MAH-MHT CET (PCM/PCB) Physics Syllabus 2026 PDF Download
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MAH-MHT CET (PCM/PCB) Physics Syllabus 2026
The MAH-MHT CET (PCM/PCB) Physics Syllabus for the MAH-MHT CET (PCM/PCB) 2026 is available by the Maharashtra State Board. The MAH-MHT CET (PCM/PCB) Physics Syllabus is available for review from the link below. The MAH-MHT CET (PCM/PCB) 2026 Physics syllabus defines and describes each unit covered on the MAH-MHT CET (PCM/PCB) 2026 Physics exam.
Academic year:
Entrance Exam Physics Revised Syllabus
Units and Topics
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Syllabus
1: 11th Std [Revision]
Entrance Exam Physics Syllabus
1 Vectors [Revision]
- Vector Analysis
- Introduction
- Scalars and Vectors
- Scalar vs Vector
- Key Points to Remember
- Vector Operations>Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
- Introduction: Vector Operations
- Statement: Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
- Example
- Vector Operations>Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
- Statement
- Vector Addition: Parallel Vectors
- Vector Subtraction: Anti-Parallel Vectors
- Real-Life Applications
- Vector Operations>Triangle Law for Vector Addition
- Statement
- Commutative Law
- Association Law
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Vector Operations>Law of parallelogram of vectors
- Statement
- Derivation: Magnitude of \[\vec R\]
- Derivation: Magnitude of Resultant
- Derivation: Direction of Resultant
- Example
- Resolution of Vectors
- Introduction
- Definition: Resolution of the Vector
- Definition: Rectangular Components
- Characteristics
- Vector Resolution in 2D
- 2D vs 3D Rectangular Components
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Multiplication of Vectors
- Introduction
- Scalar Product(Dot Product)
- Introduction
- Definition: Scalar Product
- Characteristics of Scalar Product
- Scalar Product Using Rectangular Components
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Vector Product (Cross Product)
- Definition: Vector Product
- Core Properties and Characteristics
- Steps for Calculating the Cross Product
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Real Life Applications
- Characteristics of Vector Product
- Concept of Calculus
- Introduction
- Histotical Background
- Definition: Calculus
- Two Main Branches of Calculus
- Significance
- Differential Calculus
- Introduction
- Definition: Differentiation
- Characteristics
- Process: Finding the Derivative
- Significance
- Derivatives
- Example
- Integral Calculus
- Introduction
- Definition: Definite Integral
- Definition: Indefinite Integral
- Characteristics
- Process: Finding the Area Under a General Curve
- Significance
- Basics of Integration
- Example
2 Error Analysis [Revision]
- Errors in Measurement
- Errors in Measurements>Systematic Errors
- Definition: Errors in Measurements
- Definition: Systematic Errors
- Source: Systematic Errors
- Effects: Systematic Errors
- Errors in Measurements>Random Errors
- Definition: Random Errors
- Source: Random Errors
- Effects: Random Errors
- Estimation of Errors
- Introduction
- Formula: Arithmetic Mean
- Formula: Absolute Error
- Formula: Mean Absolute Error
- Formula: Relative Error
- Formula: Percentage Error
- Flowchart
- Activity
- Example
- Combination of Errors
- Introduction
- Errors in sum and in Difference
- Errors in Products and in Division
- Errors Due to the Power Quantities
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Significant Figures
- Introduction
- The Five Essential Rules
- Order of magnitude
- Example
3 Motion in a Plane [Revision]
- Introduction of Motion in a Plane
- Rectilinear Motion
- Introduction
- Displacement
- Introduction
- Formula: Displacement
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Path Length
- Introduction
- Explanation
- Real-Life Examples
- Average Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Velocity
- Calculation of Average Velocity
- Significance
- Formula
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Average Speed
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Speed
- Characteristics
- Calculation of Average Speed
- Formula: Average Speed
- Example
- Instantaneous Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Instantaneous Velocity
- Formula: Instantaneous Velocity
- Real-Life Example
- Instantaneous Speed
- Definition: Instantaneous Speed
- Formula: Instantaneous Speed
- Graphical Study of Motion
- Instantaneous Velocity in Non-Uniform Motion
- Acceleration in Linear Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Acceleration
- Formula: Average Acceleration
- Formula: Instantaneous Acceleration
- Characteristics
- Graphical Interpretation
- Equations of Motion
- Significance
- Illustrative Example
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Relative Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Relative Velocity
- Formula: Relative Velocity
- Sign Convention
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Position-time, Velocity-time and Acceleration-time Graphs
- Motion in Two Dimensions - Motion in a Plane
- Average and Instantaneous Velocities
- Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
- Equations of Motion for an Object travelLing a Plane with Uniform Acceleration
- Relative Velocity
- Projectile Motion
- Average and Instantaneous Velocities
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Velocity in Two-Dimensional Motion
- Definition: Instantaneous Velocity in Two-Dimensional Motion
- Formula: Average Velocity in Two-Dimensional Motion
- Formula: Instantaneous Velocity in Two-Dimensional Motion
- Acceleration in a Plane
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Acceleration in plane
- Definition: Instantaneous Acceleration in plane
- Formula: Average Acceleration in Two-Dimensional Plane
- Formula: Instantaneous Acceleration in Two-Dimensional Plane
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Equations of Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
- Introduction
- Vector Form Equations
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Formula: Velocity of A relative to B
- Formula: Velocity of B relative to A
- Characteristics
- Chaining Relative Velocities
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Projectile Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Projectile Motion
- Key Concepts
- Characteristics
- Trajectory Equation
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Definition: Uniform Circular Motion
- Key Parameters of Circular Motion
- Definition: Period
- Definition: Linear Speed
- FormulaL Linear Speed
- Definition: Radius Vector
- Definition: Angular Speed
- Formula: Angular Speed
- Calculation of Angular Speed
- Essential Link
- Real-Life Example
- Centripetal Acceleration
- Introduction
- Definition: Centripetal Force
- Formula: Centripetal Force
- Formula: Centripetal Acceleration
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Application to Planetary Motion
- Significance
- Experiment
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Conical Pendulum
- Conical Pendulum
- Forces Acting on Bob
- Resolving the Forces
- Derivation
4 Laws of Motion [Revision]
- Introduction to Laws of Motion
- Aristotle’s Fallacy
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Aristotle's Fallacy
- Aristotle Thought
- Galileo's Correction
- Real-Life Examples
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Balanced and Unbalanced Force
- Cause of Change in Motion
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Experiment
- Summary
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Understanding the Law
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Second law of Motion
- Activity A
- Activity B
- Real-Life Examples
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Law's Concequesnces
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Examples
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Types of Forces>Real and Pseudo Forces
- Introduction
- Formula: Pseudo-Forces
- Characteristics
- Understanding Pseudo Forces
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Inertial and Non-inertial Frames of Reference
- Frame of Reference
- Definition: Frame of Reference
- Definition: Inertial Frames
- Definition: Non-Inertial Frames
- Key Features of Inertial Frames
- Example: Non-Inertial Frames
- Limitations of Newton’s Law
- Types of Forces>Fundamental Forces in Nature
- Introduction
- Garvitational Force
- Electromagnetic Force
- Strong Nuclear Force
- Weak Nuclear Force
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Types of Forces>Contact and Non-Contact Forces
- Introduction
- Definition: Contact Force
- Definition: Non-Contact Force
- Characteristics
- Understanding Contact Forces
- Understanding Non-Contact Forces
- Experiment
- Significance
- Types of Forces>Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces
- Introduction
- Definition: Conservative Forces
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Definition: Non-Conservative Force
- Understanding Conservating Forces
- Understanding Non-Conservatives Forces
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Types of Forces>Work Done by a Variable Force
- Work Done by Variable Forces: The Power of Integration
- Dividing and Conquering (Integration)
- The Graphical Method: Area Under the Curve
- Example
- Work Energy Theorem
- Introduction
- Definition: Work-Energy Theorem for Conservative Forces
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Real-Life Example
- Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum
- Introduction
- Definition: Principle of Conversation of Linear Momentum
- Characteristics
- Application of Newton's Second law and FBD
- System vs. Free Body Diagram Forces
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Collisions
- Introduction
- Definition: Collision
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Perfectly Inelastic Collision
- Introduction
- Definition: Perfectly Inelastic Collision
- Characteristics
- Illustrations
- Real-Life Examples
- Coefficient of Restitution e
- Introduction
- Definition: Coefficient of Restitution e
- Characteristics
- Head On Collision
- Significance
- Real-Life Example
- Expressions for Final Velocities in Elastic Head-On Collision
- Introduction
- Fundamental Conservation Equations
- Derivation
- Case Studies
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Loss of Kinetic Energy in Perfectly Inelastic Head-On Collision
- Introduction
- Definition: Perfectly Inelastic Collision
- Final Velocity (From Momentum Conservation)
- Loss in Kinetic Energy
- Inelastic Collision with Coefficient of Restitution e
- Impulse (Change in Momentum) During Collision
- Significance
- Real-Life Example
- Collision in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Definition: Oblique Collision
- Characterisics
- Mathematical Analysis Steps
- Flowchart
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Impulse of a Force
- Introduction
- Definition: Impulse of a Force
- Relationship between Force and Momentum Change (Impulse)
- Collision Related Concepts
- Necessity of Defining Impulse
- Introduction
- Formula: Impulse
- Impulse Necessity
- Graphical Representation of Impulse
- Significance
- Example
- Rotational Analogue of a Force: Moment of a Force Or Torque
- Introduction
- Definition: Torque
- Formula: Torque
- Factors Affecting Torque
- Direction of Torque
- Consequences
- Everyday Examples
- Couple and Its Torque
- Introduction
- Definition: Couple
- Rotation Without Translation
- Moment (Torque) of a Couple
- Direction of Torque
- Moment of a Single Force vs Moment of a Couple
- Real-Life Applications
- Proof of Independence of the Axis of Rotation
- Introduction
- Axis of Rotation Between the Forces
- Axis of Rotation Outside the Forces
- Conclusion
- Mechanical Equilibrium
- Introduction
- Definition: Mechanical Equilibrium
- Mathematical Expression
- Flowchart
- States of Equilibrium
- States of Equilibrium
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Centre of Mass>Mathematical Understanding of Centre of Mass
- Introduction
- Definition: Centre of Mass
- System of n Particles
- Continuous Mass Distribution
- Important Results for Symmetric Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Real-Life Examples
- Centre of Mass>Velocity of Centre of Mass
- Introduction
- Velocity of Centre of Mass for Discrete Particles
- Velocity of Centre of Mass for Continuous Mass Distribution
- Real-World Applications
- Centre of Mass>Acceleration of Centre of Mass
- Introduction
- The Fundamental Formula: A Weighted Average
- Application to Continuous Bodies
- Centre of Mass>Characteristics of Centre of Mass
- Introdcution
- Definition: Centre of Mass
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Centre of Gravity
- Definition: Centre of Gravity
- Key Points: Centre of Gravity
5 Gravitation [Revision]
- Concept of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Gravitation
- Formula: Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Understanding Gravitation
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Kepler’s Laws
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Formula: Kepler's Law
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Drawing an Ellipse
- Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Law: Kepler's First Law
- Key Terms: Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Understanding Elliptical Orbit
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Law of Areas or Kepler's Second Law
- Introduction
- Law: Kepler's Second Law
- Formula: Kepler's Second Law
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Real-Life Example
- Law of Periods or Kepler's Third Law
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Law: Kepler's Third Law
- Formula: Kepler's Third Law
- Understanding Kepler's Third Law
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Formula: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Key Points: Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Relationship to the Acceleration of the Moon
- Generalisation to Force
- Force Due to the Collection of Masses
- Special Cases for Extended Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Acceleration Due to Gravity (Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration)
- Introduction
- Definition: Acceleration Due to Gravity
- Formula: Acceleration Due to Gravity
- Characteristics
- Derivation and Calculation
- Change along the Surface of the Earth
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Variation in the Acceleration>Variation in Gravity with Altitude
- Introduction
- Formula: Gravity with Altitude
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Variation in the Acceleration>Variation in Gravity with Depth
- Introduction
- Definition: Gravity with Depth
- Formula: Gravity with Depth
- Characteristics
- Shell Theorem
- Importance
- Real-Life Examples
- Variation in the Acceleration>Variation in Gravity with Latitude and Rotation of the Earth
- Introduction
- Definition: Latitude
- Formula: Gravity with Latitude
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Experiment: Variation of g with Latitude
- Variation in the Acceleration>Effect of the shape of the Earth
- Introduction
- Definition: Weight of an Object
- Formula: Weight of an Object
- Characteristics
- Understanding Fravity Variation
- Significance
- Ral-Life Examples
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Introduction
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Formula: Potential Energy
- Characteristics
- Understanding the Mechanism
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Escape Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Escape Velocity
- Formula: Escape Velocity
- Derivation
- Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
- Introduction
- Formula
- Derivation
- Example
- Connection of Potential Energy Formula with mgh
- Introduction
- connecting the General formula to mgh
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Introduction
- Definition: Potential at a Point
- Definition: Potential Difference
- Formula: Electric Potential at a Point
- Formula: Potential Difference
- SI units & Analysis
- Key Points: Potential and Potential Difference
- Earth Satellites
- Introduction
- Definition: Satellite
- Types of Earth Satellites
- Communication Satellites (Geostationary Satellites)
- Polar Satellites
- Significance
- Projection of Satellite
- Introduction
- Definition: Critical Velocity
- Formula: Critical Velocity
- Understanding Critical Velocity
- Five Cases of Satellite Orbits
- Special Case
- Significance
- Example
- Weightlessness in a Satellite
- Introduction
- Definition: Weightlessness
- Formula: Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Aparent Weight and Weightlessness
- Application to a Satellite
- Real-Life Examples
- Time Period of Satellite
- Introduction
- Formula: Time Period of Satellite
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Energy Associated with Satellite
- Critical Velocity
6 Thermal Properties of Matter [Revision]
- Thermal Properties of Matter
- Introduction
- Definition: Temperature
- Historical Background / Origin
- Temperature and Heat
- Introduction
- Definition: Heat
- Definition: Temperature
- Formula: Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature
- Formula: Heat Exchange
- Characteristics
- How Heat Affects Matter
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Summary
- Measurement of Temperature
- Definition: Adiabatic Wall
- Definition: Diathermic Wall
- Definition: Thermal Equilibrium
- Definition: Thermometry
- Law: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Temperature Scales
- Conversion Formulas
- Thermometers Use the Zeroth Law
- Thermometric Property
- Types of Thermometers
- Characteristics of a Good Thermometer
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Example 4
- Summary
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Introduction
- Definition: Absolute Zero
- Definition: Kelvin Scale
- Definition: Triple Point
- Definition: Ideal Gas
- Definition: Universal Gas Constant (R)
- Definition: Extrapolation
- Definition: Kelvin
- Conversion Formulas
- Gases Respond to Temperature
- The Discovery of Absolute Zero
- The Kelvin (Absolute) Temperature Scale
- Temperature Scales & Conversion
- The Ideal Gas Equation
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Key Points: Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Ideal Gas Equation
- Introduction
- Definition: Ideal Gas Equation
- Deriving the Ideal Gas Equation
- Formula Combines Gas Law
- Example
- Key Points: Ideal Gas Equation
- Thermal Expansion
- Introduction
- Definition: Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Introduction
- Definition: Linear Expansion
- Definition: Coefficient of Linear Expansion
- Deriving the Formula
- Coefficient of Linear Expansion (α) for Common Materials
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Key Points: Linear Expansion
- Areal Expansion
- Definition: Areal Expansion
- Definition: Coefficient of Areal Expansion
- Formula: Areal Expansion
- Derivation: β = 2α
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Key Points: Areal Expansion
- Volume Expansion
- Definition: Volume Expansion
- Definition: Coefficient of Volume Expansion
- Formula: Volume Expansion Equation
- Formula: Between Any Two Temperatures
- Coefficient of Volume Expansion (γ) Values
- γ Is Not Strictly Constant
- Example
- Key Points: Volume Expansion
- Relation Between Coefficient of Expansion
- Relation between β and α
- Relation between γ and α
- Example
- Real-Life Applications
- Key Points: Relation Between Coefficient of Expansion
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Introduction
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity — Data Table
- Formula: Molar Specific Heat Capacity
- Real-Life Applications
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Gas
- Introduction
- Principal Specific Heat Capacities of Gases
- Molar Specific Heat Capacities
- Experimental Data Table
- Real-Life Applications
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity of Gas
- Heat Equation
- Formula: Heat Equation
- Example
- Real-World Applications
- Key Points: Heat Equation
- Thermal Capacity
- Definition: Heat Capacity or Thermal Capacity
- Formula: Heat Capacity
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Calorimetry
- Introduction
- Definition: Calorimetry
- Definition: Calorimeter
- Calorimeter
- The Principle of Calorimetry
- Experiment: Method of Mixtures
- Derivation of the Calorimetry Equation
- Example
- Key Points: Calorimetry
- Change of State
- Introduction
- Definition: Change of State
- The Six Types of Phase Changes
- Practical Applications
- Key Points: Practical Applications of State
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Analysis of Observation>From Point A to B
- Definition: Melting
- Definition: Freezing
- Definition: Melting Point
- Definition: Freezing Point
- Definition: Solidification
- Heating Ice and Its Changes
- Real-Life Connections
- Analysis of Observation>From Point B to D
- Introduction
- Definition: Vaporisation
- Definition: Condensation
- Definition: Boiling Point
- Real-Life Examples
- Evaporation vs Boiling
- After Point D
- Hotter Than 100 °C
- Evaporation vs Boiling
- Daily Life Examples
- Boiling Point and Pressure
- Activity: Boiling Point & Pressure Experiment
- Boiling of Water at High Altitudes
- Pressure Cooker Speeds Up Cooking
- Key Points: Boiling Point and Pressure
- Phase Diagram
- Introduction
- Vaporisation Curve (l–v)
- Fusion Curve (l–s)
- Sublimation Curve (s–v)
- The Triple Point
- Real-Life Examples
- Key Points: Phase Diagram
- Gas and Vapour
- Introduction
- Definition: Critical Temperature
- Definition: Gas
- Definition: Vapour
- Critical Temperatures of Common Substances
- Real-Life Analogies
- Key Points: Gas and Vapour
- Latent Heat
- Introduction
- Definition: Latent Heat
- Definition: Latent Heat of Fusion
- Definition: Latent Heat of Vaporization
- Formula: Latent Heat
- Experiment
- Reference Data Table
- Example
- Key Points: Latent Heat
- Heat Transfer
- Classification
- Key Points: Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Definition: Conduction
- Definition: Good Conductors of Heat
- Definition: Bad Conductors of Heat
- The Experiment
- Mechanism of Conduction
- Real-Life Example
- Key Points: Conduction
- Thermal Conductivity
- Definition: Thermal Conductivity
- Definition: Temperature Gradient
- Formula: Temperature Gradient
- Heat Flow Through a Metal Rod
- Variable State vs Steady State
- Key Points: Thermal Conductivity
- Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
- Experimental Observations
- Definition: Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
- Formula: Fourier's Law of Conduction
- Expression for k - Its Units and Dimensions
- Rate of Heat Flow
- Differential (Calculus) Form of Fourier's Law
- Key Points: Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
- Thermal Resistance
- Definition: Thermal Resistance
- Formula: Conduction Rate
- Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity (k)
- Need for Thermal Resistance
- Derivation of Thermal Resistance
- Example
- Key Points: Thermal Resistance
- Applications of Thermal conductivity
- Applications of Thermal Conductivity
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Key Points: Applications of Thermal conductivity
- Convection
- Introduction
- Definition: Convection
- Mechanism of Convection
- Experiment: Convection
- Key Points: Convection
- Application of Convection
- Heating and Cooling of Rooms
- Cooling of Transformers
- Key Points: Application of Convection
- Free and Forced Convection
- Definition: Free (Natural) Convection
- Definition: Forced Convection
- Examples
- Key Points: Free and Forced Convection
- Environmental Issues
- Radiation
- Definition: Radiation
- Activity: Radiation from a Candle
- A Wonder of Science: Infrared Camera
- Experiment: The Relation Between Density and Convection
- Experiment: Black Surfaces and Heat Absorption
- Experiment: Good and Bad Conductors of Heat
- Key Points: Radiation
- Radiation
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Graphical Analysis
- Law: Newton's Law of Cooling
- Mathematical Formulation
- Example
- Key Points: Newton’s Law of Cooling
7 Sound [Revision]
- Sound Waves
- Definition: Audible Range of Frequency
- Definition: Ultrasonic
- Definition: Infrasonic
- Definition: Amplitude of the Wave
- Definition: Time Period of the Wave
- Definition: Frequency of the Wave
- Definition: Wavelength
- Definition: Wave Velocity
- Definition: Longitudinal Wave
- Definition: Transverse Wave
- Types of Waves
- Mechanical waves
- EM waves
- Matter waves
- Common Properties of All Waves
- Amplitude
- Wavelength
- Period
- Double Periodicity
- Frequency
- Velocity
- Phase and Phase Difference
- Activity
- Characteristics of Progressive Wave
- Example
- Transverse Waves
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Longitudinal Waves
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Mathematical Expression of a Wave
- The Speed of Travelling Waves
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Echo, Reverberation and Acoustics
- Qualities of Sound
- Audible Sound or Human Response to Sound
- Pitch
- Timbre (Sound Quality)
- Loudness
- Example
- Table
- Doppler Effect
- Origin of Doppler Effect
- Unsafe Listening Habits
- Source Moving and Listener Stationary
- Derivation
- Listener Approaching a Stationary Source with Velocity
- Derivation
- Both Source and Listener are Moving
- Illustations
- Cases
- Common Properties between Doppler Effect of Sound and Light
- Properties
- Major Differences between Doppler Effects of Sound and Light
- Differences
- Example 1
- Example 2
8 Optics [Revision]
- Fundamental Concepts of Light
- Introduction
- Nature of Light
- Dual Nature of Light
- Speed of Light
- Categories of Light
- Ray Optics Or Geometrical Optics
- Introduction
- Principles
- Fermat’s Principle
- Example
- Cartesian Sign Convention
- Introduction
- Sign Conventions
- Reflection of Light
- Introduction
- Activity
- Experiment
- Key Points: Reflection of Light
- Reflection>Reflection from a Plane Surface
- Images in Plane Mirrors
- Table
- Example
- Reflection>Reflection from Curved Mirrors
- Introduction
- Relation between f, u and v
- Lateral Magnification
- Table
- Example
- Defects or Aberration of Images
- Spherical Aberration
- Parabolic Mirrors
- Total Internal Reflection
- Definition: Total Internal Reflection
- Applications of Total Internal Reflection
- Mirage
- Brilliancy of Diamonds
- Totally Reflecting Prisms
- Optical Fibre
- Prism Binoculars
- Periscope
- Example
- Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses
- Introduction
- Thin Lenses and Their Combination
- Analysis
- Derivation
- Behavior of Lenses in Different Mediums
- Refraction at a Single Spherical Surface
- Analysis
- Derivation
- Example
- Refraction Formula at a Surface
- Lens Makers' Equation
- Derivation
- Special Cases
- Example
- Dispersion of Light
- Definition: Dispersion
- Definition: Spectrum
- Key Points: Dispersion of Light
- Analysis of Prism
- Introduction
- Relations between the Angles Involved
- Deviation Curve, Minimum Deviation and Prism Formula
- Example
- Refraction and Prism Formula
- Thin Prisms
- Angular Dispersion and Mean Deviation
- Mean Colour and Prism Formula
- Dispersive Power
- Example
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Mirage
- Causes of Mirage Formation
- Rainbow
- The Facts to be Explained
- Conditions Necessary for Formation of a Rainbow
- Optical Phenomena Involved
- Promary Rainbow
- Secondary Rainbow
- Formation and Visibility of Rainbows
- Defects of Lenses
- Introduction
- Chromatic Aberration
- Reducing / Eliminating Chromatic Aberration
- Example
- Spherical Aberration
- Methods to Reduce / Eliminate Spherical Aberration of Lenses
- Optical Instruments
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power
- Simple Microscope or a Reading Glass
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Limiting Cases
- Example
- Compound Microscope
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Remarks
- Example
- Telescope
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power of a Telescope
- Example
9 Electrostatics [Revision]
- Concept of Electrostatics
- Introduction
- Electric Charge
- Key Points: Electric Charge
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Introduction
- Additive Nature of Charge
- Introduction
- Gold Leaf Electroscope
- Quantization of Charge
- Definition: Quantization of Charge
- Analysis
- Example
- Quarks and the Quantization of Charge
- Conservation of Charge
- Analysis
- Force between Charges
- Introduction
- Coulomb’s Law
- Origin
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Introduction
- Statement
- Analysis
- Permittivity and Dielectrics
- Comparison with Gravitation
- Importance
- Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant
- Derivation
- Definition of Unit Charge from the Coulomb’s Law
- Introduction
- Definition: One Columb
- Magnitude of Electric Force Between Two Charges
- Example
- Coulomb's Law in Vector Form
- Derivation
- Example
- Comparison of Gravitational and Electrostatic Forces
- Principle of Superposition
- Derivation
- Force on a Charge at the Centroid
- Example
- Electric Field
- Definition: Electric Field
- Derivation
- DImensional Formula
- Intensity of Electric Field
- Electric Field Intensity Due to a Point-Charge
- Derivation
- Uniform Electric Field
- Non Uniform Electric Field
- Practical Way of Calculating Electric Field
- Derivation
- Example 1
- Small Voltage, Large Electric Field
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Electric Lines of Force
- Definition: Line of Force
- Characteristics of Electric Lines of Force
- Imaginary Lines, Real Uses
- Electric Flux
- Introduction
- Definition: Electric Flux
- Formula Derivation
- Formula: Electric Flux
- Definition: Electric Flux Linked to a Surface
- Formula Derivation
- Special Cases
- Definition: Electric Flux Density
- Formula: Electric Flux Density
- Units and Dimensions of Electric Flux
- Gauss’s Law
- Definition
- Origin
- Statement
- Derivation
- Example
- Gaussian Surface
- Area Vector
- Solid Angle
- Electric Dipole
- Definition: Dipole
- Definition: Axial Line
- Definition: Equitorial Line
- Definition: Dipole Moment
- Natural Dipole
- Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
- Derivation
- Example
- Electric Intensity at a Point Due to an Electric Dipole
- Case - 1
- Case - 2
- Continuous Charge Distribution
- Introduction
- Linear Charge Density
- Surface Charge Density
- Volume Charge Density
- We Don't Feel Earth's Charge
- Static Charge: Use and Safety
10 Semiconductors [Revision]
- Concept of Semiconductors
- Applications of Science and Technology in Everyday Life
- Introduction
- Electrical Conduction in Solids
- Introduction
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- Table
- Concept of Electrical Conductivity
- Classification of Semiconductors
- Band Theory of Solids
- Formation of Energy Bands in Solids
- Valence Band
- Conduction Band
- Table
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Analysis
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Doping
- Classification
- n-type semiconductor
- Analysis
- Effect of Doping on Electrical Conductivity
- Features of n-type Conductors
- Example
- p-type semiconductor
- Analysis
- Features of p-type Conductors
- Transportation of Holes
- Example
- Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors
- Analysis
- p-n Junction
- Introduction
- Diffision
- Depletion Region
- Biasing a p-n Junction
- Forward Bias
- Reverse Bias
- Features of the Depletion Region
- Fabrication of p-n Junction Diode
- Basics of Semiconductor Devices
- Introduction
- Comparison between N-Type Semiconductor and P- Type Semiconductor
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications of Semiconductors and P-n Junction Diode
- Introduction
- Solar Cell
- Photo Resistor
- Bi-polar Junction Transistor
- Photodiode
- LED
- Solid State Laser
- Integrated Circuits (ICs)
- Thermistor
- Analysis
- Electric and Electronic Devices
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Semiconductor Devices
11 Electric Current Through Conductors [Revision]
- Resistance of a System of Resistors
- Potential Difference and Emf of a Cell
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
12 Electromagnetic Waves and Communication System [Revision]
- EM Wave
- Basic Laws and their Origin
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Production of amplitude modulated wave
- Detection of amplitude modulated wave
- Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
- Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
- Applications of amplitude modulation
- Drawbacks in amplitude modulation
13 Measurements [Revision]
- Measurements
- Measurement
- The need for measurement in daily life
- Physical Quantities
- Introduction
- Types of Physical Quantities
- Unit and Its Types
- Unit Systems
- Introduction
- Types of Unit System
- Properties of Matter and Their Measurement
- System of Units
- Rules and Conventions for Writing SI Units and Their Symbols
- Introduction
- The 10 Essential SI Unit Conventions
- Real-Life Applications
- Rules and Conventions for Writing SI Units and Their Symbols
- Measurement of Length
- Length and Its Measurement
- The Parallax Method
- Activity: Understanding Parallax Through Experience
- Measuring Stellar Distances
- Measuring the Size od Celestial Objects
- Measuring Very Small Distances
- Special Units for Large Distances
- Example
- Measuring Smaller Distances
- Fermi (f)
- Angstrom (A°)
- Nanometre (nm)
- Micron (micrometre μm)
- Millimetre (mm)
- Centimetre (cm)
- Measuring Larger Distances
- Astronomical unit
- Light year
- Parsec
- Devices for Measuring Length
- Use of a metre ruler to measure length
- Description of a metre ruler
- Measurement of length of an object with a metre ruler
- Parallax Error
- Use of measuring tape to measure length
- Description of a measuring tape
- Measurement of Mass
- Introduction
- The Old Kilogram Standard
- The New Kilogram Standard
- Measuring Atoms & Molecules: Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
- Measurement of Time
- The Foundation of Time
- The Revolutionary Solution: Cesium Atomic Clocks
- Real World Applications
- Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
- Definition: Dimensions
- Application 1
- Application 2
- Application 3
- Real-Life Applications
- Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
- Accuracy, Precision and Uncertainty in Measurement
- Definition: Accuracy
- Definition: Precision
- Definition: Uncertainty
- Activity: Measuring with Uncertainty
- Real-Life Examples
- Errors in Measurements>Systematic Errors
- Definition: Errors in Measurements
- Definition: Systematic Errors
- Source: Systematic Errors
- Effects: Systematic Errors
- Estimation of Errors
- Introduction
- Formula: Arithmetic Mean
- Formula: Absolute Error
- Formula: Mean Absolute Error
- Formula: Relative Error
- Formula: Percentage Error
- Flowchart
- Activity
- Example
- Combination of Errors
- Introduction
- Errors in sum and in Difference
- Errors in Products and in Division
- Errors Due to the Power Quantities
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Significant Figures
- Introduction
- The Five Essential Rules
- Order of magnitude
- Example
14 Scalars and Vectors [Revision]
- Vector Analysis
- Introduction
- Scalars and Vectors
- Scalar vs Vector
- Key Points to Remember
- Vector Operations>Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
- Introduction: Vector Operations
- Statement: Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
- Example
- Resolution of Vectors
- Introduction
- Definition: Resolution of the Vector
- Definition: Rectangular Components
- Characteristics
- Vector Resolution in 2D
- 2D vs 3D Rectangular Components
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Multiplication of Vectors
- Introduction
- Concept of Calculus
- Introduction
- Histotical Background
- Definition: Calculus
- Two Main Branches of Calculus
- Significance
15 Friction in Solids and Liquids [Revision]
- Mechanical Properties of Solids
- Introduction
- Definition: Deforming Force
- Definition: Deformation
- Characteristics
- Deforming Force and Restoring Mechanism
- Significance
- Example
- Elastic Behavior of Solids
- Definition: Elasticity
- Definition: Perfectly Elastic Body
- Definition: Plasticity
- Characteristics
- Stress and Strain
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress
- Definition: Strain
- Formula: Stress
- Formula: Strain
- Understanding Elasticity
- Hooke’s Law
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Modulus of Elasticity
- Understanding Hooke's Law
- Significance
- Elastic Modulus>Young’s Modulus
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Stress-strain Curve
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress-Strain Curve
- Characteristics
- Understanding Stress-Strain Curve
- Classification of Materials Based on Stress-Strain Behavior
- Elastic Hysteresis
- Elastic Wear and Tear in Rubber Bands
- Strain Energy
- Introduction
- Definition: Strain Energy
- Formula: Strain Energy
- Characteristics
- Derivation of Strain Energy
- Significance
- Hardness of Material
- Introduction
- Definition: Hardness
- Characteristics
- Material Properties
- Friction in Solids
- Introduction
- Definition: Friction
- Definition: Frictional Force
- Understanding Friction
- Disadvantages and Remedies
- Real-Life Examples
16 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current [Revision]
- Flow of Charges (Electrons) Between Conductor
- Drift Speed
- Introduction
- Direction of Electric Field
- Derivation
- Example 1
- Example2
- Ohm's Law
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Limitations
- Derivation
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Definition: Electrical Energy
- Concept of Power
- Definition: Power
- Formula: Power
- Key Points: Power
- Resistors
- Introduction
- Table
- Easy Bytes
- Example
- Specific Resistance
- Definition: Specific Resistance
- Definition: Conductivity
- Key Points: Specific Resistance
- Variation of Resistance with Temperature
- Derivation
- Concept of Temperature Difference
- Example
- Superconductivity
- Electro-Motive Force of a Cell
- Definition: Electro-Motive Force
- Definition: The e.m.f. Cell
- Cells in Series
- Introduction
- Advantages
17 Magnetism [Revision]
- Concept of Magnetism
- Basics of a Bar Magnet and Magnetic Lines of Force
- Introduction
- Fundamental Facts
- Magnetic Lines of Force
- Introduction
- Properties
- Activity
- Formula: Magnetic Field
- The Bar Magnet
- Introduction
- Axis
- Equator
- Magnetic Length
- Gauss' Law of Magnetism
- Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields
- Non-Existence of Magnetic Monopoles
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Introduction
- Magnetic Axis
- Magnetic Equator
- Geographic Meridian
- Magnetic Meridian
- Magnetic Declination
- Magnetic Inclination or Angle of Dip
- Earth’s Magnetic Field
- Special Cases
- Magnetic Maps of the Earth
- Example 1
- Example 2
2: 12th Std [Revision]
Entrance Exam Physics Syllabus
1 Rotational Dynamics [Revision]
- Rotational Dynamics
- Introduction
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Kinematics of Circular Motion
- Dynamics of Circular Motion (Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force)
- Centripetal force (CPF)
- Centrifugal force (c.f.f.)
- Kinematics of Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis
- Non-uniform circular motion
- Dynamic of Circular Motion
- Centripetal force
- Vehicle on a leveled circular road
- Banking of Tracks
- Centrifugal Force
- Effects of Centrifugal Force
- Centrifugal Force due to Rotation of the Earth
- Centripetal Force Versus Centrifugal Force
- Centrifugal Forces
- Definition: Centrifugal Force
- Definition: Fictitious Force
- Key Points: Centrifugal Force
- Applications of Uniform Circular Motion
- Vehicle Along a Horizontal Circular Track
- Well (or Wall) of Death
- Vehicle on a Banked Road
- Most safe speed
- Banking angle
- Speed limits
- Conical Pendulum
- Vehicle Along a Horizontal Circular Track
- Well (or Woll) of Death
- Vehicle on o Banked Rood
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Conical Pendulum
- Conical Pendulum
- Forces Acting on Bob
- Resolving the Forces
- Derivation
- Conical Pendulum
- Vertical Circular Motion
- Point Mass Undergoing Vertical Circular Motion Under Gravity
- Case I: Mass tied to a string
- Case II: Mass tied to a rod
- Sphere of Death
- Vehicle at the Top of a Convex OverBridge
- Point Moss Undergoing Vertical Circular Motion Under Gravity
- Sphere of Death
- Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity for Mass
- Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Ring
- Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Disc
- Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Disc
- Radius of Gyration
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
- Theorem of Parallel Axes
- Application of perpendicular and parallel axes theorem on different regular bodies
- Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear Momentum
- Expression for Angular Momentum in Terms of Moment of Inertia
- Expression for Torque in Terms of Moment of Inertia
- Conservation of Angular Momentum
- Ballet dancers
- Diving in a swimming pool (during competition)
- Rolling Motion
- Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion
- Rolling motion on an inclined plane
2 Mechanical Properties of Fluids [Revision]
- Fluid and Its Properties
- Pressure of liquid
- Introduction
- Experiment 1
- Experiment 2
- Pressure Due to a Liquid Column
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Absolute Pressure and Gouge Pressure
- Hydrostatic Paradox
- Pascal’s Law
- Applications of Pascal's Law > Hydraulic lift
- Applications of Pascal's Law > Hydraulic Brakes
- Pressure Measurement
- Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
- Mercury Barometer (Simple Barometer)
- Open Tube Manometer
- Surface Tension
- Surface Tension
- Force due to surface tension
- Factors affecting surface tension
1) Nature of liquid
2) Impurities
3) Temperature
4) Electrification - Applications of surface tension
- Molecular Theory of Surface Tension
- Intermolecular force
- Range of molecular force
- Sphere of influence
- Surface film
- Free surface of a liquid
- Surface tension on the basis of molecular theory
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Relation between the surface energy and surface tension
- Angle of Contact
- Angle of contact
- Characteristics of angle of contact
- Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
ii) Impurities
iii) Inclination
iv) Temperature - Shape of liquid meniscus
- Shape of liquid drop
- Effect of Impurity and Temperature on Surface Tension
- Effect of impurities
- Effect of temperature
- Excess Pressure Across the Free Surface of a Liquid
- Plane liquid surface
- Convex liquid surface
- Concave liquid surface
- Explanation of Formation of Drops and Bubbles
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Capillary action
- Ascent formula
- Capillary fall
- Capillary rise
- Expression for capillary rise or fall
- Method (I): Using pressure difference
- Method (II): Using forces
- Fluids in Motion
- Critical Velocity and Reynolds Number
- Liquid State
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Stokes’ Law
- Terminal Velocity
- Continuous and Discontinuous Functions
- Continuity of a function at a point
- Definition of Continuity
- Continuity from the right and from the left
- Examples of Continuous Functions
- Properties of continuous functions
- Types of Discontinuities
- Jump Discontinuity
- Removable Discontinuity
- Infinite Discontinuity
- Continuity over an interval
- The intermediate value theorem for continuous functions
- Bernoulli's Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli's equation > Speed of efflux
- Applications of Bernoulli's Equation > Ventury Tube
- Applications of Bernoulli's Equation > Lifting up of on Aeroplane
- Applications of Bernoulli's Equation > Working of on Atomizer
- Applications of Bernoulli's Equation > Blowing off of Roofs by Stormy Wind
- Archimedes' Principle
3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation [Revision]
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Gases
- Behaviour and characteristic properties of gases
- Composition of gases
- Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape
- Gases exert pressure in all directions
- Gases are highly compressible
- Gases are highly expansible
- Gases have low density
- Gases have a natural tendency to mix with one another (diffusion)
- Gases can be liquefied
- Classification of Gases: Real Gases and Ideal Gases
- Mean Free Path
- Free path
- Mean free path
- Pressure of Ideal Gas
- Root Mean Square (RMS) Speed
- Impact of vrms in nature:
1. Moon has no atmosphere
2. No hydrogen in Earth’s atmosphere
- Impact of vrms in nature:
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Kinetic energy of gas
- Different forms of K.E. of gas
- Relation between K.E. and temperature of the gas
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Law of equipartition of energy
- Energy of a system of the degree of freedom (f)
- Degrees of Freedom
- Degrees of freedom of mono, di, and triatomic gases
- Degrees of freedom for different gases at room temperature
- Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Moyer's Relation
- Monatomic Gases
- Diatomic Gases
- Polyatomic Gases
- Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission of Heat Radiation
- Interaction of Thermal Radiation and Matter
- Interaction of Thermal Radiation and Matter
- Perfect Blackbody
- Ferry’s Blackbody
- Ferry's Blackbody
- Emission of Heat Radiation
- Coefficient of Emission or Emissivity
- Coefficient of Emission or Emissivity
- Kirchhoff’s Law of Heat Radiation and Its Theoretical Proof
- Spectral Distribution of Blackbody Radiation
- Wien's Displacement Law
- Stefan-boltzmann Law of Radiation
- Prevost's Theory of Heat Exchange
4 Thermodynamics [Revision]
- Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- Heat
- Internal Energy
- Work: P-V diagrams
- Internal Energy (U)
- Heat
- Introduction
- Units of Heat
- Internal Energy and Change in Internal Energy
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Thermodynamic state variables
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1) Mechanical equilibrium
2) Chemical equilibrium
3) Thermal equilibrium - Equation of state
- Thermodynamic state variables
1) Extensive variables
2) Intensive variables
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- The p-V diagram
- Thermodynamic Process
- Thermodynamic Process
- Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process
- Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process
- Classification of Thermodynamic Processes
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Second Law of Thermodynamics - Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Isothermal Processes
- Isobaric process
- Isochoric process
- Adiabatic Processes
- Cyclic Process
- Free Expansion
- Heat Engine
- Heat engine
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Efficiency of heat engine
- The Heat Engine Cycle and the p-V Diagram
- Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
- Refrigerator: Heat Flow from a Colder Region to a Hotter Region
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Performance of a Refrigerator
- Air conditioner
- Heat Pump
- Heat Flow from a Colder Region to a Hotter Region
- Refrigerator
- Performance of a Refrigerator
- Air Conditioner
- Heat Pump
- Spontaneity
- Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine
- Significance of Reversibility in Thermodynamics
- Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine and Carnot’s Cycle
- Carnot Refrigerator
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Cycle
- Sterling Cycle
5 Oscillations [Revision]
- Oscillations
- Explanation of Periodic Motion
- Linear Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Differential Equation of Linear S.H.M.
- Acceleration (a), Velocity (v) and Displacement (x) of S.H.M.
- Expressions of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) at time t
- Extreme values of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a)
- Displacement
- Velocity
- Acceleration
- Amplitude (A), Period (T) and Frequency (N) of S.H.M.
- Amplitude of S.H.M.
- Period of S.H.M.
- Frequency of S.H.M.
- Combination of Springs
- Reference Circle Method
- Phase in S.H.M.
- Graphical Representation of S.H.M.
- Graphical Representation of S.H.M.
- Particle executing S.H.M., starting from mean position, towards positive
- Particle performing S.H.M., starting from the positive extreme position
- Conclusions from graph
- Composition of Two S.H.M.’S Having Same Period and Along Same Line
- The Energy of a Particle Performing S.H.M.
- Simple Pendulum
- Angular S.H.M. and It's Differential Equation
- Magnet Vibrating in Uniform Magnetic Field
- Damped Oscillations
- Free Oscillations, Forced Oscillations and Resonance Oscillations
6 Superposition of Waves [Revision]
- Introduction to Superposition of Waves
- Progressive Waves
- Properties of progressive waves
- Reflection of Waves
- Superposition of Waves
- Superposition of Two Wave Pulses of Equal Amplitude and Same Phase Moving towards Each Other
- Superposition of Two Wave Pulses of Equal Amplitude and Opposite Phases Moving towards Each Other
- Amplitude of the Resultant Wave Produced due to Superposition of Two Waves
- Stationary Waves
- Formation of Stationary Waves
- Equation of Stationary Wave on a Stretched String
- Condition for node
- Condition for antinode
- Properties of Stationary Waves
- Comparison of Progressive Waves and Stationary Waves
- Formation of Stationary Waves on String
- Equation of Stationary Wave on a Stretched String
- Properties of Stationary Waves
- Comparison of Progressive Waves and Stationary Waves
- Free and Forced Vibrations
- Harmonics and Overtones
- End Correction
- Vibrations of air column in a pipe closed at one end
- Vibrations of air column in a pipe open at both ends
- Practical Determination of End Connection
- Vibrations Produced in a String
- Laws of a Vibrating String
- Law of length
- Law of tension
- Law of linear density
- End Correction
- Study of Vibrations of Air Columns
- Vibrations of Air Column in a Pipe Open at Both Ends
- Practical Determination of End Correction
- Vibrations Produced in a String
- Laws of a Vibrating String
- Sonometer
- Verification of first law of a vibrating string
- Verification of second law of a vibrating string
- Verification of third law of a vibrating string
- Beats
- Analytical method to determine beat frequency
- Applications of beats
- Characteristics of Sound
- Musical Instruments
- Stringed instruments
- Wind instruments
- Percussion instruments
7 Wave Optics [Revision]
- Introduction of Wave Optics
- Wave Optics
- Newton's Corpuscular Theory of light
- Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory
- Huygens' Wave Theory of light
- Merits of Huygens' Wave Theory
- Limitations of Huygens' wave theory
- Properties of Luminiferous Ether
- Nature of Light
- Dual Nature of Light
- Speed of Light
- Categories of Light
- Light as a Wave
- Huygens’ Theory
- Primary and Secondary Sources of Light
- Wavefront
- Huygens’ Principle
- Reflection of Light at a Plane Surface
- Refraction of Light at a Plane Boundary Between Two Media
- Dependence of Wavelength on the Refractive Index of the Medium
- Polarization
- Polarization by Reflection: Brewster’s Law
- Polarization by Scattering
- Interference
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Coherent sources
- Incoherent sources
- Sustained interference pattern
- Conditions necessary to obtain sustained (steady) interference pattern
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width
- Young's double-slit experiment (YDSE)
- Expression for fringe width from YDSE
- Shift of fringes
- Conditions for Producing Steady Interference Pattern
- Methods for Obtaining Coherent Sources
- Optical Path
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
- Experimental Set up for Fraunhofer Diffraction
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
- Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
- Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
- Distribution of intensity with angular distance
- Diffraction at plane grating
- Diffraction due to circular aperture
- Comparison between interference and diffraction
- Fresnel distance
- Young’s Double Slit vs Single Slit
- Resolving Power
- Rayleigh’s Criterion for Limit of Resolution (or for Resolving Power)
- Resolving Power of a Microscope
- Resolving Power of a Telescope
- Rayleigh’s Criterion
- Resolving Power of a Microscope and Telescope
8 Electrostatics [Revision]
- Concept of Electrostatics
- Introduction
- Gauss’s Law
- Definition
- Origin
- Statement
- Derivation
- Example
- Gaussian Surface
- Area Vector
- Solid Angle
- Application of Gauss' Law
- Electric Field Intensity due to Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell or Hollow Sphere
- Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire
- Electric Field due to a Charged Infinite Plane Sheet
- Electric Potential and Potential Difference
- Introduction
- Definition: Potential Difference
- Formula: Potential Difference
- Example
- Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Derivation
- Electric Field due to an Electric Dipole
- Intensity of the Electric Field at a Point on the Axis of a Dipole
- Intensity of the Electric Field at a Point on the Equatorial Line of a Dipole
- Electric Field
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Definition: Equipotential Surfaces
- Formula Derivation and Analysis
- Formula: Equipotential Surfaces
- Important Properties of Equipotential Surfaces
- Electrical Energy of Two Point Charges and of a Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Potential energy of a system of 2 point charges
- Potential energy for a system of N point charges
- Potential energy of a single charge in an external field
- Potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field
- Potential energy of a dipole in an external field
- Conductors and Insulators
- Definition: Conductors
- Definition: Insulators
- Insulators are also called Dielectrics
- Explanation
- Free Charges and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
- Introduction
- Definition: Good Conductors
- Definition: Bad Conductors
- Definition: Bound Charge
- Explanation
- Dielectrics
- Definition: Dielectrics
- Dielectric Constant
- Polar and Non-polar Dielectric Molecules
- Electric Polarisation of Matter
- Introduction
- Behaviour of Dielectrics in Electric Field
- Dielectric Strength
- Permittivity and Relative Permittivity of Dielectrics
- Dielectric onstant of a Conductor
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitance
- Redistribution of charges and concept of common potential
- Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
- Capacitor
- Principle of a capacitor
- Types of capacitor
1) Parallel plate capacitor
2) Spherical capacitor
3) Cylindrical capacitor - Applications of capacitors
- Combination of Capacitors
- In Series
- In Parallel
- Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with and Without Dielectric Medium Between the Plates
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor without dielectric medium
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab between the plates
- Displacement Current
- Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
- Introduction
- Formula Derivation
- Energy Stored in Combination of Capacitors
- Energy Density in Capacitor
- Van De Graaff Generator
- Principle
9 Current Electricity [Revision]
- Current Electricity
- Kirchhoff’s Laws of Electrical Network
- Kirchhoff’s First Law: (Current law/Junction law)
- Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Introduction
- Definition: Wheatstone’s Bridge
- Derivation
- Metre Bridge: Slide-Wire Bridge
- Description
- Determination of Resistance
- Errors and Their Removal
- Potentiometer
- Principle
- Sensitivity of Potentiometer
- Construction
- Precautions
- Superiority of Potentiometer over Voltmeter
- Uses of Potentiometer
- Galvanometer
- Definition: Galvanometer
10 Magnetic Fields Due to Electric Current [Revision]
- Magnetic Fields Due to Electric Current
- Magnetic force
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Cyclotron
- Description
- Construction
- Theory and Working
- Achievement of Resonance Condition
- Limitations
- Kinetic Energy of Particles Accelerated in a Cyclotron
- Helical Motion
- Magnetic Force on a Wire Carrying a Current
- Straight wire
- Arbitrarily shaped wire
- Force on a Closed Circuit in a Magnetic Field
- Torque on a Current-Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Dipole Moment
- Magnetic Potential Energy of a Dipole
- Biot-Savart Law
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Biot-Savart's Law in Terms of Current Density
- Units and Dimensions
- Force of Attraction Between Two Long Parallel Wires
- Magnetic Field Produced by a Current in a Circular Arc of a Wire
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current-Carrying Loop
- Magnetic Lines for a Current Loop
- Ampere's Law
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Toroidal Solenoid
- Magnetic field due to a long straight solenoid
- Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid
11 Magnetic Materials [Revision]
- Magnetic Materials
- Selection of Magnetic Materials
- Torque Acting on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Location of Magnetic poles of a Current Carrying Loop
- Origin of Magnetism in Materials
- Magnetic Moment of an Electron Revolving Around the Nucleus of an Atom
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetisation
- Magnetic Intensity
- Relation between permeability and susceptibility
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Diamagnetism
- Paramagnetism
- Ferromagnetism
- Effect of Temperature
- Hysteresis: Retentivity and Coercivity
- Hysteresis Curve
- Hysteresis Loss
- Hysteresis Loop
- Permanent Magnet
- Magnetic Shielding
12 Electromagnetic Induction [Revision]
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Faraday's Law of Induction
- Law: Faraday's First Law or Neumann's Law
- Law: Faraday's Second Law or Lenz's Law
- Lenz's Law
- Applications of Lenz's law
- Motion of a Magnet Toward a Loop
- Energy Conservation in Lenz's Law
- Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law
- Flux of the Field
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- Induced Emf in a Stationary Coil in a Changing Magnetic Field
- Generators
- Back Emf and Back Torque
- Induction and Energy Transfer
- Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents
- Explanation
- Applications
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Self Inductance
- Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
- Energy Density of a Magnetic Field
- Transformers
- Introduction
- Principle
- Construction
- Theory
- Energy Losses in a Transformer
- Utility of Transformers in Long-distance Power Transmission
- Types of Transformer
- Examples
- Uses of Transformers
- Table
13 AC Circuits [Revision]
- AC Circuits
- A.C. Generator
- Principle
- Construction and Its Main Parts
- Working
- Frequency of Altering Current
- Average and RMS Values
- Average or mean value of AC
- Root-mean-square (or rms) value
- Phasors
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for a purely resistive load
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for purely inductive circuit
- Inductive Reactance (XL)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for the purely capacitive circuit
- Capacitive Reactance
- Comparison between resistance and reactance
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- LCR Series Circuit
- Phasor-diagram solution
- Analytical solution
- Resonance - Sharpness of resonance
- Power in AC Circuit
- Circuit Containing Pure Resistance Only
- Circuit Containing both Inductance and Resistance (L-R Circuit)
- LC Oscillations
- Electric Resonance
- Series resonance circuit
- Parallel resonance circuit
- Sharpness of Resonance: Q Factor
- Choke Coil
14 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter [Revision]
- Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- The Photoelectric Effect
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Effect of frequency on the photoelectric current: Threshold frequency, Threshold wavelength
- Effect of intensity of light on the photoelectric current
- Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current
- Effect of photometals on stopping potential
- Laws of photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric cell: Construction, Working, and Applications of photocell
- Failure of wave theory of light to explain photoelectric effect
- Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
- Failure of Wove Theory on Photoelectric Effect
- Einstein's Postulate of the Photoelectric Equation
- Wave-particle Duality of Electromagnetic Radiation
- Photo Cell
- De Broglie Hypothesis
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- Wave-particle Duality of Matter
- Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation: Planck's Quantum Theory of Radiation
- Photoelectric Effect
- Dual Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation
15 Structure of Atoms and Nuclei [Revision]
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Geiger-marsden Experiment
- Atomic Models
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Introduction
- Rutherford’s Nuclear atomic model
- Merits and Demerits
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr’s Atomic Model
- Wave particle duality of electromagnetic radiation
- Line emission spectrum of hydrogen
- Radii of the Orbits
- Energy of the Electrons
- Limitations of Bohr’s Model
- De Broglie’s Explanation
- Radii of the Orbits
- Energy of the Electrons
- Limitations of Bohr's Model
- De Broglie's Explanation
- Atomic Nucleus
- Constituents of a Nucleus
- Units for measuring masses of atoms and subatomic particles
- Sizes of Nuclei
- Nuclear Forces
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding energy
- Binding energy per nucleon
- Binding energy curve
- Importance of binding energy curve
- Radioactive Decays
- Alpha Decay
- Beta Decay
- Gamma Decay
- Rate of decay
- Rate law
- Expression for decay constant
- Half life of radioelement (t1/2)
- Graphical representation of decay
- Units of radioactivity
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Definition: Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Fission
- Definition: Nuclear Fission
- Explanation
- Calculation of Energy Released in One Fission
- Controlled and Uncontrolled Chain Reactions
- Nuclear Fusion
- Definition: Nuclear Vision
- Example
- Other Example of Fusion Reaction
- Nuclear Fission
- Dalton's Atomic Theory
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Radioactivity
- Introduction
- Becquerel Rays
- Radioactivity is a Nuclear Phenomenon
- Discovery of Radioactivity
- Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances
16 Semiconductor Devices [Revision]
- Basics of Semiconductor Devices
- Introduction
- Comparison between N-Type Semiconductor and P- Type Semiconductor
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- p-n Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- Half Wave Rectifier
- Full Wave Rectifier
- Ripple Factor
- Filter circuits
- A capacitor filter
- Half Wave Rectifier
- Introduction
- Working
- Full Wave Rectifier
- Ripple Factor
- Filter circuits
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Applications of semiconductors : Rectifier diode, LED, Zener diode, Photo diode, Photovoltaic cell, BJT, FET, SCR., MOSFET
- Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
- Basics of Logic Gates
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Frequently asked questions about Entrance Exam Physics Revised Syllabus
Which topic in Physics has the highest weightage in MHT CET?
Based on previous year’s trends, Kinetic Theory of Gasses and Radiation has one of the highest weightage in MHT CET Physics
