Topics
Units and Measurement
- Physical Quantities
- System of Units
- The International System of Units (SI)
- Significant Figures
- Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures
- Rounding off the Uncertain Digits
- Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations
- Dimensions of Physical Quantities
- Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations
- Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications
- Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations
- Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities
- Accuracy, Precision and Least Count of Measuring Instruments
- Errors in Measurement
- Errors in Measurements>Random Errors
- Errors in Measurements>Systematic Errors
- Estimation of Errors
Class 11
Class 12
Motion in a Straight Line
Concept of Vector and Motion in a Plane
- Motion in Two Dimensions - Motion in a Plane
- Scalars and Vectors
- Position and Displacement Vectors
- Equality of Vectors
- Multiplication of Vectors by a Real Number or Scalar
- Vector Operations>Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
- Resolution of Vectors
- Vector Addition – Analytical Method
- Motion in a Plane
- Equations of Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
- Projectile Motion
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Vector
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Scalar Product(Dot Product)
- Vector Product (Cross Product)
Laws of Motion and Friction
- Concept of Force
- Aristotle’s Fallacy
- The Law of Inertia
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion
- Impulse of a Force
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Equilibrium of a Particle
- Common Forces in Mechanics
- Friction
- Types of Friction>Rolling Friction
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Solving Problems in Mechanics
- Types of Friction>Kinetic Friction
- Types of Friction>Static Friction
- Frame of Reference
- Centripetal Force
- Types of Forces>Real and Pseudo Forces
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
Mechanical Energy Dynamics, Power, and Collisions
- Introduction of Work, Energy and Power
- Scalar Product(Dot Product)
- Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: the Work-energy Theorem
- Mechanical Energy > Kinetic Energy (K)
- Concept of Work
- Types of Forces>Work Done by a Variable Force
- Work Energy Theorem
- Mechanical Energy > Potential Energy (U)
- Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Potential Energy of a Spring
- Concept of Power
- Collisions
- Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
- Collisions in One Dimension
- Collision in Two Dimensions
- Types of Forces>Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces
- Motion in a Vertical Circle
- States of Equilibrium
Rotational Motion
- Motion - Rigid Body
- Centre of Mass>Mathematical Understanding of Centre of Mass
- Motion of Centre of Mass
- Linear Momentum of a System of Particles
- Vector Product of two vectors in Algebra (Cross Product)
- Angular Velocity and Its Relation with Linear Velocity
- Torque, Kinetic Energy, Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
- Conservation of Angular Momentum
- Equilibrium of Rigid Body
- Principle of Moments
- Centre of Gravity
- Moment of Inertia
- Kinematics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis
- Dynamics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis
- Angular Momentum in Case of Rotation About a Fixed Axis
- Centre of Mass of Two-particle System
- Centre of Mass of Some Regular Shaped Bodies
- Rigid Body Rotation
- Equations of Rotational Motion
- Comparison of Linear and Rotational Motions
- Rolling Motion
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Radius of Gyration
- Values of Moments of Inertia for Geometrical Objects
Gravitational Phenomena: Laws, Effects and Applications
- Concept of Gravitation
- Kepler’s Laws
- Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Law of Areas or Kepler's Second Law
- Law of Periods or Kepler's Third Law
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- The Gravitational Constant
- Acceleration Due to Gravity of the Earth
- Acceleration Due to Gravity Below and Above the Earth's Surface
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Escape Speed
- Earth Satellites
- Binding Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
- Escape Velocity
- Geostationary and Polar Satellites
- Time Period of Satellite
- Weightlessness
Mechanical Properties of Solids
- Elastic Behavior of Solids
- Stress and Strain
- Hooke’s Law
- Stress-strain Curve
- Elastic Modulus>Young’s Modulus
- Elastic Modulus>Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity)
- Elastic Modulus>Bulk Modulus
- Elastic Modulus>Poisson’s Ratio
- Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
- Elastic Energy
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Introduction of Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Thrust and Pressure
- Pascal’s Law
- Variation of Pressure with Depth
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Hydraulic Machines
- Streamline and Turbulent Flow
- Bernoulli's Equation
- Torricelli's Law
- Dynamic Lift
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Stoke's Law
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Angle of Contact
- Drops and Bubbles
- Capillary Rise
- Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column
- Application of Pascal’s Law
- Buoyancy Force (Upthrust Force)
- Archimedes' Principle
- Principle of Floatation (Laws of Flotation)
- Terminal Velocity
- Critical Velocity
- Reynold's Number
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
Thermal Properties of Matter
- Thermal Properties of Matter
- Temperature and Heat
- Measurement of Temperature
- Ideal Gas Equation
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Thermal Expansion
- Expansion of Liquids
- Expansion of Solids
- Expansion of Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Calorimetry
- Change of State
- Latent Heat
- Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Blackbody Radiation
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Thermal Conductivity
Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Process
- Quasi-static process
- Isothermal Processes
- Adiabatic Processes
- Isochoric process
- Isobaric process
- Cyclic Process
- Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Carnot Engine
Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Introduction of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Mean Free Path
- Behaviour of Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour
- Kinetic Theory of Gases - Concept of Pressure
- Pressure of an Ideal Gas
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Equation of State of a Perfect Gas
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Degrees of Freedom
- Boyle’s Law (Pressure - Volume Relationship)
- Gay-Lussac's Law
- Avogadro's Law
Oscillations
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Period and Frequency
- Displacement
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
- Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Simple Pendulum
- Oscillations Due to a Spring
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
Wave
- Introduction of Wave Mechanics
- Wave Motion
- Reflection of Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
- Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave
- The Speed of a Travelling Wave
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Reflection of Waves
- Standing Waves and Normal Modes
- Beats
- Doppler Effect
- Laplace’s Correction
- Standing Waves on String and Organ Pipes
Electric Charges and Fields
- Concept of Electrostatics
- Electric Charge
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Coulomb’s Law
- Principle of Superposition
- Force between Charges
- Electric Field
- Electric Lines of Force
- Electric Flux
- Electric Dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Continuous Charge Distribution
- Gauss’s Law
- Application of Gauss' Law
- Conservation of Charge
Motion in One Dimension
- Introduction of Motion in One Dimension
- Elementary Concept of Differentiation and Integration for Describing Motion
- Motion in a Straight Line
- Average Speed
- Average Velocity
- Instantaneous Speed
- Instantaneous Velocity
- Acceleration in Linear Motion
- Uniform and Non-uniform Motion
- Uniformly Accelerated Motion
- Position - Time Graph
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Relative Velocity
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
- Electric Potential and Potential Difference
- Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
- Conductors and Insulators
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Dielectrics
- Electric Polarisation of Matter
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance
- Combination of Capacitors
- Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
Motion in Two Dimension
- Motion in a Plane
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Projectile Motion
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Motion in a Vertical Circle
Principles of Electrical Circuits and their Applications
- Electric Current and Its Related Concepts
- Ohm's Law
- Ohmic and Non-ohmic Resistors
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Specific Resistance or Electrical Resistivity
- Conductivity and Conductance
- Current Density
- Resistance
- Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
- Resistors in Series
- Resistors in Parallel
- Cells, EMF, and Internal Resistance
- Electromotive Force (emf)
- Cells in Series
- Cells in Parallel
- Kirchhoff’s Laws
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Metre Bridge: Slide-Wire Bridge
Mechanical Properties of Fluids: Surface Tension
- Intermolecular Force of Attraction
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Angle of Contact
- Drops and Bubbles
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
Magnetic Effect of Current
- Biot-Savart Law
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current-Carrying Loop
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field due to a Finite Straight Current-Carrying Wire
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Thin Wire
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law >Magnetic Field due to Infinite Long Solid Cylindrical Conductor
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Toroidal Solenoid
- Force on a Moving Charge in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents (Ampere’s Law)
- Torque on a Rectangular Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Conversion of a Galvanometer into an Ammeter
- Conversion of a Galvanometer into a Voltmeter
Magnetism and Magnetic Matter
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole
- Magnetic Dipole Moment
- Magnetic Field Due to Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet)
- Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Bar Magnet and Solenoid Analogy
- Magnetic Field Lines
- Magnetic Field Due to Solenoid & Toroid
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Terms Used in Magnetism
- Curie Temperature
Electromagnetic Induction
Alternating Current
Displacement current and Electromagnetic Waves
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
- Fundamental Concepts of Light
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Image Formation by Concave Mirror
- Image Formation by a Convex Mirror
- Sign Convention
- Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Refraction of Light
- Total Internal Reflection
- Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses
- Refraction at a Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction by a Lens
- Thin Lenses and Their Combination
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Optical Instruments
- Microscope and it’s types
- Telescope
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Laws of Refraction
- Lens Formula
- Power of a Lens
Diffraction and Polarisation of Light
Wave Optics
Communication System
- Communication System
- Propagation of EM Waves
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Carrier Waves and Their Types
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
Photo Electric Effect and Matter Waves
- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Electric Discharge Through Gases
- Electron Emission
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Wave Nature of Matter
- De Broglie's Explanation
Atoms
Nuclei
Electronic Devices
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Semiconductor Materials
- Energy Bands in Solids
- Holes
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- p-type Semiconductor
- n-type Semiconductor
- Semiconductor Diode
- Diode or p-n Junction
- Forward Bias
- Reverse Bias
- V-I Characteristics of Diode
- p-n Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- Half Wave Rectifier
- Full Wave Rectifier
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- LED
- Photodiode
- Solar Cell
- Zener Diode
- Voltage Regulator
- Logic Gates
Experimental Skills
- Vernier Callipers
- Screw Gauge
- Simple Pendulum
- Metre Scale
- Young's Modulus of Elasticity
- Surface Tension of Water
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Experimental Determination of Speed of Sound in Air
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Resistivity Measurement
- Resistance Measurement
- Focal Length Measurement Using the Parallax Method
- Plot of Angle of Deviation Vs Angle of Incidence for a Triangular Prism
- Fractive Index of a Glass Slab Using a Travelling Microscopе
- Characteristic Curves of a p-n Junction Diode
- Identification of Diode, Led, Resistor, and Capacitor
Estimated time: 2 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Definition: Alternating Currents
It is the rate of flow of charge which changes the magnitude and direction periodically, as a result of which voltage also varies in the same manner along with current.
CBSE: Class 12
Definition: Peak and RMS Value of Alternating Current/Voltage
The alternating voltage or current is expressed in terms of peak (maximum) value, average (mean) value or effective (rms) value.
The average value of AC current shows an equal amount of charges in DC current,
\[V_{avg}=\frac{2}{\pi}V_{peak}\]
