Lakhmir Singh solutions for Biology (Science) [English] Class 10 chapter 1 - Life Processes [Latest edition]

Which is the basic requirement of living organisms for obtaining energy?

Which of the following type of energy is used by living organisms to perform vital life processes? Kinetic energy, Chemical energy, Potential energy, Nuclear energy

Which of the following is an autotroph?
Green plant or Man?

Name two inorganic substances which are used by autotrophs to make food.

What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?

Name one organism each having saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic modes of nutrition.

Name the process by which plants make food.

In addition to carbon dioxide and water, state two other conditions necessary for the process of photosynthesis to take place.

Apart from sunlight and chlorophyll, what other things are required to make food by photosynthesis?

Name a gas produced in photosynthesis.

Name a gas used in photosynthesis.

The leaves of a plant first prepare food A by photosynthesis. Food A then gets converted into food B. What are A and B?

Which substance is used to remove chlorophyll from a green leaf during photosynthesis experiments?

Why do we boil the leaf in alcohol when we are testing it for starch?

(a) Name the pigment in leaves which absorbs sunlight energy.
(b) What is the colour of this pigment?

Name the pigment which can absorb solar energy.

Name the organelle of plant cells in which photosynthesis occurs.

Apart from carbon dioxide and water, name four other raw materials which are needed by the plants.

Where is chlorophyll mainly present in a plant?

What is the name of those cells in the leaf of a plant which control the opening and closing of stomata?

Name an animal whose process of obtaining food is called phagocytosis.

All the animals can be divided into three groups on the basis of their eating habits. Name the three groups.

What is the scientific name of the animals which is only meat eaters?

What is the scientific name of the animals which is only plant eaters?

What is the scientific name of the animals which is both, plant and meat eaters?

Name the green pigment present in the leaves of a plant.

Arrange the following processes involved in the nutrition in animals in the correct order (in which they take place):
Assimilation, Egestion, Ingestion, Absorption, Digestion

How does Amoeba engulf the food particle?

What substances enter into the food vacuole in Amoeba to break down the food?

Name a unicellular animal which uses cilia to move food particles into it mouth.

Name the enzyme present in human saliva. What type of food material is digested by this enzyme?

Which of the organs perform the functions in humans Absorption of food?

Which of the organs perform the following functions in humans Absorption of water?

What moves the food in the digestive organs?

What is the other same of food pipe?

What substance is mixed with food in the mouth during chewing by the teeth?

In which part of the digestive system is water absorbed?

What is the name of the opening in the human body though which undigested food is thrown out?

Where is digested food absorbed into blood in human body?

Name the biological catalysts which bring about chemical digestion of food.

Fill in the following blank with suitable word :

All green plants are ....................

Fill in the following blank with suitable word :

All non-green plants and animals are ....................

Fill in the following blank with suitable word :

Heterotrophs depend on .................... and other .................... for food.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :

Green plants use .................... and .................... to make food.

Fill in the following blank with suitable word :

Iodine turns blue-black on reacting with ....................

what is chlorophyll? What part does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

Which simple food is prepared first in the process of photosynthesis?

Name the food which gets stored in plant leaves.

What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?

 What is meant by life processes? Name the basic life processes common to all living organisms which are essential for maintaining life.

What are autotrophs? Give one example of autotrophs.

What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition?

What are heterotrophs? Give one example of heterotrophs.

What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?

Define a nutrient. Name four important nutrients present in our food.

What are the various types of heterotrophic nutrition?

Photosynthesis converts energy X into energy Y. What are X and Y?

State the various steps involved in the process of photosynthesis.

How do plants obtain food?

Why do plants need nitrogen? How do plants obtain nitrogen?

Define saprophytic nutrition. Give one example.

Define parasitic nutrition. Give one example

Define holozoic nutrition. Give one example

Define saprophyte. Name two saprophytes.

Define parasite. name two parasites.

How does carbon dioxide from the air enter the leaves of a plant to be used in photosynthesis?

How does water from the soil reach the leaves of a plant to be used in photosynthesis?

What substances are contained in gastric juice? What are their functions?

What substances are contained in pancreatic juice? What are their functions?

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in our stomach?

What is the function of enzymes in the human digestive system?

Which part of the body secretes bile? Where is bile stored? What is the function of bile?

What is trypsin? What is its function?

What are the functions of liver and pancreas in the human digestive system ?

Match the organisms given in column I with the processes given in column II:

The process in plants which converts light energy into chemical energy.

Organisms that cannot prepare their own food.

Organisms that can prepare their own food.

The cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs.

The cells which surround a stomatal pore.

An enzyme secreted by gastric glands in stomach which acts on proteins.

Match the terms in column I with those in column II :

What is common for Cuscuta, ticks and leeches?

Name the substances on which the following enzymes act in the human digestive system:

(i) Trypsin

(ii) Amylase

(iii) Pepsin

(iv) Lipase

Why does absorption of digested food occur mainly in the small intestine?

Herbivores depend on plants for their nutrition. These plants contain complex carbohydrates like cellulose and hemicellulose that need to be broken down, whereas carnivores do not eat plants. Hence, small intestine is longer in herbivores than in carnivores.

What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?

What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?

How do guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatel pores?

 Two similar green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in dark and the other in continuous light. Which one will live longer? Give reasons.

What would happen if all the green plants disappear from the earth?

If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.

 Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy for long? Give reason for your answer.

What will happen to the rate of photosynthesis on a plant under the following circumstances?

(i) cloudy day in morning but bright sunshine in the afternoon

(ii) no rainfall in the area for a considerable time.

(iii) gathering of dust on the leaves

Explain the mechanism of photosynthesis.

What is photosynthesis?

Write a chemical equation to show the process of photosynthesis in plants.

Name the raw materials required for photosynthesis. How do plants obtain these raw materials?

What are the various conditions necessary for photosynthesis?

Name the various factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

Define nutrition. 

Why is nutrition necessary for an organism?

What are the different modes of nutrition? Explain with one example of each mode of nutrition.

Name the mode of nutrition in  Plasmodium.

Name the mode of nutrition in roundworm.

What are herbivores, carnivores and omnivores? Give two examples of each.

Classify the following into herbivores, carnivores and omnivores:

Lion, Man, dog, Goat, Crow, Elephant, Snake, Hawk, Rabbit, Deer

Name the five steps which occur in the process of nutrition in animals.

Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba. Draw labelled diagrams to show the various steps in the nutrition in Amoeba.

What is the mode of nutrition in Amoeba known as?

What is the process of obtaining food by Amoeba called? What does it mean?

 Draw a labelled diagram of the human digestive system. With the help of this diagram, describe the process of digestion of food in man (humans).

Describe one way in which the small intestine is adapted for the absorption of digested food.

What is the special name of the contraction and expansion movement which pushes the food further in our digestive tract (or alimentary canal)?

Describe the parts  of our tooth with the help of a labelled diagram.

What is meant by dental caries? How are they caused?

What is dental plaque? What harm can it do? How can the formation of plaque be prevented?

Name the main organs of the human digestive system. Also name the associated glands.

 How do carbohydrates, fats and proteins get digested in human beings?

Which of the following has the longest small intestine?

(a) carnivore
(b) omnivore
(c) herbivore
(d) autotroph

The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is known as:
(a) dialysis
(b) cytokinesis
(c) phagocytosis
(d) amoebiasis

The organism having parasitic mode of nutrition is:
(a) Penicillium
(b) Plasmodium
(c) Paramecium
(d) Parrot

One of the following organisms has a saprophytic mode of nutrition. This organism is:
(a) mushroom
(b) malarial parasite
(c) leech
(d) lice

The length of small intestine in a human adult is about:
(a) 4.5 m
(b) 1.5 m
(c) 3.5 m
(d) 6.5 m

The process of digestion of food in humans begins in:
(a) stomach
(b) food pipe
(c) mouth
(d) small intestine

The process of digestion in humans is completed in:
(a) oesophagus
(b) small intestine
(c) stomach
(d) large intestine

In human digestive system, bile is secreted by:
(a) pancreas
(b) liver
(c) kidneys
(d) stomach

Two of the following organisms have a holozoic mode of nutrition. These organisms are:

(a) Paramecium and Plasmodium
(b) Plasmodium and Parakeet
(c) Parakeet and Paramecium
(d) Paramecium and Parasite

The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires ______.

The correct order of steps occurring in nutrition in animals is:

(a) Ingestion → Absorption → Digestion → Assimilation → Egestion
(b) Ingestion → Digestion → Assimilation → Absorption → Egestion
(c) Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion
(d) Ingestion → Assimilation → Digestion → Absorption → Egestion

In human digestive system, the enzymes pepsin and trypsin are secreted respectively by:

(a) pancreas and liver
(b) stomach and salivary glands
(c) pancreas and gall bladder
(d) stomach and pancreas

When carrying out the starch test on a leaf, why is it important to boil the leaf in alcohol?

(a) to dissolve the waxy cuticle
(b) to make the cells more permeable to iodine solution
(c) to remove the chlorophyll
(d) to stop chemical reactions in the cells.

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes which digest:

(a) proteins and carbohydrates only
(b) proteins and fats only
(c) fats and carbohydrates only
(d) proteins, fats and carbohydrates

Which of the following is the correct statement regarding bile?

Where are proteins first digested in the alimentary canal?

(a) small intestine
(b) oesophagus
(c) mouth
(d) stomach

The inner lining of stomach is protected by one of the following from the harmful effect of hydrochloric acid. This is:

(a) pepsin
(b) mucus
(c) saliva
(d) bile

Which part of alimentary canal receives bile from the liver?

(a) oesophagus
(b) small intestine
(c) stomach
(d) large intestine

Which of the following component of our food is digested by an enzyme which is present in saliva as well as in pancreatic juice?

(a) proteins
(b) fat
(c) minerals
(d) carbohydrate

If the saliva is lacking in salivary amylase, then which of the following processes taking place in the buccal cavity will be affected?

(a) proteins breaking down into amino acids
(b) starch breaking down into sugars
(c) fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol
(d) intestinal layer breaking down leading to ulcers

Which of the following are the correct functions of two components of pancreatic juice trypsin and lipase?

(a) trypsin digests proteins and lipase carbohydrates
(b) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins
(c) trypsin digests starch and lipase fats
(d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats

The oxygen liberated during photosynthesis by green plants comes from:

(a) glucose
(b) water
(c) carbon dioxide
(d) chlorophyll

Which of the following is an incorrect statement?

(a) energy is essential for life processes
(b) organisms grow with time
(c) movement of molecules does not take place among cells
(d) organisms must repair and maintain their body

The internal energy (cellular energy) reserve in autotrophs is:

(a) proteins
(b) fatty acids
(c) glycogen
(d) starch

Which of the following events does not occur in photosynthesis?

(a) conversion of light energy into chemical energy
(b) reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
(c) oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide
(d) absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

The opening and closing of the stomatal pores depends upon:

(a) oxygen
(b) water in guard cells
(c) temperature
(d) concentration of CO₂ in stomata

Most of the plants absorb nitrogen in one of the following forms. This is:

(a) proteins
(b) nitrates and nitrites
(c) urea
(d) atmospheric nitrogen

The first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract is:

(a) pepsin
(b) cellulose
(c) amylase
(d) trypsin

Which of the following is the correct statement?

(a) heterotrophs synthesise their own food
(b) heterotrophs utilize solar energy for photosynthesis
(c) heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food
(d) heterotrophs are capable of converting carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates

In which of the following groups of organisms the food material is broken down outside the body and then absorbed?

Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts as they occur in the human alimentary canal?

(a) Mouth → Stomach → Small intestine → Oesophagus → Large intestine
(b) Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach → Large intestine → Small intestine
(c) Mouth → Stomach → Oesophagus → Small intestine → Large intestine
(d) Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine

When a person eats sugary food, then organisms A present in his mouth act on sugar to produce a substance B. The substance B first dissolves the calcium salts from the top part C of the tooth and then from its middle part D forming holes E. These holes ultimately reach the part F in the lower part of tooth which contains nerves and blood vessels. The substance B irritates the nerve endings inside the tooth causing toothache.

(a) What are (i) organisms A, and (ii) substance B?

(b) What are (i) part C, and (ii) part D, of tooth known as?

(c) By what name are the holes E in the tooth known?

(d) Name the part F of the tooth.

(e) What will happen if organisms A reach part F of the tooth known?

If the teeth are not cleaned regularly, they become covered with a sticky yellowish layer W of food particles and bacteria. Since layer W covers the teeth, the alkaline liquid X secreted by glands Y inside the mouth cannot reach the teeth surface to neutralise the acid formed by the action of organisms Z on sugary food, and hence tooth decay sets in.

(a) What is W known as?

(b) What is (i) X, and (ii) Y?

(c) What are organisms Z?

(d) State one way of removing layer W from the teeth.

When a person puts food in his mouth, then teeth cut it into small pieces, chew and grind it. The glands A in the mouth secrete a substance B which is mixed with the food by tongue. The substance B contains an enzyme C which starts the digestion of food in the mouth. The slightly digested food from the mouth goes down a tube D. The special type of movements E in the walls of tube D push the food into stomach for further digestion. The stomach wall secretes gastric juice containing three substance F, G and H. One of the functions of F is to kill bacteria which may enter the stomach with food. The substance G protects the inside layer of stomach from the damaging effect of substance F whereas substance H is and enzyme for digestion. The partially digested food then enters into small intestine for further digestion.

(a) What is (i) gland A (ii) substance B, and (iii) enzyme C?

(b) Name the tube D.

(c) What is the movement E known as?

(d) What are (i) F (ii) G, and (iii) H?

The partially digested food coming from the stomach of a person enters a long and narrow organ A in his body. The organ A receives the secretion of two glands : liver and pancreas. Liver secretes a greenish-yellow liquid B which is normally stored in the organ C. Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains three digestive enzymes D, E and F. The intestinal juice completes the process of digestion of food. The inner wall of organ A has millions of tiny finger-like projections G which help in the rapid absorption of digested food into blood stream. The undigested part of food then passes into wider tube H which absorbs most of the water from undigested food. The last part of tube H called I stores this undigested food (or waste) for some time. The undigested food is then passed out though opening J as faeces in the process known as K.

(a) Name the organ A.

(b) Name (i) liquid B, and (ii) organ C.

(c) What are the digestive enzymes D, E and F?

(d) Name the projections G present on the inner wall of organ A.

(e) Name (i) tube H (ii) part I (iii) opening J, and (iv) process K.

A unicellular animal P having no fixed shape ingests a food particle by forming temporary finger-like projections Q. The food particle is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a temporary stomach R inside it. The chemicals S from surrounding cytoplasm enter into R and break down food into small and soluble molecules by chemical reactions. The digested food is absorbed directly into cytoplasm by the process T. The undigested food is thrown out of the body by the rupture of a cell organelle U in a process called V.

(a) Name the unicellular animal P.

(b) What are (i) Q, and (ii) R?

(c) Name (i) chemical S, and (ii) process T.

(d) Name (i) organelle U, and (ii) process V.

There are four organisms A, B, C and D. The organism A eats only the flesh of other animals as food. The organism B can eat grains, fruits and vegetables as well as meat and fish. The organism C can make the food itself from simple inorganic substances present in the environment by utilising sunlight energy. On the other hand, organism D eats only plants and their products as food.

(a) Which organism is (i) omnivore (ii) herbivore, and (ii) carnivore?

(b) Which organism is an autotroph?

(c) Which organism is/are heterotroph(s)?

(d) Which organism can be a producer?

(e) Which organism is/are consumer (s)?

(f) Give one example each of organisms which could be like (i) A (ii) B (iii) C, and (iv) D

The organisms A, B and C can obtain their food in three different ways. Organism A derives its food from the body of another living organism which is called its D, without killing it. The organism B takes in the solid food by the process of ingestion, digests a part of this food and throws out undigested food in the process called E. The organism C obtains its food from dead and decaying plants.

(a) What is the mode of nutrition of (i) organism A (ii) organism B, and (iii) organism C?

(b) What is the organism like D called?

(c) Name the process E.

(d) Give one example each of organisms like (i) A (ii) B, and (iii) C.

(e) What is the general name of three modes of nutrition exhibited by organisms A, B and C?

An organism A which cannot move from one place to another, makes a simple food B from the substances C and D available in the environment. This food is made in the presence of a green coloured substance E present in organs F in the presence of light energy in a process called G. Some of the simple food B also gets converted into a complex food H for storage purposes. The food H gives a blue-black colour with dilute iodine solution.

(a) What is (i) organism A (ii) food B, and (iii) food H?

(b) What are C and D?

(c) Name (i) green coloured substance E, and (ii) organ F.

(d) What is the process G?

X is a wild animal which eats only the flesh of other animals whereas Y is a domestic animal which feeds mainly on green grass.

(a) What are animals like X known as?

(b) What are animals Y known as?

(c) Which animal, X or Y, has a longer small intestine? Why?

(d) Name one animal which is like X.

(e) Name one animal which is like Y.

Do all cells use oxygen to produce energy?

Name one substance which is produced in anaerobic respiration by an organism but not in aerobic respiration.

Name one organism which can live without oxygen.

In which type of respiration, aerobic or anaerobic, more energy is released?

Name the substance whose build up in the muscles during vigorous physical exercise may cause cramps.

Which part of roots is involved in the exchange of respiratory gases?

Name the process by which plant parts like roots, stems, and leaves get oxygen required for respiration.

Name the pores in a leaf through which respiratory exchange of gases takes place.

Name the areas in a woody stem through which respiratory exchange of gases takes place.

What is the name of the extensions of the epidermal cells of a root which help in respiration?

Out of photosynthesis and respiration in plants, which process occurs:
(a) all the time?
(b) only at daytime?

Name the organs of breathing in fish.

Name an animal which absorbs oxygen through its moist skin.

Name an animal which depends on simple diffusion of gases for breathing.

Name two animals which breathe through gills.

The trachea divides into tow tubes at its lower end. What is the name of these tubes?

Where does the blood absorb oxygen in the human body?

Name the red pigment which carries oxygen in blood.

Which gases are exchanged in your lungs?

Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?

What is the name of tiny air-sacs at the end of smallest bronchioles in the lungs?

What is the other name of wind-pipe?

What organs are attached to the two bronchi?

In the lungs what substance is taken into the body?

In the lungs what substance is removed from the body?

During respiration, the plants take CO₂ and release O₂.

State whether the following statement is true or false:

Energy can be produced in cells without oxygen.

State whether the following statement is true or false:

Fish and earthworm exchange gases during respiration in the same way.

Fill in the following blank with suitable word:

 The organs of respiration in man are the _____________.

Fill in the following blank with suitable word:

The actual exchange of gases takes place in the ___________ of the lungs.

Fill in the Following Blank with Suitable Word.
_________ In the Lungs Provide a Very Large Surface Area for Gaseous Exchange.

Fill in the Following Blanks with Suitable Words:

Yeast Undergoes ___________ Respiration Whereas Amoeba Undergoes _________ Respiration.

Fill in the following blank with suitable word:

Gills are the breathing organs in ___________.

Explain why, a land plant may die if its roots remain waterlogged for a long time.

What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.

What type of respiration takes place in human muscles during vigorous physical exercise? Give reason for your answer

Name the type of respiration in which the end product is:

C₂H₅OH and CO₂

Give one example  where such a respiration can occur.

Name the type of respiration in which the end product is:

C₂H₅OH and CO₂

Give one example  where such a respiration can occur.

Name the type of respiration in which the end product is:

Lactic acid

Give one example where such a respiration can occur.

Define breathing. State the differences between breathing and respiration.

What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?

Explain why, when air is taken in and let out during breathing, the lungs always contain a residual volume of air.

Explain why, it is dangerous to inhale air containing carbon monoxide.

Describe the process of respiration in Amoeba. State whether it is anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration.

State the three common features of all the respiratory organs like skin, gills and lungs.

Describe the process of respiration in fish.

What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?

Describe the process of respiration in the following part of a plant:

Root

Describe the process of respiration in the following part of a plant:

Stem

Describe the process of respiration in the following part of a plant:

Leaves

 What is meant by aquatic animals and terrestrial animals?

From where do the aquatic animals and terrestrial animals obtain oxygen for breathing and respiration?

Why do fishes die when taken out of water?

Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms?

Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where is it produced?

Explain why, plants have low energy needs as compared to animals.

Explain how, it would benefit deep sea divers if humans also had gills.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

What are the major organs of respiratory system in man (or humans)?

Draw a labelled diagram of the human respiratory system.

Explain how, the air we breathe in gets cleaned while passing through the nasal passage.

Why do the walls of trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?

How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in our body during respiration?

How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchange of gases?

Give the main points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in animals.

Describe the exchange of gases which takes place in the leaves of a plant

(a) during daytime, and (b) at night.

Which contains more carbon dixoide : exhaled air or inhaled air? Why?

"Respiration is a vital function of the body". Justify this statements.

What type of repiration takes place in humans?

What type of repiration takes place in yeast?

Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of large multicellular organisms like humans?

What type of arrangement exists in the bodies of large animals to meet their oxygen requirements adequately?

What advantage a terrestrial animal has over an aquatic animal with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

Which of the following is not produced during anaerobic respiration in unicellular fungus?

One of the following organisms can live without oxygen of air. This organism is

(a) Amoeba
(b) Yak
(c) Yeast
(d) Leech

During respiration, the exchange of gases takes place in:

In one of the following organisms, the gaseous exchange during respiration does not take place through cell membrane/skin. This organism is:

(a) Electric eel
(b) Leech
(c) Earthworm
(d) trachea

Which of the following is correct for the process of anaerobic respiration?

Which of the following increases in muscle cells when they are lacking in oxygen?

Internal respiration may be defined as:

When air is blown from mouth into a test-tube containing lime water, the lime water turns milky due to the presence of:

Which of the following is the correct sequence of air passage during inhalation?

(a) nostrils → larynx → pharynx → trachea → lungs
(b) nasal passage → trachea → pharynx → larynx → alveoli
(c) larynx → nostrils → pharynx → lungs
(d) nostrils → pharynx → larynx → trachea → alevoli

Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps in the legs of sprinters. This is due to the conversion of pyruvate to:

During the deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in:

Which of the following statements are correct?
(i) pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast
(ii) fermentation takes place in the case of aerobic bacteria
(iii) fermentation takes place in mitochondria
(iv) fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration

Which of the following statements are true about respiration?
(i) during inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is raised.
(ii) the gaseous exchange takes place in the alveoli.
(iii) haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen.
(iv) alveoli increase surface area of the exchange of gases

Which of the following is known as the energy currency of the cells in biology?

The two organisms which breath only through their moist skin are:

One of the following animals does not use tracheae as the respiratory organs. This animal is:

The photosynthesis in a plant is not taking place during the day time if the plant is releasing:

The breathing and respiration in woody stem of a plant takes place through:

One of the following organisms does not depend on the simple diffusion of gases for breathing and respiration. This organism is:

During marathon, we sometimes get painful contractions of leg muscles due to the accumulation of one of the following in leg muscles. This is:

In cockroaches, air enters the body through:

Which of the following is most likely to have a much higher breathing rate?

During the respiration of an organism A, 1 molecule of glucose produces 2 ATP molecules whereas in the respiration of another organism B, 1 molecule of glucose produces 38 ATP molecules.

(a) Which organism is undergoing aerobic respiration?
(b) Which organism is undergoing anaerobic respiration?
(c) Which type of organism, A or B, can convert glucose into alcohol?
(d) Name one organism which behaves like A.
(e) Name two organisms which behave like B.

A, B and C are three living organisms. The organism A is a unicellullar fungus which can live without air. It is used in the commercial production of an organic compound P from molasses. The organism B is a unicellular animal which lives in water and feeds and moves by using pseudopodia. It breathes through an organelle Q. The organism C is a tiny animal which acts as a carrier of malarial parasite. It breathes and respires through a kind of tiny holes R and air-tubes S in its body.

(a) What are organisms (i) A (ii) B, and (iii) C?
(b) Name (i) P (ii) Q (iii) R, and (iv) S.
(c) Which organism/organisms undergo aerobic respiration?
(d) Which organism/organisms undergo anaerobic respiration?

There are five animals P, Q, R, S and T. The animal P always lives in water and has gills for breathing. The animal Q can stay in water as well as on land and can breathe both, through moist skin and lungs. The animal R lives in soil and breathes only through its skin. The animal S lives on land and breathes through spiracles and tracheae. And animal T lives in water and breathes through its cell membrane.

(a) Which of the animals could be Amoeba?
(b) Which of the animals could be frog?
(c) Which animal could be fish?
(d) Which animal could be grasshopper?
(e) Which animal could be earthworm?

Some sugar solution is taken in a test-tube and a little of substance X in powder form is added to it. The mouth of test-tube is closed with a cork and allowed to stand for sometime. On opening the cork, a characteristic smell of substance Y is obtained and a gas Z is also observed to be formed. The gas Z extinguishes a burning matchstick.

(a) What could be (i) X, (ii) Y, and (iii) Z?

(b) What is the process of converting sugar into substance Y by the action of X known as?

(c) What type of respiration is exhibited by X in the above process?

Consider the following chemical reactions which take place in different organisms/tissues under various conditions:

(i) Glucose →   Respiration    "> `"Respiration"/"">` Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
(ii) Glucose→   Respiration    "> `"Respiration"/"">` Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(iii) Glucose →   Respiration    ">→   Respiration    ">`"Respiration"/"">`  Lactic acid + Energy

(a) Name one organism which respires according to equation (i) above.
(b) Name one organism which respires according to equation (ii) above.
(c) When and where does respiration represented by equation (iii) above take place?
(d) Which equation/equations represent aerobic respiration?
(e) Which equation/equations represent anaerobic respiration?
(f) Which of the above reactions produces the maximum amount of energy?

When a person breathes in the air, the air enters into his body through an organ A having two holes B in it. The air then passes through the pharynx and larynx and enters into tube C. The tube C divides into two smaller tubes D at its lower end. The two smaller tubes are attached to two respiratory organs E. Each smaller tube divides inside the organs E to form a large number of still smaller tubes called F. The smallest tubes F have air-sacs G at their ends in which gaseous exchange takes place in the body of the person. What are A, B, C, D, E, F, and G?

An organism X having breathing organs A lives on land. When organism X goes underwater, it cannot survive for a long time unless carrying an oxygen cylinder. On the other hand, the organism Y having breathing organs B always lives in water and if taken out of the water, it dies after a short while. A third organism Z having breathing organs C and D which lives on the banks of ponds, lakes, and rivers can survive on land as well as in water equally well.

(a) What could organism X be? Name the breathing organs A.

(b) What could organism Y be? Name the breathing organs B.

(c) What could organism Z be? Name the breathing organs C and D.

(d) Out of X, Y, and Z, which organism is (i) amphibian, (ii) aquatic, and (iii)

terrestrial?

What is the name of tissues which transport food in a plant?

What is the name of tissues which transport:

water and minerals in a plant?

What substance/substances are transported in plants by:

xylem vessels and tracheids?

What substance/substances are transported in plants by sieve tubes (or phloem)?

Which organ acts as a pump in the circulatory system?

Veins and arteries carry blood. Which of these carry blood back to the heart?

Veins and arteries carry blood. Which of these carry blood away from the heart?

Where does blood absorb oxygen?

What stops blood from flowing backward through the heart?

Name the largest artery

Name largest vein, in our body.

What gaseous waste products are excreted by plants?

Where is the dirty blood in our body filtered?

Name the procedure used in the working of artificial kidney.

From the following terms, choose one term which includes the other four:
Plasma, Platelets, Blood, RBC, WBC

What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?

Out of xylem and phloem, which one carries materials upwards as well as downwards?

Out of xylem and phloem, which one carries materials only upwards?

Name two liquids which help in the transport of substances in the human body.

What is the other name of main vein?

Name the conducting tissue of plants which is made of sieve tubes alongwith companion cells.

Name the conducting tissue in plants which is made of living cells

Name the conducting tissue in plants which is made of dead cells.

State the term used for the transport of food from leaves to other parts of plant.

Which process in a plant is accomplished by utilising energy from ATP : transport of water and minerals or transport of food?

Name the two types of transport systems in the human beings.

Name a waste gas released by the plants only during the daytime.

Name a waste gas released by the plants only during the night time.

State whether the following statement is true or false:

Some organisms store wastes in body parts.

State whether the following statement is true or false:

The value of systolic pressure is always lower than that of diastolic pressure.

Name the two parts of a plant through which its gaseous waste products are released into the air.

What happens to the glucose which enters the nephron tubule alongwith the filtrate?

Name the two waste products of the human body which are produced in the body cells.

What is the role of glomerulus in the kidney?

What is the the other name of 'high blood pressure'?

Fill in the following blank with suitable word:

Gums and resins are the .......... products of plants.

Fill in the following blank with suitable word:

Bowman's capsule and tubule taken together make a..........

Fill in the following blank with suitable word:

The organs which extract the nitrogenous wastes from the blood are ..........

The extracellular fluid which always flows from body tissues to the heart is called ______________.

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

The ___________ blood cells make antibodies whereas ___________ blood cells help in respiration.

What is xylem tissue? Name the two kinds of cells in xylem tissue. State whether these cells are living or dead.

What is phloem tissue? Phloem contains two types of cells joined side by side. Name these two types of cells. State whether these cells are living or dead.

What is transpiration?

What do you mean by 'translocation' with respect to transport in plants?

Which plant tissue is involved in translocation : xylem or phloem?

Draw a labelled diagram of (i) a xylem vessel, and  (ii) a sieve tube (or phloem).

What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?

Match the terms in column I with their uses in column II

Define excretion. Name the excretory unit of a kidney.

What job is done by the kidneys?

What do kidneys excrete?

What is the name of the tubes which connect the kidneys to bladder?

What does the bladder in our body do?

Why do some people need to use a dialysis machine? What does the machine do?

What is the liquid part of the blood called? What is the function of platelets in the blood?

How many types of blood vessels are there in the human body? Name them.

Why does the heart need valves?

A dialysis machine contains long tubes coiled in a tank containing dialysing solution Of what substance are the tubes made?

A dialysis machine contains long tubes coiled in a tank containing dialysing solution

What does the dialysing solution contain?

A dialysis machine contains long tubes coiled in a tank containing dialysing solution 

 Name the main waste which passes into the dialysing solution.

State the differences between artery, vein and capillary.

What are the upper parts of the heart called?

What are the lower parts of the heart called?

What is the name of blood vessels which connect arteries to veins?

Which side of the heart pumps blood into the lungs?

Which side of the heart pumps blood into the entire body (except the lungs)?

What are the methods used by plants to get rid of their waste products?

How are waste products excreted in Amoeba?

What is lymph? State two major functions of lymph.

What is meant by saying that the blood pressure of a person is 120/80?

What is hypertension? Why is it caused? What harm can it do?

What are the various components of blood? State their functions.

With which human organ system (or human systems) is vena cava associated?

With which human organ system (or human systems) is glomerulus associated?

With which human organ system (or human systems) is alveoli associated?

With which human organ system (or human systems) is villi associated?

What is meant by 'systolic pressure' and 'diastolic pressure'? What are their normal values?

What is meant by 'heart beat'? What is the usual heart beat rate at rest?

 What change occurs in heart beats if a person runs for a while? Why?

What is blood? Why is it red?

State the functions of blood in our body.

Name a circulatory fluid in the human body other than blood.

What is meant by human circulatory system? Name the organs of the circulatory system in humans.

Draw a diagram of the human heart and label its parts.

What is meant by the term 'Double circulation'?

What is meant by the term 'single circulation'?

Describe the working of the human blood circulatory system with the help of a suitable diagram that shows all the steps involved.

Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?

How many chambers are there in the heart of a fish?

How many chambers are there in the heart of  an amphibian?

How many chambers are there in the heart of  a mammal?

Describe the circulatory system in a fish.

What is lymphatic system? What are its function?

What is blood pressure? What are the two factors used to express the blood pressure of a person?

Name the main nitrogenous waste in the human blood. How is it removed from the blood?

Name the various organs of the human excretory system.

Draw a neat labelled diagram of the human excretory system.

What is the function of excretory system in humans?

Describe the mechanism of urine formation in human excretory system. Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate your answer.

Where is urine carried through ureters?

What is urethra?

What is meant by dialysis? What type of patients are put on dialysis?

Explain the principle of dialysis with the help of a labelled diagram.

Why is the transport of materials necessary in an organism (plant or animal)?

What is the need of special tissues or organs for transport of substances in plants and animals?

How water and minerals are transported in plants?

How is food transported in plants?

One of the following does not have a nucleus. This one is:

The component of blood which makes chemicals known as antibodies is

An animal in which the oxygenation of blood does not take place in the lungs is:

Which of the following carries substances upwards as well as downwards in a plant?

One of the following is not a constituent of blood. This one is:

If a patient is out on dialysis, he is most likely suffering from a severe ailment of the:
(a) circulatory system
(b) respiratory system
(c) excretory system
(d) digestive system

Water absorption through roots can be increased by keeping the potted plants:
(a) in the shade
(b) in dim light
(c) under the fan
(d) covered with a polythene bag

A blood vessel which carries blood back to the heart is:

Blood is pumped from the heart to the entire body by the:

The blood leaving the tissues becomes richer in:

What prevents the backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction?

Which of the following is the correct path taken by urine in our body?

In which of the following vertebrate group/groups, heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different parts of the body?

Which vein brings clean blood from the lungs into the heart?

Which blood vessel does not carry any carbon dioxide?

It has been found that people living in very high mountains have many more red corpuscles in their blood than people living in plains. Which one of the following best accounts for this phenomenon?

The phloem tissue in plants is responsible for the transport of:

Which of the following has a three-chambered heart?

In which of the following are the largest amounts of nitrogen excreted from a mammalian body?
(a) breath
(b) sweat
(c) urine
(d) faeces

Which one of the following has cytoplasm but no nucleus:

The process of carrying food from the leaves to other parts of a plant is called:

Which of the following is the only conducting tissue in non-flowering plants?
(a) xylem vessels
(b) sieve tubes
(c) companion cells
(d) tracheids

Which of the following helps in the upward movement of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves through the stem?

Which one of the following does not have valves?

Which of the following is accomplished in a plant by utilizing the energy stored in ATP?

Coagulation of blood in a cut or wound is brought about by:

The blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart is:

The instrument for measuring blood pressure is called:

The excretory unit in the human excretory system is called:

The substance which is not reabsorbed into the blood capillaries surrounding the tuble of a nephron is mainly:
(a) glucose
(b) amino acid
(c) urea
(d) water

The procedure of cleaning the blood of a person by using a kidney machine is known as:
(a) ketolysis
(b) hydrolysis
(c) dialysis
(d) photolysis

The excretory organs in an earthworm are:
(a) nephridia
(b) nephrons
(c) raphides
(d) ureters

The cells in our blood which destroy disease-causing germs are:

The wave of expansion of an artery when blood is forced into it is called:

In autotrophs, water is transported through:

An animal having double circulation in a three-chambered heart is:

The transport system in plants consists of two kinds of tissues X and Y. The tissue X is made up of living cells and consists of two components A and B. The component A has tiny pores in its end walls and contains only cytoplasm but no nucleus. On the other hand, component B has cytoplasm as well as nucleus. The tissue Y is made up of dead cells and consists of two components C and D. The component C has open ends whereas component D does not have open ends. In flowering plants, either only C or both C and D transport water but D is the only water conducting tissue in non-flowering plants.
(a) What is (i) tissue X (ii) component A, and (iii) component B?
(b) What is (i) tissue Y (ii) component C, and (iii) component D?

Water and dissolved minerals get into the root hair of a plant by a process called A and enter the conducting tissue B. The process C helps the water and dissolved minerals to move up through tissue B in roots and stem, and reach the leaves of a plant. In the leaves, food is made by a process D. This food is then transported to all the parts of a plant through tissue E. The process of distributing food made in the leaves to all the parts of the plants is called F.
(a) What are (i) A (ii) B (iii) C (iv) D (v) E, and (vi) F?
(b) Which tissue is made up of living cells: B or E?
(c) Which tissue, B or E, contains sieve tubes?
(d) Which tissue, B or E, contains tracheids?

The liquid connective tissue A circulates in our body continuously without stopping. This tissue contains a pigment B which imparts it a colour C. The tissue A consists of four components D, E, F and G. The component D fights infection and protects us from diseases. The component E helps in the clotting of tissue A if a person gets a cut. The component F is a liquid which consists mainly of water with many substances dissolved in it and component G carries oxygen from the lungs to all the parts of the body.
(a) What is (i) tissue A (ii) pigment B, and (iii) colour C?
(b) Name (i) D (ii) E (iii) F, and (iv) G.
(c) Name one substance (other than oxygen) which is transported by tissue A in the human body.
(d) Which two components of tissue A are the cells without nucleus?
(e) Name any two organisms ( animals) which do not have liquid like A in their body.

The human body has an organ A which acts as a double pump. The oxygenated blood coming from the lungs through blood vessel B enters the upper left chamber C of the double pump. When chamber C contracts, then blood goes into the lower left chamber D. The contraction of chamber D forces the blood to go into a blood vessel E which supplies oxygenated blood to all the organs of the body (except the lungs). The deoxygenated blood coming out of the body organs is taken by a blood vessel F to the right upper chamber G of the pumping organ. Contraction of chamber G forces the deoxygenated blood into the right lower chamber H. And finally, the contraction of chamber H sends the deoxygenated blood into the lungs through blood vessel I.

1. What is organ A?
2. Name the blood vessel (i) B (ii) E (iii) F, and (iv) I.
3. What are chambers (i) C, and (ii) D?
4. What are chambers (i) G and (ii) H?

A liquid X of colour Y circulates in the human body only in one direction: from body tissues to the heart. Among other things, liquid X contains germs from cells and dead cells. The liquid X is cleaned of germs and dead cells by a special type of white blood cells called Z. This cleaned liquid is then put into the blood circulatory system in subclavian veins.

1. What is (i) liquid X, and (ii) colour Y?
2. What is Z?
3. The liquid X is somewhat similar to a component of blood. Name this component.
4. Why is liquid X not red?

There is a pair of bean-shaped organs P in the human body towards the back, just above the waist. A waste product Q formed by the decomposition of unused proteins in the liver is brought into organ P through blood by an artery R. The numerous tiny filters S present in organ P clean the dirty blood by removing the waste product Q. The clean blood goes into circulation through a vein T. The waste substance Q, other waste salts, and excess water form a yellowish liquid U which goes from organ P into a bag-like structure V through two tubes W. This liquid is then thrown out of the body through a tube X.
(a) What is (i) organ P, and (ii) waste substance Q?
(b) Name (i) artery R, and (ii) vein T.
(c) What are tiny filters S known as?
(d) Name (i) liquid U (ii) structure V (iii) tubes W, and (iv) tube X.

The organs A of a person have been damaged completely due to which too much of a poisonous waste material B has started accumulating in his blood, making it dirty. In order to save this person's life, the blood from an artery in the person's arm is made to flow into long tubes made of substance E which are kept in coiled form in a tank containing solution F. This solution contains three materials G, H and I in similar proportions to those in normal blood. As the person's blood passes through long tubes of substance E, most of the wastes present in it go into solution. The clean blood is then put back into a vein in the arm of the person for circulation.
(a) What are organs A?
(b) Name the waste substance B.
(c) What are (i) E, and (ii) F?
(d) Name G, H and I.
(e) What is the process described above known as?