Topics
Biology Botany
Living World
Plant Kingdom
- Classification of Plants
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
- Algae
- Bryophytes
- Pteridophytes
- Phanerogams > Division I-Gymnosperms
- Phanerogams > Division II- Angiosperms
Vegetative Morphology
Reproductive Morphology
- The Inflorescence
- Accessory Organs
- Androecium
- Gynoecium
- Construction of Floral Diagram and Floral Formula
- Fruits
Taxonomy and Systematic Botany
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Concept of Species-morphological, Biological and Phylogenetic
- International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
- Taxonomical Aids
- Taxonomical Aids
- Herbarium – Preparation and Uses
- Classification of Plants
- Need for Classification
- Modern Trends in Taxonomy
- Cladistics
- Selected Families of Angiosperms
Cell: the Unit of Life
- Discovery
- Microscopy
- Cell Theory
- Types of Cells
- Plant and Animal Cell
- Flagella
Cell Cycle
- Nuclear Divisions
- Cell Cycle - "Divide, Grow and Redivide"
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Mitosis Vs Meiosis
Biomolecules
Tissue and Tissue System
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Tissue System
- Epidermal Tissue System
- Vascular Tissue System
- Comparison of Primary Structure – Dicot and Monocot Root, Stem and Leaf
- Fundamental Tissue System
Secondary Growth
- Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem
- Secondary Growth in Dicot Root
Transport in Plants
- Types of Transport
- Cell to Cell Transport
- Plant Water Relation
- Absorption of Water
- Forces Contributing to Ascent of Sap
- Translocation of Organic Solutes
- Mineral Absorption
Mineral Nutrition
- Classification of Minerals
- Functions, Mode of Absorption and Deficiency Symptoms of Macronutrients
- Functions, Mode of Absorption and Deficiency Symptoms of Micronutrients
- Deficiency Diseases and Symptoms
- Critical Concentration and Toxicity of Minerals
- Hydroponics and Aeroponics
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Special Modes of Nutrition
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthetic Pigments
- Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation
- Photosynthetic Unit (Quantasome)
- Absorption Spectrum and Action Spectrum
- Emerson’s Experiments and Hill’s Reaction
- Concept of Photosynthesis
- Photo-oxidation Phase of Light Reaction
- Photo Chemical Phase of Light Reaction
- Photophosphorylation
- Dark Reaction or C3 Cycle or Biosynthetic Phase or Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR)Cycle
- Hatch and Slack Pathway or C4 Cycle or Dicarboxylic Acid Pathway or Dicarboxylation Pathway
- Crassulacean Acid Metabolism or CAM Cycle
- Photorespiration or C2 Cycle or Photosynthetic Carbon Oxidation (PCO) Cycle
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis in Bacteria
Respiration
- Structure of ATP
- Concept of Redox Reactions
- Stages of Respiration
- Respiratory Quotient
- Factors Affecting Respiration
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Phospho Gluconate Pathway)
Plant Growth and Development
Biology Zoology
The Living World
- Diversity in the Living World
- Need for Classification
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Three Domains of Life
- Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Nomenclature
- Concept of Species
- Tools for Study of Taxonomy
Kingdom Animalia
Tissue Level of Organisation
Organ and Organ Systems in Animals
- Earthworm - Lampito Mauritii
- Cockroach - Periplaneta Americana
- Frog
Digestion and Absorption
- Human Digestive System
- Digestion of Food and Role of Digestive Enzymes
- Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats
- Egestion of Food
- Caloric Value of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
- Nutritional and Digestive Disorders
Respiration
- Respiratory Functions
- Respiratory Organs in Various Organisms
- Exchange of Gases
- Mechanism of Respiration > Internal Respiration
- Problems in Oxygen Transport
- Effects of Smoking
Body Fluids and Circulation
Excretion
Locomotion and Movement
- Types of Movement
- Different Types of Muscles and Their Functions
- Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary Muscle)
- Structure of Contractile Proteins
- Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
- Types of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
- Skeletal System and Its Function
- The Axial Skeleton
- The Appendicular Skeleton
- Types of Joints
- Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
- Benefits of Regular Exercise
Neural Control and Coordination
- Human Neural System
- Human Neural System
- Sensory Reception and Processing
Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Hypo and Hyper Activity of Endocrine Glands and Related Disorders
Trends in Economic Zoology
- Scope of Zoology
- Vermiculture
- Aquaponics
- Aquaculture
- Animal Husbandry and Management
Estimated time: 3 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Circulatory Pathways
- Two types of circulatory pathways - Open (arthropods & molluscs, blood into body cavities, less regulated) and Closed (annelids & chordates, a closed network of vessels, more precise).
- All vertebrates have a muscular chambered heart - Fish = 2-chambered, Amphibians & Reptiles (except crocodiles) = 3-chambered, Crocodiles, Birds & Mammals = 4-chambered.
- In fish, the heart pumps deoxygenated blood, which is oxygenated by the gills.
- Amphibians and reptiles have incomplete double circulation - oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in a single ventricle.
- Birds and mammals have complete double circulation - separate pathways for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Open system = simple, less energy-intensive; Closed system = more efficient, precise regulation.
