Revision: 11th Std >> Optics MAH-MHT CET (PCM/PCB) Optics

Light is an electromagnetic wave that travels in straight lines in a homogeneous medium.

• Speed of light in vacuum: c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s.

The phenomenon that is based on the fact that light waves are transverse electromagnetic waves is called polarisation.

The branch of optics that is based on rectilinear propagation of light and deals with mirrors, lenses, reflection, refraction, etc. is called ray optics.

The branch of optics that considers light as a wave which can bend around objects, diffract and interfere, etc. is called wave optics.

Coupled time-varying electric and magnetic fields that propagate in space are called electromagnetic waves.

A branch of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays is called ray optics.

The bouncing of light by any smooth or polished surface is called.

The phenomenon of bouncing back of light rays in the same medium on striking a surface is called reflection of light.

The phenomenon due to which a parallel beam of light traveling through a certain medium, on striking some polished surface, bounces off from it, as a parallel beam, in some other direction, is called regular reflection.

The principal axis is the straight line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature.

A curved mirror whose reflecting surface is on the inner side of the curved surface is called a concave mirror.

The aberration that arises due to the spherical shape of the reflecting surface is called spherical aberration.

The ratio of linear size of an image to that of the object, measured perpendicular to the principal axis, is called lateral magnification.

A curved mirror whose reflecting surface is on the outer side of the curved surface is called a convex mirror.

A mirror with a curved reflecting surface is called a curved mirror.

The critical angle is the angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90 degrees.

When a ray of light propagates from a denser medium to a rarer medium, the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90° is called the critical angle.

Total internal reflection is the complete reflection of light back into an optically denser medium when light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium and the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

A mirage is an optical illusion seen on hot roads or in deserts where distant objects appear reflected from water-like surfaces.

An optical fibre is a thin, transparent fibre of glass or plastic that transmits light signals using repeated total internal reflection.

The aberration that occurs due to the lens refracting different wavelengths of light at different angles, resulting in an image consisting of different colours without a single focussed image, is called chromatic aberration.

The aberration caused by the spherical shape of the lens, where light rays at the edges focus at a different point than those near the centre, leading to a blurred image, is called spherical aberration.

The angular separation between the two extreme rays of a dispersed beam of light is called angular dispersion.

The phenomenon of splitting of white light by a prism into its constituent colours is known as dispersion.

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The splitting of light into its component colours is called dispersion.

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The process of separation of light into its component colours while passing through a medium is called the dispersion of light.

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The phenomenon in which white light splits into its constituent colours when it passes through a prism or another medium is called dispersion of light.

The phenomenon of the splitting of white light by a prism into its constituent colours is known as dispersion of light.

When a beam of white light or composite light is refracted through any transparent media such as glass or water, it is split into its component colours. This phenomenon is called ‘dispersion of light’.

On passing white light through a prism, the band of colours seen on a screen is called the spectrum.

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The band of the coloured components of a light beam is called its spectrum.

An arc of seven colours with red on the inner edge and violet on the outer edge, caused by double total internal reflection inside water droplets, is called a secondary rainbow.

The optical illusion of water or distant objects caused by refraction of light due to temperature differences in air layers is called a mirage.

An arc of seven colours formed in the sky with red on the outer edge and violet on the inner edge, caused by single total internal reflection inside water droplets, is called a primary rainbow.

For a normal, unaided human eye, D = 25 cm. If an object is brought closer than this, we cannot see it clearly. The minimum distance from the eye at which an object can be seen clearly is called the least distance of distinct vision.

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Due to the limitation of focusing the eye lens, it is not possible to take an object closer than a certain distance. This distance is called the least distance of distinct vision.

Angular magnification or magnifying power of an optical instrument is defined as the ratio of the visual angle made by the image formed by that optical instrument (β) to the visual angle subtended by the object when kept at the least distance of distinct vision (α).

An optical instrument that uses a single convex lens to magnify small objects is called a simple microscope.

An optical instrument that uses objective and eye piece lenses to magnify tiny objects in detail is called a compound microscope.

The resolving power of an astronomical telescope is defined as the reciprocal of the smallest angular separation between two point objects whose images can just be resolved by the telescope.

R.P = `(1.22 lambda)/D`

Resolving power is the ability of the telescope to distinguish clearly between two points whose angular separation is less than the smallest angle that the observer’s eye can resolve.

An optical instrument that uses objective and eye piece lenses to magnify distant terrestrial or celestial objects is called a telescope.

n = \[\frac {360°}{θ}\]

• If n is even → N = n − 1
• If n is odd → N = n (object not on bisector); N = n − 1 (object on bisector)
• If n is a fraction → N = integral part of n

For light travelling from medium 1 to medium 2, where medium 1 is denser than medium 2:

d = t - \[\frac {t}{μ}\] = t\[\left(1-\frac{1}{\mu}\right)\]

n = \[\frac {\text {sin i}}{\text {sin r}}\] = \[\frac {c}{v}\] = \[\frac {\text {Real depth}}{\text {Apparent depth}}\]

\[\frac{n_2-n_1}{R}=\frac{n_2}{v}-\frac{n_1}{u}\]

1. M_Max = 1 + \[\frac {D}{f}\]
2. M_Min = \[\frac {D}{f}\]

M = m_o × M_e

1. \[\mathrm{M_{D.D.V}=\frac{f_{o}}{f_{e}}\left(1+\frac{f_{e}}{D}\right)}\]
2. M = \[\frac{\mathrm{f}_{0}}{\mathrm{f}_{0}}\]

• The angle of incidence ∠i = angle of reflection ∠r.
• The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in one plane; both rays are on either side of the normal.

• Reflection occurs when light bounces off a smooth surface like a mirror, following fixed laws.
• Plane mirrors always form virtual, erect, and same-sized images that are laterally inverted.
• Curved surfaces (like a spoon) act as spherical mirrors, changing the image size and orientation depending on the object's position.

• The plane mirror image is always erect, virtual, the same size, the same distance behind the mirror, and laterally inverted.
• A convex mirror always gives a virtual, erect, diminished image; it is a diverging mirror with positive focal length.
• A concave mirror is a converging mirror with a negative focal length; the nature of the image depends on the object position.
• Cartesian Sign Convention: All distances from the pole; along incident light = positive; against = negative; above principal axis = positive; below = negative.

Lens Formula:

\[\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}=\frac{1}{f}\]

• Dispersion is the splitting of white light into seven colours (VIBGYOR) when it passes through a prism or similar transparent medium.
• Human eyes can detect light with wavelengths ranging from 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red).
• Different colours travel at different speeds in a medium like glass, so each colour has a different refractive index.
• Violet light bends the most, and red light bends the least, as it passes through a prism, producing a spectrum.
• A rainbow is formed due to dispersion, refraction, and internal reflection of sunlight by raindrops acting as tiny prisms.