Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus - Free PDF Download
Maharashtra State Board Syllabus 2026-27 12th Standard Board Exam: The Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus for the examination year 2026-27 has been released by the MSBSHSE, Maharashtra State Board. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2026-27 Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Maharashtra State Board syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus for 2026-27 is below.
Academic year:
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Revised Syllabus
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Course Structure 2026-27 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1: Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Reproduction
- Definition: Reproduction
- Modes of Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Definition: Asexual Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Juvenile Phase (Vegetative Phase in plants)
- Key Points: Sexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Binary Fission
- Definition: Binary fission
- Types of Binary Fission: Flowchart
- Binary Fission > Simple Binary Fission
- Definition: Simple binary fission
- Sequential Steps
- Binary Fission > Transverse Binary Fission
- Definition: Transverse Binary Fission
- Binary Fission > Longitudinal Binary Fission
- Definition: Longitudinal Binary Fission
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Multiple Fission
- Definition: Multiple Fission
- Definition: Cyst
- Example-Amoeba
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Budding
- Definition: Budding in Unicellular Organisms
- Example-Saccharomyces (yeast)
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Fragmentation
- Definition: Fragmentation
- Example-Spirogyra
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Spore Formation
- Introduction
- Example-Mucor
- Example-Chlamydomonas
- Example-Pythium
- Example-Rhizopus
- Example-Aspergillus
- Example-Penicillium
- Vegetative Reproduction or Vegetative Propagation
- Definition: Vegetative Reproduction or Vegetative Propagation
- Advantage
- Disadvantage
- Flower
- Structure and Development of Anther
- Structure of Anther and Pollen Chambers
- Anther Wall Layers and Their Functions
- Dehiscence of Anther
- Microsporogenesis
- Definition: Microsporogenesis
- Primary Sporogenous Tissue
- Meiotic Division
- Types of Pollen Tetrads
- Structure and Development of Male Gametophyte
- Structure of Pollen Grain
- Composition and Role of Sporopollenin
- Pollination and Pollen Germination
- Pollen Viability and Preservation
- Formation of Male Gametophyte
- Development of Male Gametes
- Structure and Development of Ovule
- Structure of Ovule
- Development of Ovule
- Types of Ovules (Based on Orientation)
- Orthotropous (Atropous)
- Anatropous
- Campylotropous
- Hemianatropous
- Amphitropous
- Circinotropous
- Types of Ovules (Based on Integuments)
- Unitegmic
- Bitegmic
- Ategmic
- Megasporogenesis
- Definition: Megasporogenesis
- Process
- Development of Female Gametophyte or Embryo Sac
- Formation of Embryo Sac
- Cellular Organisation of Embryo Sac
- Pollination
- Definition: Pollination
- Self-pollination
- Autogamy
- Definition: Autogamy
- Introduction
- Autogamy
- Cross-pollination
- Definition: Cross-pollination
- Geitonogamy
- Definition: Geitonogamy
- Introduction
- Agents and Types of Cross-pollination
- Introduction
- Flowchart
- Anemophily
- Definition: Anemophily
- Introduction
- Hydrophily
- Definition: Hydrophily
- Introduction
- Entomophily
- Definition: Entomophily
- Introduction
- Ornithophily
- Definition: Ornithophily
- Introduction
- Cheiropteriphily
- Definition: Cheiropteriphily
- Introduction
- Malacophily
- Definition: Malacophily
- Introduction
- Fertilization
- Definition: Fertilization
- Pollen Pistil Interaction
- Artificial Hybridization or Artificial Fertilization
- Double Fertilization and Triple Fusion
- Definition: Double Fertilization
- Endosperm
- Embryo
- Definition: Embryogenesis
- Introduction
- Seed and Fruit Development
- Dormancy
- Apomixis
- Definition: Apomixis
- Types
- Mechanisms
- Significance
- Parthenocarpy
- Definition: Parthenocarpic Fruits
- Definition: Parthenocarpy
- Causes of Parthenocarpic Fruit Formation
- Significance in Horticulture
- Polyembryony
- Overview of Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants
2: Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Reproduction
- Definition: Reproduction
- Modes of Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Definition: Asexual Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Juvenile Phase (Vegetative Phase in plants)
- Key Points: Sexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction in Animals > Gemmule Formation
- Introduction
- Example-Spongilla
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Budding
- Definition: Budding in Multicellular Organisms
- Example-Hydra
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Regeneration
- Definition: Regeneration
- Example-Planaria
- Example-Hydra
- Human Reproduction
- Key Points: Human Reproduction
- The Male Reproductive System
- Key Points: The Male Reproductive System
- Basic Concept of Testes
- Duct system of Male Reproductive Tract
- Accessory Glands of Male Reproductive System
- Key Points: Accessory Glands of Male Reproductive System
- Semen (Seminal fluid)
- External Genitalia: Penis
- The Female Reproductive System
- Key Points: The Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries
- Definition: Follicle
- Definition: Graafian Follicle
- Definition: Corpus Luteum
- Female Reproductive Duct System
- External Genitalia: Vulva
- Definition: Vulva
- Mammary Glands
- Definition: Areola
- Definition: Nipple
- Definition: Alveoli
- Anatomy and Structure
- Lactation and Hormonal Regulation
- Composition and Importance of Milk
- Puberty
- Definition: Puberty
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Major Events of Menstrual Cycle
- Key Points: Major Events of Menstrual Cycle
- Menstrual Hygiene
- Gametogenesis
- Key Points: Gametogenesis
- Spermatogenesis
- Definition: Spermatogenesis
- Introduction
- Structure of Sperm
- Introduction
- Head
- Neck
- Middle Piece
- Tail (Flagellum)
- Oogenesis
- Definition: Oogenesis
- Introduction
- Structure of Secondary Oocyte
- Fertilization in Human
- Definition: Fertilization in Human
- Key Points: Fertilization in Human
- Embryonic Development in Human
- Fate of Germ Layers in Embryonic Development
- Derivatives of Ectoderm
- Derivatives of Endoderm
- Derivatives of Mesoderm
- Stem Cells
- Definition: Stem Cells
- Pregnancy in Humans
- Placenta (Growth) in Human
- Definition: Placenta
- Definition: Umbilical Cord
- Parturition (Birth) in Human
- Definition: Parturition
- Lactation in Human
- Concept of Reproductive Health
- Key Points: Reproductive Health
- Birth Control
- Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Key Points: Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Amniocentesis
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
- Infertility
- Overview of Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals
3: Inheritance and Variation [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Heredity
- Definition: Heredity
- Key Points: Heredity
- Gregor Johann Mendel – Father of Genetics
- Father of Genetics
- Key Points: Gregor Johann Mendel – Father of Genetics
- Mendel's Experiments on Inheritance
- Reasons for Mendel's Success
- Genetic Terminology
- Monohybrid Cross
- Dihybrid Cross
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Dominance
- Explanation
- Laws: Law of Dominance
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Segregation (Law of Purity of Gametes)
- Explanation
- Laws: Law of Segregation
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Independent Assortment
- Explanation
- Laws: Law of Independent Assortment
- Back Cross and Test Cross
- Deviations from Mendel’s Findings
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Incomplete Dominance
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Co-Dominance
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Multiple alleles
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Pleiotropy
- Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Chromosomes - The Carriers of Heredity
- Discovery of Chromosomes
- Definition: Chromosomes
- Definition: Chromatin
- Definition: Centromere
- Definition: Chromatid
- Definition: Sister Chromatids
- Definition: Homologous Chromosomes
- Introduction
- Variation in Chromosome Number (ploidy)
- Structure of a Chromosome
- Key Points: Chromosomes
- Types of Chromosomes
- Linkage and Crossing Over
- Autosomal Inheritance
- Sex Linked Inheritance
- Sex-Linked Inheritance in Human Beings
- Sex Determination
- Sex Determination in Humans
- Key Points: Sex Determination in Humans
- Sex Determination in Birds
- Sex Determination in Humans
- Human Genetic Disorders
- Genetic Disorders
- Examples of Genetic Disorders
- Autosomal Abnormalities
- Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
- Turner's Syndrome
- Klinefelter's Syndrome
- Overview of Inheritance and Variation
4: Molecular Basis of Inheritance [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- The Discovery of DNA
- Introduction of DNA
- Composition of DNA
- Key Points: Molecular Structure of DNA
- Griffith’s Experiment
- Avery, McCarty and MacLeod’s Experiment
- The Hershey-Chase Experiment
- Packaging of DNA Helix
- DNA Replication
- Mechanism of DNA Replication
- Protein Synthesis
- Definition: Central Dogma
- Translation
- Definition: Triplet Codon
- Definition: Translation
- Transcription
- Definition: Transcription
- Genetic Code
- Mutations and Genetic Code
- Mechanism of Translation
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Operon Concept
- Genomics
- Human Genome Project
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Definition: DNA Fingerprinting
- Overview of Molecular Basis of Inheritance
5: Origin and Evolution of Life [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Origin of Life on Earth
- Redi's and Louis Pasteur’s Experiment
- Chemical Evolution of Life
- Urey and Miller’s Experiment
- The RNA World
- Organic Evolution
- Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection (Darwinism)
- Definition: Variations
- Definition: Neo-Darwinism
- Key Points: Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection (Darwinism)
- Basic Postulates of Darwinism
- Drawbacks and Criticism of Darwinism
- Mutation Theory
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution > Genetic Variations
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution > Natural Selection
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution > Isolation
- Mechanism of Organic Evolution
- Hardy Weinberg’s Principle
- Adaptive Radiation
- Evidences of Organic Evolution
- Evidences of organic evolution > Palaeontology
- Definition: Fossil
- Definition: Carbon Dating
- Key Points: Palaeontological Evidences
- Connecting Links
- Definition: Connecting Link
- Key Points: Connecting Link
- Homology and Homologous Organs
- Analogy and Analogous Organs
- Vestigial Organs
- Key Points: Vestigial Organs
- Molecular (Genetic) Evidences
- Speciation
- Definition: Speciation
- Geological Time Scale
- Human Evolution
- Key Points: Human Evolution
- Stages of Human Evolution
- Overview of Origin and Evolution of Life
6: Plant Water Relation [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Properties of Water
- Introduction
- Activity 1
- Activity 2
- Activity 3
- Water Absorbing Organ
- Water Available to Roots for Absorption
- Diffusion
- Definition: Diffusion
- Imbibition
- Definition: lmbibition
- Osmosis
- Definition: Osmosis
- Osmotic Pressure
- Definition: Osmotic Pressure
- Definition: Tonicity
- Water Potential (ψ)
- Turgidity and Flaccidity (Plasmolysis)
- Definition: Turgid
- Definition: Turgidity
- Definition: Turgor Pressure
- Definition: Wall Pressure
- Definition: Plasmolysis
- Definition: Flaccidity
- Path of Water Across the Root
- Mechanism of Absorption of Water
- Translocation of Water
- Root Pressure Theory (Vital Theory)
- Capillarity Theory (physical force theory)
- Cohesion-Tension Theory (Transpiration pull theory)
- Transport of Mineral Ions
- Transportation in Plants
- Transportation of Food and Other Substances
- Introduction
- Definition: Translocation
- Working of Translocation
- Transportation of Food and Other Substances
- Concept of Transpiration
- Definition: Transpiration
- Types of Transpiration > Cuticular Transpiration
- Key Points: Cuticular Transpiration
- Types of Transpiration > Lenticular Transpiration
- Key Points: Lenticular Transpiration
- Types of Transpiration > Stomatal Transpiration
- Key Points: Stomatal Transpiration
- Structure of Stomatal Apparatus
- Significance of Transpiration
- Overview of Plant Water Relation
7: Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Plant Growth
- Phases of Plant Growth
- Conditions for Plant Growth
- Plant Growth Rate
- Types of Plant Growth
- Plant Growth Curve
- Differentiation, De-differentiation, Re- Differentiation
- Plant Development
- Plant Plasticity
- Plant Hormones
- Definition: Stimuli
- Definition: Responses
- Definition: Hormones
- Definition: Phytohormones
- Overview of Plant Hormones and Roles
- Auxins
- Definition: Auxin
- Definition: Apical dominance
- Definition: Parthenocarpy
- Definition: Parthenocarpic Fruits
- Key Points: Auxins
- Gibberellins
- Definition: Gibberellin
- Key Points: Gibberellins
- Cytokinins
- Definition: Cytokinin
- Key Points: Cytokinins
- Ethylene
- Definition: Ethylene
- Key Points: Ethylene
- Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Definition: Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Key Points: Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Photoperiodism
- Vernalization (Yarovization)
- Plant Mineral Nutrition
- Roles of Mineral Elements in Plants
- Minerals Salt Absorption
- Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
- Overview of Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition
8: Respiration and Circulation [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Respiration
- Gaseous Exchange in plants
- Respiration in Animals
- Human Respiratory System
- Respiratory System
- Exchange of Gases in Lungs
- Significance of Respiration
- Key Points: Respiratory System
- Mechanism of Respiration > Breathing
- Mechanism of Respiration
- Steps of Respiration
- Mechanism of Respiration > External Respiration
- Mechanism of Respiration > Internal Respiration
- Cellular Respiration
- Definition: Aerobic Respiration
- Definition: Anaerobic Respiration
- Key Points: Cellular Respiration
- Regulation of Breathing / Respiration
- Disorders of Respiratory System
- Transportation in Living Organisms
- Circulation in Animals
- Circulatory System Or Blood Vascular System
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Red Blood Cells
- Function of RBC
- Key Points: Red Blood Cells
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Types of WBCs
- Function of WBCs
- Key Points: White Blood Cells
- Composition of Blood > Cellular Elements: Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Definition: Thrombokinase
- Definition: Clot
- Blood Platelets
- Function of Blood Platelets
- Key Points: Blood Platelets
- Human Heart
- Structure of the Heart
- Layers of the Heart Wall
- Chambers of the Heart
- Definition: Pericardium
- Key Points: The Heart
- Working Mechanism of Human Heart
- Blood Vessels
- Blood Vessels: Structure and Functions
- Capillaries
- Definition: Artery
- Definition: Vein
- Definition: Arteriole
- Definition: Venule
- Blood Pressure (B.P.)
- Introduction
- Definition: Blood Pressure
- Definition: Systolic Pressure
- Definition: Diastolic Pressure
- Definition: Hypertension
- Definition: Sphygmomanometer
- Circulatory Pathways
- Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation (Double Circulation)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Definition: Lymph
- Key Points: Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Overview of Respiration and Circulation
9: Control and Co-ordination [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Need for Control and Coordination in Organisms
- Nervous System in Hydra
- Nervous System in Planaria (Flatworm)
- Neural Tissue
- Transmission and Generation of Nerve Impulse
- Definition: Polarised State
- Definition: Sodium Pump
- Transmission and Generation of Nerve Impulse
- Synapse
- Definition: Synapse
- Human Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Central Nervous System
- Different regions of Brain and its functions
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The Human Brain
- Definition: Meninges
- Definition: Meningitis
- Key Points: Human Brain
- The Spinal Cord
- Key Points: Spinal Cord
- Reflex Action
- Definition: Reflex Action
- Key Points: Reflex Action
- Sensory Receptors
- Human Eye
- Key Points: The Human Eye
- Structure of the Eyeball
- Definition: Sclerotic Layer (Sclera)
- Definition: Cornea
- Definition: Choroid Layer
- Definition: Ciliary Body
- Definition: Iris
- Definition: Pupil
- Definition: Retina
- Definition: Rod Cells
- Definition: Cone Cells
- Key Points: Structure of the Eyeball
- Human Ear
- Key Points: Human Ear
- Disorders of Nervous System
- Human Endocrine System
- Definition: Endocrine System
- Concept of Hormone
- Definition: Hormone
- Key Points: Hormones
- General Properties of Hormones
- Mechanism of Hormone Action
- Human Endocrine Glands and Harmones
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
- Key Points: Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Key Points: Thyroid Gland
- Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal Gland)
- Key Points: Adrenal Glands
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
- Definition: Islets of Langerhans
- Introduction
- Function of Pancreas
- Key Points: Pancreas
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
- Overview of Control and Co-ordination
10: Human Health and Diseases [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Health
- Introduction
- Physical Health
- Mental Health
- The Immune System
- Immunity
- Types of Immunity > Innate Immunity
- Types of Immunity > Acquired Immunity
- Cells of Immune System
- Vaccination and Immunization
- Vaccination
- Immunization
- Structure of Antibody
- Formation of Antigen-Antibody Complex
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Definition: Blood Transfusion
- Definition: Blood Donor
- Definition: Blood Recipient
- Definition: Antigens
- Definition: Antibodies
- Definition: Universal Donor
- Definition: Universal Recipient
- Blood Groups
- Rh Factor
- Key Point: Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups
- Disease
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa > Malaria
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa > Amoebiasis (Amoeboic dysentery)
- Diseases Caused by Helminths > Ascariasis
- Diseases Caused by Helminths > Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Typhoid
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Pneumonia
- Diseases Caused by Viruses > Common Cold
- Diseases Caused by Fungi > Ringworm
- Diseases Caused by Viruses > Dengue Fever
- Cancer
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
- Concept of Adolescence
- Introduction
- Meaning
- Stages of Adolescence
- Development of Sexual and Secondary Sexual Characters
- Physical Changes during Adolescence
- Emotional and Social Changes
- Adolescence as a Phase
- Key Points: Adolescence
- Addiction
- Drug Abuse
- Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use- An Invitation to Death
- Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse
- Types and Effects of Psychoactive Drugs
- Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Prevention and Control of Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
- Overview of Human Health and Diseases
11: Enhancement of Food Production [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Improvement in Food Production
- Plant Breeding
- Methods of Crop Improvement
- Tissue Culture
- Definition: Tissue Culture
- Introduction
- Tissue Culture Stages
- Processes in Tissue Culture
- Tissue Culture
- Single Cell Protein (SCP)
- Biofortification
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Agro-Complementary Occupations
- Animal Husbandry
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Animal Breeding
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Dairy (Livestock) Farm Management
- Proper Care for Optimal Yield
- Dairy Farm Management
- Protecting the Cattle from Diseases
- Livestock Management: Sheep, Goats, and Horses
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Poultry Farm Management
- Poultry Farm Management
- Components of Poultry Farm Management
- Egg and Broiler Production
- Poultry Disease
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Apiculture (Bee Farming)
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Sericulture
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Lac Culture
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Microbes in Industrial Products
- Microbes in Sewage Treatment
- Microbes in Energy Generation
- Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
- Microbes as Biofertilizers
- Microbial Role in Dairy Products
- Key Points: Microbial Role in Dairy Products
- Overview of Enhancement of Food Production
11 Human Reproduction [Revision]
12: Biotechnology [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Concept of Biotechnology
- Key Points: Biotechnology
- Principles of Processes of Biotechnology
- Technique of Gene Cloning and rDNA Technology
- Methodology for rDNA Technology
- Applications of Biotechnology in Health and Medicine
- Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture
- Human Health
- Gene Therapy
- Definition: Gene Therapy
- Gene Therapy
- Crop Biotechnology > Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Definition: Genetically Modified Crops (GMOs)
- Key Points: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Transgenic Plants
- Transgenic Animals
- Bioethics
- Effects of Biotechnology on the Environment
- Effects of Biotechnology on Human Health
- Biopatent
- Biopiracy
- Overview of Biotechnology
13: Organisms and Populations [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Organisms and Their Environment
- Habitat
- Niche
- Habitat Vs Niche
- Climatic Factors > Temperature
- Climatic Factors > Precipitation
- Climatic Factors > Light
- Soil Factors (Edaphic Factors)
- Adaptations
- Population
- Population Age Distribution
- Population Growth
- Population Interactions
- Interspecific Relationships
- Overview of Organisms and Populations
14: Ecosystems and Energy Flow [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Ecosystem
- Key Points: Concept of Ecosystem
- Structure and Function of an Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors
- Biotic Factors
- Interaction Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors
- Complexity of Ecosystems
- Biomes: Large Ecosystems
- Ecological Pyramids
- Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
- Carbon Cycle
- Explanation
- Key Points: Carbon Cycle
- Carbon Cycle
- Biotic or Ecological Succession
- Ecosystem Services
15: Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues [Revision]
Maharashtra State Board 12th Standard Board Exam Biology Syllabus
- Biodiversity
- Levels of Biodiversity
- Patterns of Biodiversity
- Importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem
- Biodiversity Current Scenario
- Loss of Biodiversity
- Threatened Species
- Key Points: Threatened Species
- Conservation of Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Conservation Methods
- Biological Diversity Act, 2002
- Environmental Issues
- Air Pollution
- Definition: Air Pollution
- Introduction
- Noise Pollution
- Definition: Noise Pollution
- Introduction
- Water Pollution
- Definition: Water pollution
- Introduction
- Air Pollution
- Effects of Air Pollution
- Major Air Pollutants
- Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
- Sources of Water Pollution
- Prevention and Control of Water Pollution
- Solid Waste Management
- Consequences of Air Pollution
- Global Warming
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Key Points: Ozone Layer Depletion
- Deforestation and Its Causes
- Mission Harit Maharashtra
- Overview of Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues
