NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus 2025 PDF Download
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NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus 2025
The NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus for the NEET (UG) 2025 is available by the CBSE. The NEET (UG) Physics Syllabus is available for review from the link below. The NEET (UG) 2025 Physics syllabus defines and describes each unit covered on the NEET (UG) 2025 Physics exam.
Academic year:
Medical Entrance Exam Physics Revised Syllabus
Units and Topics
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Syllabus
1: Class 11 [Revision]
Medical Entrance Exam Physics Syllabus
🞽 Physics and Measurement
1 Units and Measurement [Revision]- Physical Quantities
- Introduction
- Types of Physical Quantities
- System of Units
- Fundamental Quantities
- The Seven Fundamental Quantities
- Historical Development of Standards
- Evolution of Unit Systems
- Properties of Matter and Their Measurement
- Significant Figures
- Introduction
- The Five Essential Rules
- Order of magnitude
- Example
- Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures
- Rounding off the Uncertain Digits
- Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations
- Dimensions of Physical Quantities
- Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations
- Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications
- Dimensional analysis
- Applications of dimensional analysis
- Limitations of dimensional analysis
- Dimensions, units, formulae of some quantities
- Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations
- Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities
- Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations
- Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities
- Accuracy, Precision and Least Count of Measuring Instruments
- Accuracy of measuring instruments
- Precision of measuring instruments
- Least count for various instruments
- Zero error: Negative and Positive zero error
- Errors in measurement
- Errors in Measurements>Random Errors
- Definition: Random Errors
- Source: Random Errors
- Effects: Random Errors
- Errors in Measurements>Systematic Errors
- Definition: Errors in Measurements
- Definition: Systematic Errors
- Source: Systematic Errors
- Effects: Systematic Errors
- Estimation of Errors
- Introduction
- Formula: Arithmetic Mean
- Formula: Absolute Error
- Formula: Mean Absolute Error
- Formula: Relative Error
- Formula: Percentage Error
- Flowchart
- Activity
- Example
🞽 Kinematics
2 Motion in a Straight Line [Revision]- Introduction to Motion
- Rectilinear Motion
- Displacement
- Introduction
- Formula: Displacement
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Average Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Velocity
- Calculation of Average Velocity
- Significance
- Formula
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Instantaneous Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Instantaneous Velocity
- Formula: Instantaneous Velocity
- Real-Life Example
- Average Speed
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Speed
- Characteristics
- Calculation of Average Speed
- Formula: Average Speed
- Example
- Instantaneous Speed
- Definition: Instantaneous Speed
- Formula: Instantaneous Speed
- Graphical Study of Motion
- Instantaneous Velocity in Non-Uniform Motion
- Acceleration in Linear Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Acceleration
- Formula: Average Acceleration
- Formula: Instantaneous Acceleration
- Characteristics
- Graphical Interpretation
- Equations of Motion
- Significance
- Illustrative Example
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Displacement
- Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion
-
FIRST METHOD v = vo + at
- SECOND METHOD y = y + v t + at^2
-
- Kinematics Graphs
- Attitude Change
3 Concept of Vector and Motion in a Plane [Revision]
- Motion in Two Dimensions - Motion in a Plane
- Average and Instantaneous Velocities
- Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
- Equations of Motion for an Object travelLing a Plane with Uniform Acceleration
- Relative Velocity
- Projectile Motion
- Equations of Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
- Introduction
- Vector Form Equations
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Projectile Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Projectile Motion
- Key Concepts
- Characteristics
- Trajectory Equation
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Formula: Velocity of A relative to B
- Formula: Velocity of B relative to A
- Characteristics
- Chaining Relative Velocities
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Scalars and Vectors
- Position and Displacement Vectors
- Equality of Vectors
- Multiplication of Vectors by a Real Number or Scalar
- Multiplication of a vector by a real number
- Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
- Vector Operations>Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
- Statement
- Vector Addition: Parallel Vectors
- Vector Subtraction: Anti-Parallel Vectors
- Real-Life Applications
- Resolution of Vectors
- Introduction
- Definition: Resolution of the Vector
- Definition: Rectangular Components
- Characteristics
- Vector Resolution in 2D
- 2D vs 3D Rectangular Components
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Vector Addition – Analytical Method
- Motion in a Plane
- Motion in a plane
- Two-dimensional motion
- Motion with uniform velocity
- Displacement vector
- Velocity
- Equation of motion of an object
- Equation of path
- Motion with uniform acceleration in a plane
- Displacement in uniformly accelerated motion
- Equation of motion of an object
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Definition: Uniform Circular Motion
- Vector Analysis
- Vector
- Definition: Vector
- Representation of vector
- Types of Vectors
- Examples of Vector Quantities
- Vector
- Multiplication of Vectors
- Scalar Product(Dot Product)
- Introduction
- Definition: Scalar Product
- Characteristics of Scalar Product
- Scalar Product Using Rectangular Components
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Vector Product (Cross Product)
- Definition: Vector Product
- Core Properties and Characteristics
- Steps for Calculating the Cross Product
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Real Life Applications
- Scalar Product(Dot Product)
🞽 Laws of Motion
4 Laws of Motion and Friction [Revision]- Concept of Force
- Aristotle’s Fallacy
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Aristotle's Fallacy
- Aristotle Thought
- Galileo's Correction
- Real-Life Examples
- The Law of Inertia
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Balanced and Unbalanced Force
- Cause of Change in Motion
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Experiment
- Summary
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Understanding the Law
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Second law of Motion
- Activity A
- Activity B
- Real-Life Examples
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Law's Concequesnces
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Examples
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Impulse of a Force
- Introduction
- Definition: Impulse of a Force
- Relationship between Force and Momentum Change (Impulse)
- Collision Related Concepts
- Conservation of Momentum
- Conservation of linear momentum
- Law of conservation of linear momentum
- Applications of the law of conservation of linear momentum
- Equilibrium of a Particle
- Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces
- Common Forces in Mechanics
- Friction
- Friction
- Friction
- Static friction
- Kinetic friction
- Types of kinectic friction
1) Sliding friction
2) Rolling friction - Laws of friction
- Coefficient of static friction
- Coefficient of kinetic friction
- Angle of Friction
- Angle of Repose
- Application of Angle of Repose
- Advantages and disadvantages of friction
- Methods to Reduce Friction
- Lubrication
- Motion of a body on an inclined plane
- Types of Friction>Rolling Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Rolling Friction
- Characteristics
- Comparison of Friction Types
- Advantages of Friction
- Disadvantages of Friction
- Methods of Reducing Friction
- Real-Life Examples
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Kinematics of Circular Motion
- Dynamics of Circular Motion (Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force)
- Centripetal force (CPF)
- Centrifugal force (c.f.f.)
- Solving Problems in Mechanics
- Types of Friction>Kinetic Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Kinetic Friction
- Formula: Kinetic Friction
- Formula: Coefficient of Kinetic Friction
- Characteristics
- Laws of Kinetic Friction
- Coefficient of Kinetic Friction for Different Materials
- Mechanism of Kinetic Friction
- Significance
- Types of Friction>Static Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Static Friction
- Formula: Static Friction
- Formula: Coefficient of Static Friction
- Characteristics
- Self-Adjusting Nature
- Laws of Static Friction
- Significance
- Example
- Coefficient of Static Friction for Different Materials
- Real-Life Examples
- Attitude Change
- Centripetal Force
- Definition: Centripetal Force
- Types of Forces>Real and Pseudo Forces
- Introduction
- Formula: Pseudo-Forces
- Characteristics
- Understanding Pseudo Forces
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Definition: Uniform Circular Motion
🞽 Work, Energy and Power
5 Mechanical Energy Dynamics, Power, and Collisions [Revision]- Introduction of Work, Energy and Power
- The Scalar Product
- Multiplication of Vectors
- Scalar Product(Dot Product)
- Introduction
- Definition: Scalar Product
- Characteristics of Scalar Product
- Scalar Product Using Rectangular Components
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Scalar Product(Dot Product)
- Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: the Work-energy Theorem
- Work-Energy Theorem
- Mechanical Energy > Kinetic Energy (K)
- Definition: Kinetic Energy
- Formula: Kinetic Energy
- Definition: Translational Motion
- Definition: Translational Kinetic Energy
- Definition: Rotational Motion
- Definition: Rotational Kinetic Motion
- Definition: Vibrational Motion
- Definition: Vibrational Kinetic Energy
- Concept of Work
- Definition: Work
- Key Points: Units of Work
- Types of Forces>Work Done by a Variable Force
- Work Done by Variable Forces: The Power of Integration
- Dividing and Conquering (Integration)
- The Graphical Method: Area Under the Curve
- Example
- Work Energy Theorem
- Introduction
- Definition: Work-Energy Theorem for Conservative Forces
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Real-Life Example
- Mechanical Energy > Potential Energy (U)
- Definition: Mechanical Energy
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Formula: Gravitational Potential Energy
- Key Points: Potential Energy
- Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Conservation of mechanical energy
- Principle of conservation of Energy
- Conservative forces
- Non-conservative forces
- Potential Energy of a Spring
- Concept of Power
- Definition: Power
- Formula: Power
- Key Points: Power
- Collisions
- Introduction
- Definition: Collision
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
- Introduction
- Definition: Collision
- Definition: Elastic Collision
- Definition: Inelastic Collision
- Formula: Collision
- Definition: Elastic Collision
- Formula: Inelastic Collision
- Characteristics
- Collision in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Definition: Oblique Collision
- Characterisics
- Mathematical Analysis Steps
- Flowchart
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Collisions in One Dimension
- Types of Forces>Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces
- Introduction
- Definition: Conservative Forces
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Definition: Non-Conservative Force
- Understanding Conservating Forces
- Understanding Non-Conservatives Forces
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Motion in a Vertical Circle
- Vertical Circular Motion
- Acceleration in a vertical circular motion
- Energy in a vertical circular motion
- Mechanical Equilibrium
- States of Equilibrium
- States of Equilibrium
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- States of Equilibrium
🞽 Rotational Motion
6 Rotational Motion [Revision]- Motion - Rigid Body
- What kind of motion can a rigid body have?
- Centre of Mass>Mathematical Understanding of Centre of Mass
- Introduction
- Definition: Centre of Mass
- System of n Particles
- Continuous Mass Distribution
- Important Results for Symmetric Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Real-Life Examples
- Motion of Centre of Mass
- Linear Momentum of a System of Particles
- Vector Product of two vectors in Algebra (Cross Product)
- Definition of Vector Product
- Angular Velocity and Its Relation with Linear Velocity
- Relation Between Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity
- Torque, Kinetic Energy, Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
- Moment of force (Torque)
- Work done by a torque
- Kinetic energy of a rotating body
- Angular momentum of a particle
- Conservation of angular momentum
- Applications of conservation of angular momentum
- Conservation of Angular Momentum
- Ballet dancers
- Diving in a swimming pool (during competition)
- Equilibrium of Rigid Body
- Principle of moments
- Centre of gravity
- Principle of Moments
- Law: Principle of Moments
- Centre of Gravity
- Definition: Centre of Gravity
- Key Points: Centre of Gravity
- Moment of Inertia
- Moment of inertia
- Radius of gyration
- Physical significance of radius of gyration
- Kinematics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis
- Dynamics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis
- Angular Momentum in Case of Rotation About a Fixed Axis
- Centre of Mass of Two-particle System
- Centre of Mass of Some Regular Shaped Bodies
- Rigid Body Rotation
- Equations of Rotational Motion
- Comparison of Linear and Rotational Motions
- Rolling Motion
- Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion
- Rolling motion on an inclined plane
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
- Theorem of Parallel Axes
- Application of perpendicular and parallel axes theorem on different regular bodies
- Radius of Gyration
- Values of Moments of Inertia for Geometrical Objects
🞽 Gravitation
7 Gravitational Phenomena: Laws, Effects and Applications [Revision]- Concept of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Gravitation
- Formula: Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Understanding Gravitation
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Kepler’s Laws
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Formula: Kepler's Law
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Drawing an Ellipse
- Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Law: Kepler's First Law
- Key Terms: Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Understanding Elliptical Orbit
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Law of Areas or Kepler's Second Law
- Introduction
- Law: Kepler's Second Law
- Formula: Kepler's Second Law
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Real-Life Example
- Law of Periods or Kepler's Third Law
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Law: Kepler's Third Law
- Formula: Kepler's Third Law
- Understanding Kepler's Third Law
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Formula: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Key Points: Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Relationship to the Acceleration of the Moon
- Generalisation to Force
- Force Due to the Collection of Masses
- Special Cases for Extended Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- The Gravitational Constant
- Universal gravitation constant
- Value of G
- Acceleration Due to Gravity of the Earth
- Variation of g with altitude, depth and latitude
- Acceleration Due to Gravity Below and Above the Earth's Surface
- Variation of g with altitude
- Variation of g with depth
- Graph of g, R and d
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Introduction
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Formula: Potential Energy
- Characteristics
- Understanding the Mechanism
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Escape Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Escape Velocity
- Formula: Escape Velocity
- Derivation
- Escape Speed
- Earth Satellites
- Introduction
- Definition: Satellite
- Types of Earth Satellites
- Communication Satellites (Geostationary Satellites)
- Polar Satellites
- Significance
- Binding Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
- Introduction
- Definition: Binding Energy of Satellite
- Formula: Binding Energy
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Real-Life Examples
- Time Period of Satellite
- Introduction
- Formula: Time Period of Satellite
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Geostationary and Polar Satellites
- Geostationary Satellites
- Polar Satellites
- Weightlessness
- Weightlessness Condition in Orbit
🞽 Properties of Solids and Liquids
8 Mechanical Properties of Solids [Revision]- Elastic Behavior of Solids
- Definition: Elasticity
- Definition: Perfectly Elastic Body
- Definition: Plasticity
- Characteristics
- Stress and Strain
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress
- Definition: Strain
- Formula: Stress
- Formula: Strain
- Understanding Elasticity
- Hooke’s Law
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Modulus of Elasticity
- Understanding Hooke's Law
- Significance
- Stress-strain Curve
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress-Strain Curve
- Characteristics
- Understanding Stress-Strain Curve
- Classification of Materials Based on Stress-Strain Behavior
- Elastic Hysteresis
- Elastic Wear and Tear in Rubber Bands
- Elastic Modulus>Young’s Modulus
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire
- Elastic Modulus>Shear Modulus
- Elastic Modulus>Bulk Modulus
- Introduction
- Definition: Bulk Modulus
- Formula: Bulk Modulus
- Characteristics
- Understanding Volume Strain
- Example
- Elastic Modulus>Poisson’s Ratio
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Volume Change During Stretching
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
- Elastic Modulus>Modulus of Rigidity
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Example
- Elastic Energy
- Elastic energy
- Work done in stretching a wire
9 Mechanical Properties of Fluids [Revision]
- Introduction of Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Thrust and Pressure
- Introduction
- Unit of pressure
- Experiment
- Pascal’s Law
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Streamline and Turbulent Flow
- Streamline flow
- Laminar flow
- Turbulent flow
- Bernoulli's Equation
- Torricelli's Law
- Dynamic Lift
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Viscosity
- Newton's law of viscosity
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Applications of coefficient of viscosity
- Stoke's Law
- Liquid State
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Relation between the surface energy and surface tension
- Angle of Contact
- Angle of contact
- Characteristics of angle of contact
- Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
ii) Impurities
iii) Inclination
iv) Temperature - Shape of liquid meniscus
- Shape of liquid drop
- Drops and Bubbles
- Shape of liquid drop
- Excess pressure
- Some surfaces with their excess pressure
- Capillary Rise
- Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column
- Application of Pascal’s Law
- Applications of Pascal's law
- Hydraulic press
- Hydraulic lift
- Hydraulic brakes
- Buoyancy Force (Upthrust Force)
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Archimedes' Principle
- Principle of Floatation (Laws of Flotation)
- Terminal Velocity
- Critical Velocity
- Reynold's Number
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli's theorem
- Action of atomiser
- Blowing of roofs by wind storms
- Venturimeter
- Blood Flow and Heart Attack
- Dynamic Lift
(a) Ball moving without spin
(b) Ball moving with spin
(c) Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing
10 Thermal Properties of Matter [Revision]
- Thermal Properties of Matter
- Introduction
- Definition: Temperature
- Historical Background / Origin
- Temperature and Heat
- Introduction
- Definition: Heat
- Definition: Temperature
- Formula: Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature
- Formula: Heat Exchange
- Characteristics
- How Heat Affects Matter
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Summary
- Measurement of Temperature
- Definition: Adiabatic Wall
- Definition: Diathermic Wall
- Definition: Thermal Equilibrium
- Definition: Thermometry
- Law: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Temperature Scales
- Conversion Formulas
- Thermometers Use the Zeroth Law
- Thermometric Property
- Types of Thermometers
- Characteristics of a Good Thermometer
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Example 4
- Summary
- Ideal Gas Equation
- Introduction
- Definition: Ideal Gas Equation
- Deriving the Ideal Gas Equation
- Formula Combines Gas Law
- Example
- Key Points: Ideal Gas Equation
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Introduction
- Definition: Absolute Zero
- Definition: Kelvin Scale
- Definition: Triple Point
- Definition: Ideal Gas
- Definition: Universal Gas Constant (R)
- Definition: Extrapolation
- Definition: Kelvin
- Conversion Formulas
- Gases Respond to Temperature
- The Discovery of Absolute Zero
- The Kelvin (Absolute) Temperature Scale
- Temperature Scales & Conversion
- The Ideal Gas Equation
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Key Points: Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Thermal Expansion
- Introduction
- Definition: Thermal Expansion
- Expansion of Liquids
- Introduction
- Volumetric Expansion
- Anomalous Behavior of Water
- Expansion of Solids
- Introduction
- Linear Expansion
- Areal Expansion
- Volumetric Expansion
- Expansion of Gases
- Introduction
- Effect of Heat on Gases
- Measuring Expansion of Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Calorimetry
- Introduction
- Definition: Calorimetry
- Definition: Calorimeter
- Calorimeter
- The Principle of Calorimetry
- Experiment: Method of Mixtures
- Derivation of the Calorimetry Equation
- Example
- Key Points: Calorimetry
- Change of State
- Introduction
- Definition: Change of State
- The Six Types of Phase Changes
- Practical Applications
- Key Points: Practical Applications of State
- Latent Heat
- Introduction
- Definition: Latent Heat
- Definition: Latent Heat of Fusion
- Definition: Latent Heat of Vaporization
- Formula: Latent Heat
- Experiment
- Reference Data Table
- Example
- Key Points: Latent Heat
- Heat Transfer
- Classification
- Key Points: Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Definition: Conduction
- Definition: Good Conductors of Heat
- Definition: Bad Conductors of Heat
- The Experiment
- Mechanism of Conduction
- Real-Life Example
- Key Points: Conduction
- Convection
- Introduction
- Definition: Convection
- Mechanism of Convection
- Experiment: Convection
- Key Points: Convection
- Environmental Issues
- Radiation
- Definition: Radiation
- Activity: Radiation from a Candle
- A Wonder of Science: Infrared Camera
- Experiment: The Relation Between Density and Convection
- Experiment: Black Surfaces and Heat Absorption
- Experiment: Good and Bad Conductors of Heat
- Key Points: Radiation
- Radiation
- Blackbody Radiation
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Graphical Analysis
- Law: Newton's Law of Cooling
- Mathematical Formulation
- Example
- Key Points: Newton’s Law of Cooling
🞽 Thermodynamics
11 Thermodynamics [Revision]- Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- Heat
- Internal Energy
- Work: P-V diagrams
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1) Mechanical equilibrium
2) Chemical equilibrium
3) Thermal equilibrium - Equation of state
- Thermodynamic state variables
1) Extensive variables
2) Intensive variables
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Thermodynamic Process
- Thermodynamic Process
- Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process
- Quasi-static process
- Isothermal Processes
- Adiabatic Processes
- Isochoric process
- Isobaric process
- Cyclic Process
- Spontaneity
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Second Law of Thermodynamics - Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot cycle
i) Isothermal expansion
ii) Adiabatic expansion
iii) Isothermal compression
iv) Adiabatic compression
🞽 Kinetic Theory of Gases
12 Kinetic Theory of Gases [Revision]- Introduction of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Perfect (ideal) and real gases
- Molecular Nature of Matter
- mean free path
- Behaviour of Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour
- Real gases
- Reasons for deviations
- van der Waals equation for real gases
- Effect of pressure
- Compressibility factor (Z)
- Effect of temperature
- Compressibility factor for real gases
- Pressure-Volume isotherms of Carbon dioxide
- Difference between Ideal gas and real gas
- Kinetic Theory of Gases - Concept of Pressure
- Pressure exerted by the gas on the wall of a container
- Molecular density of gas
- Dalton's Law of partial pressures
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Kinetic energy of gas
- Different forms of K.E. of gas
- Relation between K.E. and temperature of the gas
- Pressure of an Ideal Gas
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Law of equipartition of energy
- Energy of a system of the degree of freedom (f)
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Applications of the law of equipartition of energy for specific heat capacity
- Monatomic Gases
- Diatomic Gases
- Triatomic Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- Mean Free Path
- Free path
- Mean free path
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Introduction
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity — Data Table
- Formula: Molar Specific Heat Capacity
- Real-Life Applications
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Equation of State of a Perfect Gas
- Ideal gas equation (Equation of state)
- Other forms of equation of state
- Van der Waal's gas equation
- Universal gas constant
- Gas laws
- Boyle's law
- Charles' law
- Gay Lussac's law
- Avogadro's law and number
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
- Based on Nature of gas molecules
- Based on motion of gas molecules
- Degrees of Freedom
- Degrees of freedom
- Degrees of freedom of mono, di, and triatomic gases
1) Monoatomic gas
2) Diatomic gas
3) Triatomic gas
4) Polyatomic gas - Degrees of freedom for different gases at room temperature
- Gas Laws
- Gay-Lussac's Law
- Definition: Limiting Reagent or Limiting Reactant
- Law: Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes
- Avogadro's Law
- Definition: Atom
- Definition: Molecule
- Definition: Avogadro's Law
🞽 Oscillations and Waves
13 Oscillations [Revision]- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Periodic Motion
- Oscillatory motion
- Some important terms in periodic motion
- Displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Fourier theorem
- Period and frequency
- Displacement
- Time Period
- Period and Frequency
- Rectilinear Motion
- Displacement
- Introduction
- Formula: Displacement
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Displacement
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Equation of S.H.M
1) Equation of displacement - Phase: Initial phase or epoch or phase constant, Phase angle
- S.H.M. as a projection of UCM
2) Equation of velocity
3) Equation of acceleration
4) Equation of time period
5) Equation of frequency
- Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
- reference particle, reference circle
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
- Oscillations of a spring
- Spring pendulum
- Oscillations of combinations of spring
- Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and Potential Energies
- Energy of S.H.M
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus displacement for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus period of S.H.M. (T) for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Simple Pendulum
- Oscillations Due to a Spring
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
- resonance
- Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
- Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency
- Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
- damping constant
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
- Simple pendulum
- Effect of the density of medium on time period of simple pendulum
- Oscillations due to a Spring - Restoring Force and Force Constant
- Effect of viscosity of medium
- Effect of temperature
- Some special cases of simple pendulum: Second's pendulum
- Various types of S.H.M:
1) S.H.M of a liquid in U- shaped tube
2) S.H.M of a floating cylinder
3) S.H.M of a small ball rolling down in hemispherical bowl
14 Wave [Revision]
- Introduction of Wave Mechanics
- Wave
- One-dimensional wave
- Two-dimensional wave
- Three-dimensional wave
- Wave Motion
- Wave motion
- Characteristics of wave motion
- Mechanical waves
- Types of Mechanical waves
1) Transverse waves
2) Longitudinal waves - Difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves
- Reflection of Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
- transverse wave
- capillary waves and gravity waves
- Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave
- Simple harmonic progressive wave
- Characteristics of Simple Harmonic (SH) Progressive wave
- Relation between phase difference, path difference and time difference
- Amplitude and Phase
- Wavelength and Angular Wave Number
- Period, Angular Frequency and Frequency
- The Speed of a Travelling Wave
- Speed of a Transverse Wave on Stretched String
- Speed of a Longitudinal Wave Speed of Sound
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Reflection of Waves
- Standing Waves and Normal Modes
- Stationary Waves (Standing waves)
- Stationary waves are of two types: Longitudinal and Transverse stationary waves
- Nodes
- Antinodes
- Characteristics of stationary waves
- Difference between progressive waves and stationary waves
- Terms related to the application of stationary waves: Note, Tone, Fundamental note and fundamental frequency, Harmonics, Overtones, Octave, Unison, Resonance.
- Standing Waves in Strings
- Harmonics and overtone
- Laws of vibrating string
1) Law of length
2) Law of mass
3) Law of density
4) Law of tension - Organ Pipes: Closed and Open Organ Pipe
- End correction
- Energy in a standing wave
- Fundamental Mode and Harmonics
- fundamental mode or the first harmonic, second harmonic
- Standing Waves and Normal Modes
- Beats
- Analytical method to determine beat frequency
- Applications of beats
- Doppler Effect
- Origin of Doppler Effect
- Unsafe Listening Habits
- The Speed of Travelling Waves
- Laplace’s Correction
- Adiabatic Process
- Derivation
- Laplace’s Correction
- Standing Waves on String and Organ Pipes
15 Motion in One Dimension [Revision]
- Introduction of Motion in One Dimension
- Physics
- Types of Physics: Kinematics and Dynamics
- Rest
- Point object
- Reference Systems
- Motion
- Types of Motion
- One Dimensional Motion
- Two Dimensional Motion
- Three Dimensional Motion
- Rest and motion are relative quantities
- Elementary Concept of Differentiation and Integration for Describing Motion
- Concept of differentiation for describing motion
- Concept of integration
- Motion in a Straight Line
- One dimensional motion
- Distance
- Displacement
- Comparison between distance and displacement
- Rectilinear Motion
- Average Speed
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Speed
- Characteristics
- Calculation of Average Speed
- Formula: Average Speed
- Example
- Average Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Velocity
- Calculation of Average Velocity
- Significance
- Formula
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Instantaneous Speed
- Definition: Instantaneous Speed
- Formula: Instantaneous Speed
- Graphical Study of Motion
- Instantaneous Velocity in Non-Uniform Motion
- Instantaneous Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Instantaneous Velocity
- Formula: Instantaneous Velocity
- Real-Life Example
- Acceleration in Linear Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Acceleration
- Formula: Average Acceleration
- Formula: Instantaneous Acceleration
- Characteristics
- Graphical Interpretation
- Equations of Motion
- Significance
- Illustrative Example
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Relative Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Relative Velocity
- Formula: Relative Velocity
- Sign Convention
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Average Speed
- Uniform and Non-uniform Motion
- Uniformly Accelerated Motion
- Position - Time Graph
- Graphical Representation of Motion
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Velocity-time graph for uniform velocity
- Velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration
- Velocity - Time Graphs
16 Motion in Two Dimension [Revision]
- Motion in a Plane
- Motion in a plane
- Two-dimensional motion
- Motion with uniform velocity
- Displacement vector
- Velocity
- Equation of motion of an object
- Equation of path
- Motion with uniform acceleration in a plane
- Displacement in uniformly accelerated motion
- Equation of motion of an object
- Motion in Two Dimensions - Motion in a Plane
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Formula: Velocity of A relative to B
- Formula: Velocity of B relative to A
- Characteristics
- Chaining Relative Velocities
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Projectile Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Projectile Motion
- Key Concepts
- Characteristics
- Trajectory Equation
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Definition: Uniform Circular Motion
- Motion in a Vertical Circle
- Vertical Circular Motion
- Acceleration in a vertical circular motion
- Energy in a vertical circular motion
17 Mechanical Properties of Fluids: Surface Tension [Revision]
- Intermolecular Force of Attraction
- Intermolecular force of attraction
- Types of intermolecular force of attraction
i) Cohesive force
ii) Adhesive force - The effect of cohesive force and adhesive force
- Range of molecular attraction
- Surface influence (Sphere of influence)
- Surface film
- Surface Tension
- Surface Tension
- Force due to surface tension
- Factors affecting surface tension
1) Nature of liquid
2) Impurities
3) Temperature
4) Electrification - Applications of surface tension
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Relation between the surface energy and surface tension
- Angle of Contact
- Angle of contact
- Characteristics of angle of contact
- Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
ii) Impurities
iii) Inclination
iv) Temperature - Shape of liquid meniscus
- Shape of liquid drop
- Drops and Bubbles
- Shape of liquid drop
- Excess pressure
- Some surfaces with their excess pressure
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Capillary action
- Ascent formula
- Capillary fall
- Capillary rise
- Expression for capillary rise or fall
- Method (I): Using pressure difference
- Method (II): Using forces
2: Class 12 [Revision]
Medical Entrance Exam Physics Syllabus
🞽 Electrostatics
15 Electric Charges and Fields [Revision]- Concept of Electrostatics
- Introduction
- Electric Charge
- Key Points: Electric Charge
- Conductors and Insulators
- Definition: Conductors
- Definition: Insulators
- Insulators are also called Dielectrics
- Explanation
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Introduction
- Force between Charges
- Introduction
- Conservation of Charge
- Analysis
- Coulomb’s Law
- Origin
- Electric Field
- Definition: Electric Field
- Derivation
- DImensional Formula
- Intensity of Electric Field
- Electric Lines of Force
- Definition: Line of Force
- Characteristics of Electric Lines of Force
- Imaginary Lines, Real Uses
- Electric Flux
- Introduction
- Definition: Electric Flux
- Formula Derivation
- Formula: Electric Flux
- Definition: Electric Flux Linked to a Surface
- Formula Derivation
- Special Cases
- Definition: Electric Flux Density
- Formula: Electric Flux Density
- Units and Dimensions of Electric Flux
- Electric Dipole
- Definition: Dipole
- Definition: Axial Line
- Definition: Equitorial Line
- Definition: Dipole Moment
- Natural Dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Work of an electric dipole
- Continuous Charge Distribution
- Introduction
- Linear Charge Density
- Surface Charge Density
- Volume Charge Density
- We Don't Feel Earth's Charge
- Static Charge: Use and Safety
- Gauss’s Law
- Definition
- Origin
- Statement
- Derivation
- Example
- Gaussian Surface
- Area Vector
- Solid Angle
- Application of Gauss' Law
- Electric Field Intensity due to Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell or Hollow Sphere
- Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire
- Electric Field due to a Charged Infinite Plane Sheet
- Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges and of Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Electric potential energy
- Electric potential energy of a system of two point charges
- Electric potential energy of an electric dipole in uniform electric field
- Dipole-dipole interaction
- Equilibrium of charges
- Types of equilibrium
1) Stable equilibrium
2) Unstable equilibrium
3) Neutral equilibrium - Different cases of equilibrium of charge
- Principle of Superposition
- Derivation
- Force on a Charge at the Centroid
- Example
16 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance [Revision]
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Periodic Motion
- Oscillatory motion
- Some important terms in periodic motion
- Displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Fourier theorem
- Period and frequency
- Displacement
- Time Period
- Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Electric Potential Due to Point Charge
- Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
- Introduction
- Potential at a Point on the Axis of the Dipole
- Potential at a Point on the Equatorial Line of the Dipole
- Potential at any Point
- Difference between Electric Potential at a Point due to Single Point Charge and an Electric Dipole
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Definition: Equipotential Surfaces
- Formula Derivation and Analysis
- Formula: Equipotential Surfaces
- Important Properties of Equipotential Surfaces
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Inside a conductor, electrostatic field is zero
- At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at every point
- The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in the static situation
- Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of the conductor and has the same value (as inside) on its surface
- Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor
- Electrostatic shielding
- Dielectrics
- Definition: Dielectrics
- Dielectric Constant
- Polar and Non-polar Dielectric Molecules
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitance
- Redistribution of charges and concept of common potential
- Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
- Capacitor
- Principle of a capacitor
- Types of capacitor
1) Parallel plate capacitor
2) Spherical capacitor
3) Cylindrical capacitor - Applications of capacitors
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacity
- Combination of Capacitors
- In Series
- In Parallel
- Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
- Introduction
- Formula Derivation
- Energy Stored in Combination of Capacitors
- Energy Density in Capacitor
🞽 Current Electricity
17 Principles of Electrical Circuits and their Applications [Revision]- Electric Current
- Introduction
- Definition: Electric Current
- Formula: Electric Current
- Units of Electric Current
- Concept of Electric Currents in Conductors
- Introduction
- Ohm's Law
- Law Derivation
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Limitations
- Derivation
- Ohmic and Non-ohmic Resistors
- Definition: Ohmic Resistors
- Definition: Non-Ohmic Resistors
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Drift velocity
- Relaxation time
- Mobility of electron
- Relation of drift velocity with current
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Carbon resistors
- Colour code for carbon resistors
- Temperature Dependence of Resistance
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Definition: Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Definition: Electric Power
- Formula: Electric Power
- Key Points: Electric Power
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
- Cells in Series
- Introduction
- Advantages
- Cells in Parallel
- Deivation
- Advantages & Disadvantages
- Kirchhoff’s Laws
- Kirchhoff's First Law or Junction Rule
- Kirchhoff's Second Law or Loop Rule
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Introduction
- Definition: Wheatstone’s Bridge
- Derivation
- Electromotive Force (emf)
- Introduction
- Definition: Electromotive Force
- Formula: Electromotive Force
- Units of Electromotive Force
- Mechanism of Electromotive Force
- Derivation
- Metre Bridge: Slide-Wire Bridge
- Description
- Determination of Resistance
- Errors and Their Removal
🞽 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current and Magnetism
18 Magnetic Effect of Current [Revision]- Magnetic force
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Introduction to Moving Charges and Magnetism
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Helical motion of Charges Particles and Aurora Borealis
- Force on moving charge in uniform magnetic field
- Force on a charged particle in an electric field
- Biot-Savart Law
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Biot-Savart's Law in Terms of Current Density
- Units and Dimensions
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Solenoid
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
- Definition of Ampere
- Force Between Two Parallel Current-carrying Conductors
- Roget's Spiral For Attraction Between parallel currents
- Torque on a Rectangular Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Circular Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Description
- Suspended-coil Galvanometer
- Radial Field
- Working
- Pivoted-coil (or Weston) Galvanometer
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Toroidal Solenoid
- Magnetic field due to a long straight solenoid
- Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid
- Conversion of a Galvanometer into a Voltmeter
19 Magnetism and Magnetic Matter [Revision]
- Concept of Magnetism
- Basics of a Bar Magnet and Magnetic Lines of Force
- Introduction
- Fundamental Facts
- The Bar Magnet
- Introduction
- Axis
- Equator
- Magnetic Length
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- Gauss law of magnetism
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetisation
- Magnetic Intensity
- Relation between permeability and susceptibility
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Diamagnetism
- Paramagnetism
- Ferromagnetism
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole: Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current Loop
- Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Curie Temperature
🞽 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
20 Electromagnetic Induction [Revision]- Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Electromagnetic Induction
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Faraday's Experiments
1) Coil and magnet experiment
2) Coil and coil experiment
- Faraday's Experiments
- Magnetic Flux
- Definition: Magnetic Flux
- Explanation
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Faraday's Law of Induction
- Law: Faraday's First Law or Neumann's Law
- Law: Faraday's Second Law or Lenz's Law
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Lenz's Law
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Self Inductance
- A.C. Generator
- Principle
- Construction and Its Main Parts
- Working
- Frequency of Altering Current
- Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents
- Explanation
- Applications
21 Alternating Current [Revision]
- Alternating Current (Ac): an Introduction
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for a purely resistive load
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for purely inductive circuit
- Inductive Reactance (XL)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for the purely capacitive circuit
- Capacitive Reactance
- Comparison between resistance and reactance
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- LCR Series Circuit
- Phasor-diagram solution
- Analytical solution
- Resonance - Sharpness of resonance
- Power and Power Factor
- Transformers
- Introduction
- Principle
- Construction
- Theory
- Energy Losses in a Transformer
- Utility of Transformers in Long-distance Power Transmission
- Types of Transformer
- Examples
- Uses of Transformers
- Table
- Resonance
- Reactance and Impedance
🞽 Electromagnetic Waves
22 Displacement current and Electromagnetic Waves [Revision]- EM Wave
- Basic Laws and their Origin
- Displacement Current
- Sources of Electromagnetic Waves
- Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Definition: Invisible Spectrum
- Key Points: Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic Spectrum Regions
🞽 Optics
23 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments [Revision]- Fundamental Concepts of Light
- Introduction
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Sign convention
- Focal length of spherical mirrors
- The mirror equation
- Sign Convention
- Key Points: Sign Convention
- Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors
- Mirror Equation/Formula
- Introduction
- Stepwise Derivation of the Mirror Formula
- Refraction of Light
- Definition: Refraction
- Definition: Refracted Light
- Definition: Refraction of Light
- Key Points: Refraction of Light
- Total Internal Reflection
- Definition: Total Internal Reflection
- Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses
- Introduction
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction at spherical surfaces
- Refraction from rarer to denser medium
- Refraction from denser medium to rarer medium
- Refraction by a Lens
- Thin Lenses and Their Combination
- Analysis
- Derivation
- Behavior of Lenses in Different Mediums
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Optical Instruments
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power
- Telescope
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power of a Telescope
- Example
- Microscope and it’s types
- Visual angle
- Microscopes
- Basic types of microscopes
1) Simple Microscope
2) Compound Microscope
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Laws of Reflection
- Experiment
- Laws of Refraction
- Key Points: Laws of Refraction
- Lens Formula
- Formula: lens Formula
- Formula: Lens Magnification
- Power of a Lens
- Definition: Power of a Lens
- Formula: Power of a Lens
24 Wave Optics [Revision]
- Introduction of Wave Optics
- Wave Optics
- Newton's Corpuscular Theory of light
- Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory
- Huygens' Wave Theory of light
- Merits of Huygens' Wave Theory
- Limitations of Huygens' wave theory
- Properties of Luminiferous Ether
- Huygens' Principle
- Wavefront
- Wave normal
- Wave surface
- Huygens' Principle
- Spherical Wavefront
- Plane Wavefront
- Cylindrical wavefront
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at Plane Surface Using Huygens' Principle
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Refraction of light
- Laws of refraction
- Snell's law
- Refraction of plane wave from a plane surface
- Refraction at a Rarer Medium
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Reflection at plane surface
- Laws of reflection
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Coherent and Incoherent Waves
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width or Young’s Experiment
- Young's double-slit experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ, between waves from the two slits
- Using ∆x = nλ for bright fringe and ∆x = (n + ½)λ for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ = yn/D as y and θ are small, obtain yn = (D/d)nλ and fringe width β = (D/d)λ.
- Graph of distribution of intensity with angular distance.
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Brewster's Law
24 Diffraction and Polarisation of Light [Revision]
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Resolution of images
- Rayleigh's criterion for resolution
- Resolving the power of an optical instrument
- Resolving power of microscope
- Resolving power of telescopes
- Types of Diffraction
- Types of diffraction
1) Fresnel diffraction
2) Fraunhoffer diffraction - Comparison between Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhoffer diffraction
- Types of diffraction
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
- Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
- Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
- Distribution of intensity with angular distance
- Diffraction at plane grating
- Diffraction due to circular aperture
- Comparison between interference and diffraction
- Fresnel distance
- Polarisation of Light
- Transverse nature of light
- Unpolarised light
- Polarisation of light
- Plane polarised light
- Difference between unpolarised light and plane polarised light
- Polariser
- Polarising angle
- Analyser
- Detection of polarised light
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Brewster's Law
- Law of Malus
- Polaroids
- Polaroids
- Preparation of polaroids
- Polarising action of polaroids
- Uses of polaroids (plane polarised light)
25 Communication System [Revision]
- Communication System
- Origin
- Propagation of EM Waves
- Introduction
- Ionizing Radiations
- Applications of X-rays in Medicine and Industry
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
- Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Carrier waves and their types: Sinusoidal signal and Pulse shaped signal
- Modulation
- Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
- Base Band Signals
- Factors affecting transmission of electronic signal in the audio frequency range
- Size of the antenna or aerial: Hertz and Marconi antenna
- Effective power radiated by an antenna
- Mixing up of signals from different transmitters
- Carrier Waves and Their Types
- Carrier waves and their types
- Modulation
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Production of amplitude modulated wave
- Detection of amplitude modulated wave
- Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
- Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
- Applications of amplitude modulation
- Drawbacks in amplitude modulation
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Frequency modulation (FM)
- Modulation index in frequency modulation
- Frequency deviation
- Advantages of frequency modulation
- Drawbacks in frequency modulation
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
🞽 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
25 Photo Electric Effect and Matter Waves [Revision]- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Electric Discharge Through Gases
- Determination of specific charge e/m of an electron - J.J. Thomson’s experiment
- Determination of charge of an electron – Millikan’s oil drop experiment
- Electron Emission
- Electron emission
- Thermionic emission
- Field emission
- Photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Hertz and Lenard's Observations
- Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Effect of frequency on the photoelectric current: Threshold frequency, Threshold wavelength
- Effect of intensity of light on the photoelectric current
- Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current
- Effect of photometals on stopping potential
- Laws of photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric cell: Construction, Working, and Applications of photocell
- Failure of wave theory of light to explain photoelectric effect
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Einstein's photoelectric equation
- Work function (Φ)
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Characteristics of photon
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Matter waves
- De Broglie wave relation
- De Broglie wavelength of an electron
- Ratio of de Broglie wavelengths of photon and electron
- De Broglie's Explanation
🞽 Atoms and Nuclei
26 Atoms [Revision]- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Introduction of Atom
- Discovery of Charged Particles and the Structure of an Atom
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment and Rutherford's Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle trajectory
- Electron orbits
- Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom (mathematical theory of scattering excluded), based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of closest approach of α particle to the nucleus,
obtained by equating ∆K = ½ mv2 of the α particle to the change in electrostatic potential energy ∆U of the system `"U" = (2e xx "Ze")/(4πε_0r_0) r_0 ∼ 10^(-15) "m" = 1` fermi; atomic structure; only general qualitative ideas, including atomic number Z, Neutron number N and mass number A.
- Atomic Spectra
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Introduction
- Bohr’s stable orbit atomic model
- Merits and Demerits
- Energy Levels
- The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
- De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
- Spectra of Multi Electron and Quantum Mechanics
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Size of the Nucleus
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Atomic Mass
- Mass-Energy Relation
- Mass Defect
- Packing fraction
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding energy
- Binding energy per nucleon
- Binding energy curve
- Importance of binding energy curve
- Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Fission
- Definition: Nuclear Fission
- Explanation
- Calculation of Energy Released in One Fission
- Controlled and Uncontrolled Chain Reactions
- Nuclear Fusion
- Definition: Nuclear Vision
- Example
- Other Example of Fusion Reaction
- Nuclear Fission
27 Nuclei [Revision]
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Composition and Size of Nucleus
- Size of the Nucleus
- Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Mass - Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation with Mass Number
- Nuclear Force
- Radioactivity
- Introduction
- Becquerel Rays
- Radioactivity is a Nuclear Phenomenon
- Discovery of Radioactivity
- Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Definition: Nuclear Energy
- Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
- Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Fission
- Definition: Nuclear Fission
- Explanation
- Calculation of Energy Released in One Fission
- Controlled and Uncontrolled Chain Reactions
- Nuclear Fission
🞽 Electronic Devices
28 Electronic Devices [Revision]- Energy Bands in Solids
- Energy bands in Solids
- Energy bands in solids are of three types
- Valence band
- Conduction band
- Forbidden energy gap or Energy band gap
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Classification of solid on the basis of conductivity
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- On the basis of energy bands
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Analysis
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Doping
- Classification
- p-type semiconductor
- Analysis
- Features of p-type Conductors
- Transportation of Holes
- Example
- n-type semiconductor
- Analysis
- Effect of Doping on Electrical Conductivity
- Features of n-type Conductors
- Example
- p-n Junction
- Introduction
- Diffision
- Depletion Region
- Biasing a p-n Junction
- Forward Bias
- Reverse Bias
- Features of the Depletion Region
- Fabrication of p-n Junction Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Potential barrier at the junction diode
- Biasing of the p-n junction diode
1) Forward biasing
2) Reverse biasing - V-I Characteristics of a p-n junction diode
1) p-n junction diode under forward bias: Cut-off or knee voltage
2) p-n junction diode under reverse bias: Breakdown voltage
3) Reverse Breakdown: Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown - Dynamic Resistance
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- p-n junction Diode as rectifier
- Half-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Full-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Filters: Input/output waveforms, Comparison between half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Zener diode
- I-V characteristics of Zener diode
- Zener diode as voltage regulator
- Line regulation in Zener diode
- Load regulation in Zener diode
- Ratings of a Zener diode
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
- Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
- Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
🞽 Experimental Skills
29 Experimental Skills [Revision]- Vernier Callipers
- Screw Gauge
- Simple Pendulum
- Metre Scale
- Young's Modulus of Elasticity
- Surface Tension of Water
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Experimental Determination of Speed of Sound in Air
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Resistivity Measurement
- Resistance Measurement
- Focal Length Measurement Using the Parallax Method
- Plot of Angle of Deviation Vs Angle of Incidence for a Triangular Prism
- Fractive Index of a Glass Slab Using a Travelling Microscopе
- Characteristic Curves of a p-n Junction Diode
- Identification of Diode, Led, Resistor, and Capacitor
