Topics
Diversity of Living Organisms
The Living World
- Concept of Living
- Diversity in the Living World
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Three Domains of Life
- Taxonomical Aids
Biological Classification
Plant Kingdom
- Introduction of Plant Kingdom
- Classification System - Artificial and Natural
- Phylogenetic Classification System
- Sub Classification of Plantae
- Concept of Algae
- Cryptogams > Division II- Bryophytes
- Cryptogams > Division III- Pteridophytes
- Phanerogams
- Phanerogams > Division I-Gymnosperms
- Phanerogams > Division II- Angiosperms
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
Animal Kingdom
Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Morphology and Modifications of Root, Stem, Leaf
- Types of Root
- Modifications of Roots for Storage, Respiration (Pneumatophores) and Support (Stilt and Prop)
- Stems
- The Stem
- Leaves
- Types of Leaves
- Phyllotaxy – Alternate, Opposite, Whorled (With an Example of Each)
- Modifications for Mechanical Support, Protection, Storage, Reproduction; Insectivorous Plant (Pitcher Plant, Venus-fly-trap
- Morphology of Flower, Fruit and Seed
- Types of Inflorescence (Racemose and Cymose)
- Structure of a Typical Flower
- Fruits to Be Classified into True and False, Structure of a Typical Fruit (Mango and Coconut)
- Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed
- Non-Albuminous and Albuminous, Perisperm
- Description of Families – Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Epidermal Tissue System
- Internal Structure of Root, Stem, and Leaf
- Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem and Dicot Root (With the Help of Outline Diagrams)
- Formation of Annual Rings
- Activity of the Cambium and Cork Cambium
- Formation of Secondary Tissues
- Differences Between Heart Wood and Sap Wood
- Early Wood and Late Wood
- Definition of Bark
Structural Organisation in Animals
- Introduction of Structural Organisation in Animals
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Morphology of Cockroach
- Location, Structure and Functions of Epithelial Tissues with Examples
- Types of Junctions
- Location and General Structure of Areolar Tissue
- Difference Between Bone and Cartilage
- T.S. of Hyaline Cartilage and Bone
- Different Types of Muscles and Their Functions
- Anatomy of Cockroach
Cell: Structure and Function
Cell - The Unit of Life
- Cell Theory
- Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Plant Cell Vs Animal Cell
- Cell: Structural and Functional Unit of Life
- Endomembrane System
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Ribosomes - "The sites of protein synthesis"
- Plastids
- Microbodies
- Cytoskeleton
- Cilia and Flagella
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Structure of the Cell > Nucleus: “Brain” of the Cell
Biomolecules
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Plant Physiology
Transport in Plants
- Introduction of Transport in Plants
- Movement of Water, Gases and Nutrients
- Cell to Cell Transport
- Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Osmosis
- Turgidity and Flaccidity (Plasmolysis)
- Introduction of Long Distance Transport of Water
- Uptake of Mineral Ions
- Concept of Plant-water Relations
- Diffusion of Gases
- Transport in Plants (Numericals)
Mineral Nutrition
- Elementary Idea of Hydroponics
- Criteria for Essentiality
- Macro and Micro Nutrients and Their Role
- Nitrogen Metabolism
- Nitrogen to Ammonia Conversion and Nitrogenase
- Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements
- Toxicity of Micronutrients
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Experiments on Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis Reaction
- Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
- Pigments in Photosynthesis
- Photochemical and Biosynthetic Phases of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis as a Mean of Autotrophic Nutrition
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Photorespiration
- Light Reaction
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Respiration in Plants
Plant Growth and Development
Human Physiology
Digestion and Absorption
- Alimentary Canal
- Role of Digestive Enzymes and Gastrointestinal Hormones
- Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats
- Calorific Values of Proteins
- Calorific Values of Carbohydrates
- Calorific Values of Fats
- Egestion of Food
- Nutritional and Digestive Tract Disorders
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Body Fluids and Circulation
- Fluids in Our Body
- Human Circulatory System
- Cardiac Cycle
- Types of Closed Circulation
- Regulation of Cardiac Activity
- Disorders of Circulatory System
- Cardiac Output
Excretory Products and Their Elimination
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Human Excretory System
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Osmoregulation
- Regulation of Kidney Function
- The Excretory Organs
- Common Disorders of the Urinary System
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
Locomotion and Movement
Neural Control and Coordination
Chemical Co-ordination and Integration
- Introduction of Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Role of Hormones as Messengers and Regulators
- Hypo and Hyperactivity and Related Disorders
Estimated time: 3 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: The Stem
- Stem: Aerial part of the plant, develops from the plumule and bears nodes and internodes.
- Structure: Has nodes (leaf origin), internodes (between nodes) and buds (terminal and axillary).
- Functions: Supports the plant body and conducts water, minerals, and food.
- Food storage modification: Rhizome (ginger), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), corm (Colocasia).
- Support modification: Stem tendrils help in climbing (grapevine, cucumber).
- Protection & propagation: Thorns for protection (Citrus, Bougainvillaea); runners and stolons for vegetative propagation (strawberry, mint).
- Photosynthesis modification: Flattened stems (cladodes) perform photosynthesis (Opuntia).
