Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus - Free PDF Download
Maharashtra State Board Syllabus 2026-27 12th Standard Board Exam: The Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus for the examination year 2026-27 has been released by the MSBSHSE, Maharashtra State Board. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2026-27 Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Maharashtra State Board syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus for 2026-27 is below.
Academic year:
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Revised Syllabus
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Course Structure 2026-27 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1: Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Reproduction
- Definition: Reproduction
- Modes of Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Definition: Asexual Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Juvenile Phase (Vegetative Phase in plants)
- Key Points: Sexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Binary Fission
- Definition: Binary fission
- Types of Binary Fission: Flowchart
- Binary Fission > Simple Binary Fission
- Definition: Simple binary fission
- Sequential Steps
- Binary Fission > Transverse Binary Fission
- Definition: Transverse Binary Fission
- Binary Fission > Longitudinal Binary Fission
- Definition: Longitudinal Binary Fission
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Multiple Fission
- Definition: Multiple Fission
- Definition: Cyst
- Example-Amoeba
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Budding
- Definition: Budding in Unicellular Organisms
- Example-Saccharomyces (yeast)
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Fragmentation
- Definition: Fragmentation
- Example-Spirogyra
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Spore Formation
- Introduction
- Example-Mucor
- Example-Chlamydomonas
- Example-Pythium
- Example-Rhizopus
- Example-Aspergillus
- Example-Penicillium
- Vegetative Reproduction or Vegetative Propagation
- Definition: Vegetative Reproduction or Vegetative Propagation
- Advantage
- Disadvantage
- Flower - a Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
- Structure and Development of Anther
- Structure of Anther and Pollen Chambers
- Anther Wall Layers and Their Functions
- Dehiscence of Anther
- Microsporogenesis
- Definition: Microsporogenesis
- Primary Sporogenous Tissue
- Meiotic Division
- Types of Pollen Tetrads
- Structure and Development of Male Gametophyte
- Structure of Pollen Grain
- Composition and Role of Sporopollenin
- Pollination and Pollen Germination
- Pollen Viability and Preservation
- Formation of Male Gametophyte
- Development of Male Gametes
- Structure and Development of Ovule
- Structure of Ovule
- Development of Ovule
- Types of Ovules (Based on Orientation)
- Orthotropous (Atropous)
- Anatropous
- Campylotropous
- Hemianatropous
- Amphitropous
- Circinotropous
- Types of Ovules (Based on Integuments)
- Unitegmic
- Bitegmic
- Ategmic
- Megasporogenesis
- Definition: Megasporogenesis
- Process
- Development of Female Gametophyte or Embryo Sac
- Formation of Embryo Sac
- Cellular Organisation of Embryo Sac
- Pollination
- Definition: Pollination
- Self-pollination
- Autogamy
- Definition: Autogamy
- Introduction
- Autogamy
- Cross-pollination
- Definition: Cross-pollination
- Geitonogamy
- Definition: Geitonogamy
- Introduction
- Agents and Types of Cross-pollination
- Introduction
- Flowchart
- Anemophily
- Definition: Anemophily
- Introduction
- Hydrophily
- Definition: Hydrophily
- Introduction
- Entomophily
- Definition: Entomophily
- Introduction
- Ornithophily
- Definition: Ornithophily
- Introduction
- Cheiropteriphily
- Definition: Cheiropteriphily
- Introduction
- Malacophily
- Definition: Malacophily
- Introduction
- Fertilization
- Definition: Fertilization
- Pollen Pistil Interaction
- Artificial Hybridization or Artificial Fertilization
- Double Fertilization and Triple Fusion
- Definition: Double Fertilization
- Endosperm
- Embryo
- Definition: Embryogenesis
- Introduction
- Seed and Fruit Development
- Dormancy
- Apomixis
- Definition: Apomixis
- Types
- Mechanisms
- Significance
- Parthenocarpy
- Definition: Parthenocarpic Fruits
- Definition: Parthenocarpy
- Causes of Parthenocarpic Fruit Formation
- Significance in Horticulture
- Polyembryony
- Overview of Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants
2: Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Reproduction
- Definition: Reproduction
- Modes of Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Definition: Asexual Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Juvenile Phase (Vegetative Phase in plants)
- Key Points: Sexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Gemmule Formation
- Introduction
- Example-Spongilla
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Budding
- Definition: Budding in Multicellular Organisms
- Example-Hydra
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Regeneration
- Definition: Regeneration
- Example-Planaria
- Example-Hydra
- Human Reproduction
- Key Points: Human Reproduction
- The Male Reproductive System
- Key Points: The Male Reproductive System
- Basic Concept of Testes
- Duct system of Male Reproductive Tract
- Accessory Glands of Male Reproductive System
- Key Points: Accessory Glands of Male Reproductive System
- Semen (Seminal fluid)
- External Genitalia: Penis
- The Female Reproductive System
- Key Points: The Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries
- Definition: Follicle
- Definition: Graafian Follicle
- Definition: Corpus Luteum
- Female Reproductive Duct System
- External Genitalia: Vulva
- Definition: Vulva
- Mammary Glands
- Definition: Areola
- Definition: Nipple
- Definition: Alveoli
- Anatomy and Structure
- Lactation and Hormonal Regulation
- Composition and Importance of Milk
- Puberty
- Definition: Puberty
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Major Events of Menstrual Cycle
- Key Points: Major Events of Menstrual Cycle
- Gametogenesis
- Key Points: Gametogenesis
- Spermatogenesis
- Definition: Spermatogenesis
- Introduction
- Phases of Spermatogenesis
- Multiplication phase
- Growth phase
- Maturation phase
- Structure of Sperms
- Introduction
- Head
- Neck
- Middle Piece
- Tail (Flagellum)
- Oogenesis
- Definition: Oogenesis
- Introduction
- Phases of Oogenesis
- Multiplication phase
- Growth phase
- Maturation phase
- Structure of Secondary Oocyte
- Fertilization
- Definition: Fertilization
- Fertilization in Human
- Definition: Fertilization in Human
- Key Points: Fertilization in Human
- Embryonic Development in Human
- Pregnancy in Humans
- Placenta (Growth) in Human
- Definition: Placenta
- Definition: Umbilical Cord
- Parturition (Birth) in Human
- Definition: Parturition
- Lactation in Human
- Concept of Reproductive Health
- Key Points: Reproductive Health
- Methods of Birth Control and Contraceptive Devices
- Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Key Points: Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
- Infertility
- Overview of Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals
3: Inheritance and Variation [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Heredity
- Definition: Heredity
- Key Points: Heredity
- Genes and Genetic
- Definition: Genes
- Definition: Genetics
- Definition: Genome
- Back Cross and Test Cross
- Deviations from Mendel’s Findings
- Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Chromosomes - The Carriers of Heredity
- Discovery of Chromosomes
- Definition: Chromosomes
- Definition: Chromatin
- Definition: Centromere
- Definition: Chromatid
- Definition: Sister Chromatids
- Definition: Homologous Chromosomes
- Introduction
- Variation in Chromosome Number (ploidy)
- Structure of a Chromosome
- Key Points: Chromosomes
- Linkage and Crossing Over
- Sex Determination
- Sex Determination in Birds
- Autosomal Inheritance
- Human Genetic Disorders
- Genetic Disorders
- Examples of Genetic Disorders
- Sex Linked Inheritance
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Multiple alleles
- Linkage
- Types of Linkage > Complete Linkage
- Types of Linkage > Incomplete Linkage
- Crossing Over
- Sex-Linked Inheritance in Human Beings
- Autosomal Abnormalities
- Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
- Turner's Syndrome
- Klinefelter's Syndrome
- Overview of Inheritance and Variation
4: Molecular Basis of Inheritance [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- The Discovery of DNA
- Introduction of DNA
- Composition of DNA
- Key Points: Molecular Structure of DNA
- Griffith’s Experiment
- Packaging of DNA Helix
- DNA Replication
- Protein Synthesis
- Definition: Central Dogma
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Genomics
- Human Genome Project
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Definition: DNA Fingerprinting
- Genetic Code
- Mechanism of Translation
- Overview of Molecular Basis of Inheritance
5: Origin and Evolution of Life [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Origin and Evolution of Universe and Earth
- Theories of Origin of Life
- Chemical Evolution of Life (Self-assembly Theory of the Origin of Life)
- Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection (Darwinism)
- Definition: Variations
- Definition: Neo-Darwinism
- Key Points: Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection (Darwinism)
- Organic Evolution
- Hardy Weinberg’s Principle
- Adaptive Radiation
- Evidence of Evolution > Morphological Evidences
- Key Points: Morphological Evidences
- Speciation
- Definition: Speciation
- Geological Time Scale
- Theories of Biological Evolution
- Definition: Natural Selection
- Definition: Survival of the Fittest
- Overview of Origin and Evolution of Life
6: Plant Water Relation [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Plant Water Relation
- Properties of Water
- Introduction
- Activity 1
- Activity 2
- Activity 3
- Water Available to Roots for Absorption
- Absorption and Conduction of Water and Minerals
- Imbibition
- Definition: lmbibition
- Diffusion
- Definition: Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Definition: Osmosis
- Osmotic Pressure
- Definition: Osmotic Pressure
- Definition: Tonicity
- Turgidity and Flaccidity (Plasmolysis)
- Definition: Turgid
- Definition: Turgidity
- Definition: Turgor Pressure
- Definition: Wall Pressure
- Definition: Plasmolysis
- Definition: Flaccidity
- Passive Transport
- Definition: Passive Transport
- Imbibition
- Water Potential (ψ)
- Concept of Transpiration
- Definition: Transpiration
- Path of Water Across the Root
- Forces Contributing to Ascent of Sap
- Kinds of Transpiration
- Structure of Stomatal Apparatus
- Transport of Mineral Ions
- Significance of Transpiration
- Transportation in Plants
- Transportation of Food and Other Substances
- Introduction
- Definition: Translocation
- Working of Translocation
- Transportation of Food and Other Substances
- Overview of Plant Water Relation
7: Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Plant Growth
- Phases of Plant Growth
- Conditions Necessary for Plant Growth
- Plant Growth Rate
- Plant Growth Curve
- Differentiation, De-differentiation, Re- Differentiation
- Plant Development
- Plant Plasticity
- Plant Hormones
- Definition: Stimuli
- Definition: Responses
- Definition: Hormones
- Definition: Phytohormones
- Overview of Plant Hormones and Roles
- Auxins
- Definition: Auxin
- Definition: Apical dominance
- Definition: Parthenocarpy
- Definition: Parthenocarpic Fruits
- Key Points: Auxins
- Gibberellins
- Definition: Gibberellin
- Key Points: Gibberellins
- Cytokinins
- Definition: Cytokinin
- Key Points: Cytokinins
- Ethylene
- Definition: Ethylene
- Key Points: Ethylene
- Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Definition: Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Key Points: Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Photoperiodism
- Vernalization (Yarovization)
- Vernalization
- Advantages of vernalization
- Plant Mineral Nutrition
- Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
- Overview of Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition
8: Respiration and Circulation [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Organs of Respiratory Exchange
- Human Respiratory System
- Respiratory System
- Exchange of Gases in Lungs
- Significance of Respiration
- Key Points: Respiratory System
- Mechanism of respiration-Breathing
- Mechanism of Respiration
- Steps of Respiration
- Regulation of Breathing / Respiration
- Modified Respiratory Movements
- Disorders of Respiratory System
- Transportation in Living Organisms
- Circulation in Animals
- Types of Closed Circulation
- Blood Circulatory System
- Composition of Blood > Plasma (The Liquid Portion of Blood)
- Plasma
- Components of Plasma
- Function of Plasma
- Definition: Serum
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Red Blood Cells
- Function of RBC
- Key Points: Red Blood Cells
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Types of WBCs
- Function of WBCs
- Key Points: White Blood Cells
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Definition: Thrombokinase
- Definition: Clot
- Blood Platelets
- Function of Blood Platelets
- Key Points: Blood Platelets
- Human Heart
- Structure of the Heart
- Layers of the Heart Wall
- Chambers of the Heart
- Definition: Pericardium
- Key Points: The Heart
- Working mechanism of human heart
- Cardiac Cycle
- Atrial systole (AS)
- Ventricular systole (VS)
- Cardiac output (CO)
- Blood Vessels
- Blood Vessels: Structure and Functions
- Capillaries
- Definition: Artery
- Definition: Vein
- Definition: Arteriole
- Definition: Venule
- Blood Pressure (B.P.)
- Introduction
- Definition: Blood Pressure
- Definition: Systolic Pressure
- Definition: Diastolic Pressure
- Definition: Hypertension
- Definition: Sphygmomanometer
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation (Double Circulation)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Definition: Lymph
- Key Points: Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Mechanism of respiration - Internal respiration
- Mechanism of respiration - External respiration
- External respiration / Exchange of gases at the alveolar level
- Pulmonary volumes and capacities
- Cellular Respiration
- Definition: Aerobic Respiration
- Definition: Anaerobic Respiration
- Key Points: Cellular Respiration
- Overview of Respiration and Circulation
9: Control and Co-ordination [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Control and Co-ordination
- Nervous System in Hydra
- Nervous System in Planaria (Flatworm)
- Neural Tissue
- Neuroglial Cells (Or Glial Cells)
- Neuron (Or Nerve Cell)
- Definition: Neuron (Nerve Cell)
- Definition: Neurolemma (Neurilemma)
- Definition: Nodes of Ranvier
- Definition: Synaptic Cleft
- Definition: Stimulus
- Definition: Response
- Definition: Nerve Impulse
- Definition: Receptors
- Definition: Effectors
- Key Points: Neuron
- Transmission of Nerve Impulse
- Definition: Polarised State
- Definition: Sodium Pump
- Human Nervous System
- Introduction
- Components of Nervous System
- Need of Nervous System
- Key Points: Human Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Central Nervous System
- Different regions of Brain and its functions
- The Human Brain
- Definition: Meninges
- Definition: Meningitis
- Key Points: Human Brain
- The Spinal Cord
- Key Points: Spinal Cord
- Peripheral Nervous System > Somatic Nervous System
- Sensory Receptors
- The Human Eye
- Key Points: The Human Eye
- Human Ear
- Key Points: Human Ear
- Disorders of Nervous System
- Psychological disorders
- Parkinson's disease
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Chemical Coordination
- Human Endocrine System
- Definition: Endocrine System
- Human Endocrine Glands
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
- Key Points: Pituitary Gland
- The Pineal Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Key Points: Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Thymus Gland
- Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal Gland)
- Key Points: Adrenal Glands
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
- Definition: Islets of Langerhans
- Introduction
- Function of Pancreas
- Key Points: Pancreas
- Reproductive Glands (Gonads)
- Diffuse Endocrine Glands
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
- Synapse
- Definition: Synapse
- Types of Synapse
- Electrical synapse
- Chemical synapse
- Generation of nerve impulse
- Reflex Action
- Definition: Reflex Action
- Key Points: Reflex Action
- Peripheral Nervous System > Autonomic Nervous System
- Overview of Control and Co-ordination
10: Human Health and Diseases [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Defence System in Our Body: Immune System
- Structure of Antibody
- Disease
- Introduction
- Identification of disease
- Common Diseases in Human Beings
- Protozoan Diseases
- Helminthic Diseases
- Bacterial Diseases
- Viral Diseases
- Fungal Diseases
- Vector Borne Diseases
- Cancer
- Drug Abuse
- Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use- An Invitation to Death
- Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse
- Concept of Adolescence
- Introduction
- Meaning
- Stages of Adolescence
- Development of Sexual and Secondary Sexual Characters
- Physical Changes during Adolescence
- Emotional and Social Changes
- Adolescence as a Phase
- Key Points: Adolescence
- Addiction
- Human Health
- Vaccines and Vaccination
- Definition: Vaccine
- Definition: Vaccination
- Vaccines and Vaccination
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Definition: Blood Transfusion
- Definition: Blood Donor
- Definition: Blood Recipient
- Definition: Antigens
- Definition: Antibodies
- Definition: Universal Donor
- Definition: Universal Recipient
- Blood Groups
- Rh Factor
- Key Point: Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups
11: Enhancement of Food Production [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Improvement in Food Production
- Plant Breeding
- Methods of Crop Improvement
- Tissue Culture
- Definition: Tissue Culture
- Introduction
- Tissue Culture Stages
- Processes in Tissue Culture
- Tissue Culture
- Single Cell Protein (SCP)
- Biofortification
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Agro-Complementary Occupations
- Animal Husbandry
- Lac Culture
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Animal Breeding
- Dairy (Livestock) Farm Management
- Proper Care for Optimal Yield
- Dairy Farm Management
- Protecting the Cattle from Diseases
- Livestock Management: Sheep, Goats, and Horses
- Poultry Farm Management
- Poultry Farm Management
- Components of Poultry Farm Management
- Egg and Broiler Production
- Poultry Disease
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Apiculture (Bee Farming)
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Sericulture
- Introduction
- The Life Cycle of Silk Worm
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Microbes in Industrial Products
- Microbes in Sewage Treatment
- Microbes in Energy Generation
- Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
- Microbes as Biofertilizers
- Microbial Role in Dairy Products
- Key Points: Microbial Role in Dairy Products
- Overview of Enhancement of Food Production
11 Human Reproduction [Revision]
12: Biotechnology [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Biotechnology
- Key Points: Biotechnology
- Principles of Biotechnology
- Tools and techniques for gene cloning/ rDNA technology
- Methodology for rDNA Technology
- Crop Biotechnology > Hybrid Seeds
- Definition: Hybrid Seeds
- Transgenic Plants
- Bioethics
- Effects of Biotechnology on the Environment
- Biopiracy
- Effects of Biotechnology on Human Health
- Crop Biotechnology > Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Definition: Genetically Modified Crops (GMOs)
- Key Points: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Overview of Biotechnology
13: Organisms and Populations [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Organisms and the Environment Around
- Habitat
- Niche
- Adaptations and Its Types
- Population
- Population Interactions
- Organisms and Populations
- Population Growth
- Interspecific Relationships
- Overview of Organisms and Populations
14: Ecosystems and Energy Flow [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Concept of Ecosystem
- Key Points: Concept of Ecosystem
- Classification of Animal
- Introduction
- Diversity in Animal Food
- Reproduction in Animals
- Classification of Animals Based on Habitat
- Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
- The Carbon Cycle
- Explanation
- Key Points: Carbon Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- Biotic or Ecological Succession
- Decomposition
- Ecological Services
- Productivity
- Ecological Pyramids
15: Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Biodiversity
- Levels of Biodiversity
- Patterns of Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Current Scenario
- Loss of Biodiversity
- Conservation of Wildlife
- Biological Diversity Act, 2002
- Environmental Issues
- Noise Pollution
- Definition: Noise Pollution
- Introduction
- Noise Pollution
- Green House Effect
- Preventive Measures of Green House Effect
- Deforestation and Its Causes
- Global Warming
- Mission Harit Maharashtra
- Preventive Measures of Global Warming
- Conservation of Biodiversity
- Overview of Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues
