Topics
Crystal Structure
- Introduction to Crystallography
- Study of characteristics of unit cell of Diamond, ZnS, NaCl and HCP;
- Miller Indices of Crystallographic Planes and Directions
- Interplanar Spacing
- X-ray Diffraction
- Bragg’S Law
- Determination of Crystal structure using Bragg’s diffractometer
- Frenkel and Schotkey Crystal Defects
- Ionic Crystal Legancy (3,4,6,8)
- Liquid Crystal Phases
Quantum Mechanics
- Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
- Wave Particle Duality
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Experimental Verification of De Broglie Theory
- Properties of Matter Waves
- Wave Packet
- Phase Velocity and Group Velocity
- Wave Function
- Physical Interpretation of Wave Function
- Heisenberg’S Uncertainty Principle
- Electron Diffraction Experiment
- Gama Ray Microscope Experiment
- Applications of Uncertainty Principle
- Schrodinger’S Time Dependent Wave Equation
- Time Independent Wave Equation
- Motion of Free Particle
- Particle Trapped in One Dimensional Infinite Potential Well
Semiconductor Physics
- Splitting of Energy Levels for Band Formation
- Electrical Conduction in Solids
- Conductivity, mobility, current density (drift & diffusion) in semiconductors(n type and p type)
- Fermi Dirac Distribution Function
- Fermi Energy Level in Intrinsic Semiconductors
- Fermi energy level in extrinsic semiconductors
- Effect of Impurity Concentration on Fermi Level
- Effect of Temperature on Fermi Level
- Fermi Level Diagram for P-N Junction
- Breakdown Mechanism
- Hall Effect
- Applications of semiconductors : Rectifier diode, LED, Zener diode, Photo diode, Photovoltaic cell, BJT, FET, SCR., MOSFET
Superconductivity
- Introduction to Superconductivity
- Meissner Effect
- Type I superconductors
- Type II Superconductors
- BCS Theory (concept of Cooper pair)
- Josephson Effect
- Applications of superconductors- SQUID, MAGLEV
Dieletctrics and Magnetic Materials
Acoustics
- Conditions of Good Acoustics
- Reflection of Sound(Reverberation and Echo)
- Absorption of Sound
- Absorption Coefficient
- Sabine’s formula
- Acoustic Design of a hall
- Common Acoustic Defects
- Common Acoustic Materials
Ultrasonics
- Ultrasonic Wave Generation
- Magnetostriction Oscillator
- Piezoelectric Oscillator
- Applications of Ultrasonic : Eco sounding
- NDT
- ultrasonic cleaning(cavitation)
- Ultrasonic Sensors
- Industrial Applications of Ultrasonic
- Introduction
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- Table
- Concept of Electrical Conductivity
- Classification of Semiconductors
Conductors
The ability of a material to either allow or resist the flow of electric current determines the nature of electricity. This property is determined by resistance, which acts as an opposition to the movement of electric charges. Based on the level of resistance, materials are categorised into conductors and insulators.
Conductors are materials that allow electric current to pass through them very easily because they have very low resistance. These materials have a lot of free electrons (tiny charged particles) that can move freely within the substance. This movement allows electricity to flow smoothly. For example, metals like copper, silver, gold, and aluminium are excellent conductors.
Insulators (Non-Conductors)
Insulators are materials that resist the flow of electric current because they have extremely high resistance. These materials do not have free electrons to move around, which prevents the flow of electricity.
For example: non-metallic materials like rubber, plastic, wood, glass, and ceramics.
