CC amplifier
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
- Transistor as an oscillator: Construction, Working
- Gain and Berkhausen's criterion
- Uses
- Transistor as a Device
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Configurations of a transistor
i) Common-base configuration (CB)
ii) Common-emitter configuration (CE)
iii) Common-collector configuration (CC) - Types of characteristic curves
i) Input characteristics curve
ii) Output characteristics curve
iii) Transfer characteristics curve - Transistor characteristics in CE configuration
a) Input Characteristics
b) Output characteristics of a transistor: Active region, Cut-off region, Saturation region - Different modes of operation of a transistor
- Current-transfer Characteristics
- Transistor as a switch
- Configurations of a transistor
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
- Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
- Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
🞽 Experimental Skills
29 Experimental Skills