Topics
Gravitation
- Gravitation
- Force
- Motion and Rest
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal Force
- Kepler’s Laws
- Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
- Earth’s gravitational force
- Acceleration Due to Gravity (Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration)
- Mass and Weight of an Object
- Free Fall
- Gravitational Potential Energy
Periodic Classification of Elements
- History of Periodic Table: Early Attempts at the Classification of Elements
- Dobereiner’s Triads
- Newland's Law of Octaves
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Merits and Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Law
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Types of Element on the Basis of Periodic Table
- Groups and Electronic Configuration
- Modern Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration of Elements
- Periodic Properties
- Periodic Properties: Valency
- Periodic Properties: Atomic Radius Or Atomic Size
- Periodic Properties: Metallic Character
- Periodic Properties: Non-metallic Character
- Study of Specific Groups in Periodic Table
- Group VIIA Or Group 17 (The Halogens)
Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chemical Reaction
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Types of Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction
- Direct Combination (or Synthesis) Reaction
- Decomposition Reactions
- Single Displacement Reactions
- Double Displacement Reaction
- Energy Change in Chemical Reactions
- Rate of Chemical Reaction
- Factors Affecting the Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
- Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
- Rancidity of Food and Its Prevention
Effects of Electric Current
- Electric Circuit
- Ohm's Law (V = IR)
- Joule’s Law of Heating
- Electrical Power
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Electric Fuse
- Rule to Find the Direction of Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Loop (Or Circular Coil)
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carving Cylindrical Coil (or Solenoid)
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Galvanometer
- Types of current: Alternating Current (A.C.) and Direct Current (D.C.)
- Electric Generator
- Alternating Current (A.C.) Generator
- Direct Current Motor
Heat
- Latent Heat and Specific Latent Heat
- Regelation
- Anomalous Expansion of Water
- Hope’s Experiment to Demonstrate the Anomalous Expansion of Water
- Dew Point and Humidity
- Heat and Its Unit
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Hot and Cold Objects
- Measurement of Specific Heat: (Mixing Method) and Calorimeter
Refraction of Light
- Refraction of Light
- Refraction of Light Through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- Law of Refraction of Light
- Refractive Index
- Application of Atmospheric Refraction
- Prism
- Dispersion of Light Through Prism and Formation of Spectrum
- Partial Internal Reflection
- Total Internal Reflection
Lenses
- Lens
- Spherical Lens
- Images Formed by Sperical Lenses
- Guideline for Image Formation Due to Refraction Through a Convex and Concave Lens
- Concave Lens
- Images Formed Due to Refraction Through a Concave Lens
- Convex Lens
- Images Formed Due to Refraction Through a Convex Lens
- Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses
- Lens Formula
- Magnification Due to Spherical Lenses
- Power of a Lens
- Combination of Lenses
- Human Eye: Structure of the Eye
- Working of the Human Eye
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Myopia Or Near-sightedness
- Eye Defect and its correction: Hypermetropia or far-sightedness
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Presbyopia
Metallurgy
- Types of Elements: Metals
- Physical Properties of Metals
- Chemical Properties of Metal
- Types of Elements: Non-metal
- Physical Properties of Non-metal
- Chemical Properties of Non-metal
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Electrovalent (or Ionic) Bond
- Ionic Compounds and Electrical Conductivity
- Metallurgy
- Types of Separation or Concentration of an Ore
- Extraction of Metals
- Extraction of Aluminium
- Refining of Metals
- Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
Carbon Compounds
- Carbon: a Versatile Element
- Classification of Compounds of Carbon
- The Covalent Bond
- Types of Covalent Bond
- Formation of Covalent Bond
- Special Features of Carbon
- Hydrocarbons
- Chains, Branches and Rings of Carbon Compound
- Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (IUPAC)
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
- IUPAC Nomenclature of other classes
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Macro Molecules and Polymers
Space Missions
- Space Missions
- Satellites
- Types of Satellite
- Orbits of Artificial Satellites
- Launching of Satellite
- Space Missions Away from Earth
- India’s Space Programmes: Chandrayaan – 1
- India’s Space Programmes: Chandrayaan – 2
- India’s Space Programmes: Mangalyaan (Mars vehicle)
- India’s Space Programmes: Missions to Other Planets
- India and Space Technology
- Space Debris and Its Management
School of Elements
The Magic of Chemical Reactions
The Acid Base Chemistry
- Properties of Acids
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Acids, Bases and Their Reactivity
- Acid or a Base in a Water Solution
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris
- Chemicals from Common Salt - Soap as a Salt
The Electric Spark
All about Electromagnetism
- Magnetic Force
- The Bar Magnet
- Rule to Find the Direction of Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Loop (Or Circular Coil)
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carving Cylindrical Coil (or Solenoid)
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Alternating Current (A.C.) Generator
- Direct Current Motor
- Household Electrical Circuits
Wonders of Light 1
- Spherical Mirrors
- Concave Mirror
- Concave Mirror
- Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
- Linear Magnification (M) Due to Spherical Mirrors
- Images Formed by Sperical Lenses
- Convex Lens
- Convex Lens
- Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses
- Magnification Due to Spherical Lenses
- Power of a Lens
- Human Eye: Structure of the Eye
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Myopia Or Near-sightedness
- Spherical Mirrors
Wonders of Light 2
Striving for better Environment 1
- Pollution and Its Types
- Air Pollution and Its Causes
- Air Pollution and Its Causes
- Effects of Air Pollution
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Effects of Soil Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution and Effects
- Abatement of Pollution
- Sustainable Use of Resources
Notes
NEUTRALIZATION
A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water.
The neutralization of a strong acid and strong base has a pH equal to 7. The neutralization of a strong acid and weak base will have a pH of less than 7, and conversely, the resulting pH when a strong base neutralizes a weak acid will be greater than 7.
Consider the reaction between HCl and NaOH in water:
HCl(aq)acid+NaOH(aq)base⇋NaCl(aq)salt+H2O(l)water
A weak acid, weak base reaction can be shown by the net ionic equation example:
H+(aq)+NH3(aq) ⇋ NH+4(aq)
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