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प्रश्न
Read the extract and complete the activities given below:
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"I don't believe in taking the right decisions. I take decisions, I take decisions and then make them right:' One of them make them right. One of Ratan Tata's inspiring words which made me dream beyond shadows. I feel fortunate that I discovered him in the early stage of my life and now I am using his teachings to mould my future the way I want. Even though Ratan Tata was born into a very posh family in India, he never took money and power for granted. He graduated from Riverdale country from New York, Ratan Tata began his career in the Tata Group working on the shop floor of Tata Steel. After working for almost 10 years he was appointed as the director-in-charge of the National Radio and Electronics Company Limited (NELCO) in order to help its struggling finances. He worked hard to build a better consumer electronics division but the economic recession and union strikes prevented him from achieving success and this success helped Tata to be appointed as the chairman of the Tata Group of companies. He started with a very basic job in his father's company and today he owns a billion dollar company. The tag of greatness does not come without making any sacrifices and this tag on Ratan Tata suits to its best. Tata group launched its passenger car Tata Indica in the year 1998 but Tata Indica was a failure in its first year and the experiment seemed to be failing. Many people started advising Ratan Tata that he should sell the passenger car business. Ratan Tata also agreed to this and a proposal was given to Ford. they showed interest too. The three-hour meeting at Ford headquarters in Detroit, chairman of Ford (Bill Ford) said to Ratan Tata, "Why did you enter in the passenger car business when you were not knowing of it. It will be a favour if we buy this business from you." Ratan Tata decided to move back home. Whi le travelling he was very tense as the feeling of being insulted was on his mind. After earlier failures, Tata Motors did well with its business of passenger cars but in the same period, Ford did very bad. In 2008 when Ford was on it way of bankruptcy, Tata Group offered Ford to buy its luxury car brand, Jaguar Land Rover. Ford arrived in Mumbai for the meeting. In the meeting, Bill Ford said to Ratan Tata, you are doing a big favour for us by buying-Jaguar-Land Rover is now owned by Tata Group and is currently making profits. |
A1. Rewrite the following sentences as per their occurrence in the extract: (2)
- He was appointed as the Director-in-charge of the National Radio and Electronics Company Limited.
- Tata Group launched its passenger car 'Tata Indica in the year 1998.
- Billi Ford said to Ratan Tata, "You are doing a big favour for us by buying Jaguar-Land Rover."
- He graduated from Riverdale country from New York.
A2. Explain: (2)
The writer says, "I don't believe in taking right decisions. I take decisions and then make them right."
A3. Give reasons: (2)
Ratan Tata decided to sell his passenger car business.
A4. Personal Response: (2)
Right decision at the right time is important success. Express your opinion.
A5. Grammar: (2)
Do as directed:
- He worked hard building a better consumer electronics division.
(Rewrite the sentence using the infinitive form of the underlined word) - Tata Group launched the passenger car Tata Indica.
(Rewrite it beginning with 'The passenger car Tata Indica......')
A6. Vocabulary:
Give antonyms.
- Profit × ______
- Prevent × ______
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उत्तर
A1.
(d) He graduated from Riverdale country from New York.
(a) He was appointed as the Director-in-charge of the National Radio and Electronics Company Limited.
(b) Tata Group launched its passenger car 'Tata Indica in the year 1998.
(c) Billi Ford said to Ratan Tata, "You are doing a big favour for us by buying Jaguar-Land Rover."
A2. The author is describing his aptitude for making decisions. He is self-assured and has a positive outlook on everything. As a result, he demonstrates his ability to make a strong choice as well as his ability to overcome any obstacles that may arise as a result of that decision.
A3. Ratan Tata decided to sell his passenger car business because it was a failure right in the first year. It incurred loss in the business as the car model Introduced was not liked in the market.
A4. It is critical to make the correct decision at the appropriate time. Such a decision not only saves us a lot of trouble in the future, but it also allows us to seize the best available opportunity to advance in life. Anyone who wants to be successful must remember that an opportunity knows when it appears and must be seized at that moment.
A5.
- He worked hard to build a better consumer electronics division.
- The passenger car Tata Indica was launched by Tata Group.
A6.
- Profit × loss
- Prevent × allow/encourage
APPEARS IN
संबंधित प्रश्न
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
The term dietary fibres refers collectively to indigestible carbohydrates present in plant foods. The importance of these dietary fibres came into the picture when it was observed that the people having diet rich in these fibres, had low incidence of coronary heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, dental caries and gall stones.
The foodstuffs rich in these dietary fibres are cereals and grains, legumes, fruits with seeds, citrus fruits, carrots, cabbage, green leafy vegetables, apples, melons, peaches, pears etc.
These dietary fibres are not digested by the enzymes of the stomach and the small intestine whereas most of other carbohydrates like starch and sugar are digested and absorbed. The dietary fibres have the property of holding water and because of it, these get swollen and behave like a sponge as these pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The fibres add bulk to the diet and increase transit time in the gut. Some of these fibres may undergo fermentation in the colon.
In recent years, it has been considered essential to have some amount of fibres in the diet. Their beneficial effects lie in preventing coronary heart disease, and decreasing cholesterol level. The fibres like gums and pectin are reported to decrease postprandial (after meals) glucose level in blood. These types of dietary fibres are recommended for the management of certain types of diabetes. Recent studies have shown that the fenugreek (Methi) seeds, which contain 40 per cent gum, are effective in decreasing blood glucose and cholesterol levels as compared to other gum containing vegetables.
Some dietary fibres increase transit time and decrease the time of release of ingested food in colon. The diet having less fibres is associated with colon cancer and the dietary fibres may play a role in decreasing the risk of it.
The dietary fibres hold water so that stools are soft, bulky and readily eliminated. Therefore high fibre intake prevents or relieves constipation.
The fibres increase motility of the small intestine and the colon and by decreasing the transit time there is less time for exposure of the mucosa to harmful toxic substances. Therefore, there is a less desire to eat and the energy intake can be maintained within the range of requirement. This phenomenon helps in keeping a check on obesity. Another reason in helping to decrease obesity is that the high-fibre diets have somewhat lower coefficients of digestibility.
The dietary fibres may have some adverse effects on nutrition by binding some trace metals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and others and therefore preventing their proper absorption. This may pose a possibility of nutritional deficiency especially when diets contain marginal levels of mineral elements. This may become important constraints on increasing dietary fibres. It is suggested that an intake of 40 grams dietary fibres per day is desirable.
(Extracted from ‘The Tribune’)
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it in points only, using recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. Also suggest a suitable title. (5)
(b) Write a summary of the above in about 80 words. (3)
What role did Mr. Gilman play in Helen Keller's life? (120‒150 words)
A1 Web :
Complete the following web with the help of the passage :
My dictionary tells me that personality is the “Personal or individual quality that makes one person be different and act differently from another.” Personality is, “the total physical, intellectual and emotional structure of an individual, including abilities, interests, and attitudes.”
There are many benefits to having a pleasant personality. There is only one opportunity to make a first impression, and all of us instinctively make decisions or judgments about an individual within the first few seconds of crossing paths. With that in mind, I believe when we teach our kids to smile, to be pleasant and cheerful, to be courteous and respectful of others, to pleasantly respond to requests or questions, we are helping them develop a personality that will open many doors for them. Once the doors are opened, the character will keep them open; but personality, not character, is on display in the first few seconds. Therefore, it’s important to develop a pleasant personality and use it for life.
A2 Personality :
Personality of an individual is recognized by :
(i) _______ (ii) _______
(iii) _______ (iv) _______
A3 Vocabulary :
Find out words for the following from the passage and write:
(i) polite =
(ii) relating to feelings =
(iii) to do anything naturally without thinking =
(iv) a chance to do something =
A4 Complete the following table :
| Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
| – | different | differently |
| Instinct | – | instinctively |
Select any word from the table and use it meaningfully in a sentence of your own.
A5 Personal Response :
Why do you thing, personality development is necessary?
Mention the odd way in which the author’s grandmother behaved just before she died.
Notice these expression in the text. Infer their meaning from the context.
billowed
The narrative has many phrases to describe the scenic beauty of the mountainside like:
A flawless half-moon flated in a perfect blue sky.
Scan the text to locate other such picturesque phrases.
What do you understand of Einstein’s nature from his conversations with his history teacher, his mathematics teacher and the head teacher?
How do you distinguish between information gathering and insight formation?
The story begins and ends with Iona and his horse. Comment on the significance of this to the plot of the story.
Is drama a good medium for conveying a social message? Discuss.
Read the play out in parts. Enact the play on a suitable occasion.
Identify instances in the story that show the business acumen of Ramanand.
We 'draw up a deed'. Complete the following phrase with an appropriate word.
________one's will
We 'draw up a deed'. Complete the following phrase with an appropriate word.
________ends meet
Paul's final bet his family richer but cost him his life. Explain.
Examine the communication channels in the story between Paul's mother and his uncle.
Explain the line:
She makes too much steam–you want to hang the monkey wrench on the safety valve!
What, according to Russell, is the importance of love in life?
'It is not an accident that the most discrimination literary criticism of Shelley's thought and work is by a distinguished scientist, Desmond King-Hele.' How does this statement bring out the meeting point of poetry and science?
People with foibles are often not conscious of them.
In English, the peacock is associated with pride. ‘As proud as a peacock’ is a commonly used simile. With what qualities is the peacock associated with the literature of your language?
Discuss in pairs
Choice of diction is very crucial to the communication of meaning.
Many sentences and paragraphs in the excerpt begin with the word ‘And’. To what extent does this contribute to the rhetorical style of the lecture?
How has the poet brought out her emotional attachment to her mother tongue?
Comment on the subtlety with which the poet captures the general pattern of communication within a family.
What makes the urgency of the child's demand seem logical?
What do the references to the birds and animals made in the poem suggest?
Read the following statement and mark those that apply to you.
I wish to be friends with someone but my friendship is rejected.
Discuss in groups and share your answer with the class.
Can you name the famous musician in Emperor Akbar’s court, who could perform miracles, when he sang different Ragas?
Using a good dictionary, find the shade of difference in the following:
‘Profession’ refers to ____________
Think and answer in your own words.
What could be the age group of the speaker in the poem?
Make a list of the preparations made for an assault on Tiger Hill.
Throughout the last week of June 1999, 18 Grenadiers ____________.
Pick out a word from the poem to complete the sentence meaningfully.
She ______ (bargained) with the hawker to reduce the price.
Kite - flying in Gujarat, is a competitive sport - cum - festival.
Given below are some words from legal terminology used in court affairs. Discuss and complete the table accordingly.
| Sr. No | Legal Terminology | Description |
| 1. | Affidavit | A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation for use as evidence in court. |
| 2. | Argument | |
| 3. | Consent | |
| 4. | Counsel | |
| 5. | Judgement | |
| 6. | Trial | |
| 7. | Verdict | |
| 8. | Contempt of Court | |
| 9. | Notice | |
| 10. | Stay order |
Given below are various professions in column A and in column B, the nature of work in respective professions. Match the columns.
| A | B |
| (i) Anaesthetist | (a) Specialist in the treatment of problems concerning the position of teeth and jaws. |
| (ii) Pharmacist | (b) A person who designs buildings and supervises the process of constructing them. |
| (iii) Orthodentist | (c) A person who is in charge of a newspaper or of a part of a newspaper. |
| (iv) Dermitologist | (d) The medical study of the skin and its diseases. |
| (v) Architect | (e) A person who has been trained to prepare medicines and sell them to the public. |
| (vi) Chartered Accountant | (f) A person whose job is to give drugs which makes the person not feel pain especially in preparation for a medical operation. |
| (vii) Editor | (g) A person who is engaged in the profession of accounting and examining the statements and records of accounts. |
Go through the poem and state whether the following statement is true or false.
Planners make tactful changes so that citizens do not recognize familiar landmarks.
Read the expression:
‘the blueprint of our past’s tomorrow’. Consider in a group why the poet has not mentioned ‘the present’. It is because of the planners who have possessed our ‘present’ in order to change ‘our past’ into the ‘future’ they desire. Go through the poem and write the lines which support this thought.
- The buildings are in alignment with the roads which meet at desired points.
- ____________________________________________
- ____________________________________________
- ____________________________________________
- ____________________________________________
- ____________________________________________.
Dos and Don'ts for Email Etiquettes. Discuss and add one or two Dos and Don'ts on your own.
| Sr. No. | Dos | Don'ts |
| 1. | Have a clear subject line. | Don’t forget your signature. |
| 2. | Use a professional salutation. | Don’t use humour and sarcasm. |
| 3. | Recheck your e-mail. | Don’t assume the recipient knows what you are talking about. |
| 4. | Keep private material confidential. | Don’t punctuate poorly. |
| 5. | Keep your email short and flawless. Stay concise. | Don't hit 'Reply All'. |
| 6. | Check your attachments before sending them. | Don’t think that no one but the intended recipient will see your email. (No predictions) |
| 7. | Include your name or a signature with additional details and contact information. | Don't forward emails without permission. |
Answer the following question in short.
On what condition did Tenali Raman agree to take up the challenge?
Birbal thought Akbar was greater than God.
Write a short note on Emperor Akbar.
Find at least two things from the poem that show the following:
It is the early morning.
List five of your favourite Hindi or Marathi poems or songs. Try to translate any one of them into English.
Read the description of the Kabaddi match and do the following:
Choose any one event and draw a diagram to show what happened.
What is described in the poem?
What did one of the fluttering creatures do?
Differentiate between characters and characterization.
How many of them are personal articles? How many of them are used for the beautification of your home? How many of them are meant for utility (to fulfill a useful function in the household)?
Explain the following statement with reference to the context.
Because your father can't do without my help.
Who do you think benefits most from commercial advertisements?
Discuss and write 1-2 lines about the following,
Yonamine’s ideas about marriage.
Visit a library:
Read more stories from Japan, China, and Korea.
Answer the following question in one sentence.
Who misses all the fun?
Answer the following question in one sentence.
What would he do if he had the power to do it?
Now, talk to your friends or elders; refer to books and read about all the objects on which wheels are used. List them. (How many did you miss out on in your first list? Why?)
Rewrite the poem in the form of a prose passage.
Write the following in short:
The story of the three caskets.
Find four words ending with ‘-ous’ from the story.
Can you add three more words ending with ‘-ous’ to this list?
Read the following words. Write the words that are combined to make these words.
- faraway
- nobleman
- whoever
- moneylender
- sometimes
Add ten more words to the list on your own. Each of the component words must be meaningful.
Hold a mock trial for the following offence. There should be a complainant, a defendant, and lawyers to argue the case on behalf of them. The whole class can vote to pass the judgment. On what occasions will you plead for justice? What punishment will you suggest? When will you plead for mercy?
A very poor and honest servant has broken a vase while cleaning it. The vase was valuable and the employer liked it very much.
What themes did the committee identify?
Complete the following sentence with reference to the passage:
Gautama, the Buddha, was born over two thousand five hundred years ago, as ______.
Read the passage and answer the following:
Which book is introduced in the passage?
Read the passage and answer the following:
When was the book written?
Talk about your strengths.
Prepare similar word chains using the following ideas.
wind - breeze __________________.
Read the following and observe the use of tenses.
‘Last week I witnessed a strange accident. Let me tell you about it. The signal flashes green. Vehicles start in the opposite direction. They move fast. Suddenly a speeding motorcyclist tries to cut across, from the wrong side. He is about to collide with a loaded truck. He applies the brakes. He falls and slides out with his bike from under the truck. He comes out unscathed on the other side.’
- When an event, which has occurred in the past, is narrated in the Present Tense to create a dramatic effect its Tense is called the ‘Dramatic Present Tense’.
- Now try to relate Jayant’s sci-fi story, in brief, in the dramatic past tense.
Gather more information about the following from your Science textbook, the internet, and other sources.
Gravitational force
List the adverbs/adverbial phrases used in the passage.
Using your imagination, write about a beautiful region - its landforms, water bodies, flora and fauna, night sky, people, etc.
Choose the appropriate phrase to insert in the gap, to make the sentence meaningful. Use the appropriate form of the verb.
Sorrowful times are ______ darkness.
Rewrite in your own words.
One of the Caesar’s traits that makes you laugh.
The poet uses words to create pictures or 'images' in the reader’s mind. For example, 'And sparkle out among the fern.'
Write down other lines that create images or pictures in your mind. (Any 3)
Read aloud a couple of stanzas of the poem ‘Invictus’ and ‘Please Listen’. In what ways do they differ? Think and fill up the table with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.
| Invictus | Please Listen | |
| Rhyming lines | ______ | ______ |
| Steady rhythm | ______ | ______ |
| Uniformity in the length of lines | ______ | ______ |
| Uniformity of the number of lines in each stanza. | ______ | ______ |
| Figurative language | ______ | ______ |
Read: ‘The Open Window’ by H. H. Munro (Saki).
Correct the following sentence and rewrite it.
Papa Panov gave hot soup to the sweeper, milk to the young mother, and coffee to the beggars.
What did Gopal Bhand want to tell the husband and wife?
What is the difference between a 'dream' and a 'daydream'?
Write the characteristics of a good listener.
Listen carefully and write all the words correctly.
You are right. Write it down in the right-hand corner.
Read the poem and answer the following.
Which are the two different places where strawberries grow?
Read the poem and answer the following.
Which strawberries are sweeter?
Read the poem and answer the following.
How would you like to eat your strawberries?
Make a list of your favourite fruits and vegetables and note down the time of the year when they are available in plenty.
Why is Great January annoyed with Holena and her mother? Does he help them?
Guess the meaning of the following word.
postponed
How did the middle brother use rice?
Was it right for the youngest brother to ask for a share in the money? Why?
Read the highlighted words. They are adverbs.
- I was pulling hard.
- They ran away.
- Later, I was taken to the city.
- I went very carefully.
- They were greatly pleased.
Enact the play.
Find two examples of the following from the lesson.
A Question
When do the parents feel sorry and become unhappy?
Do you agree with the poet’s thoughts? Why?
WWW is a short form of World Wide Web.
Find ten other short forms related to ICT (Information and Communication Technology).
Where is Rangoli usually drawn?
How did the bird try to reach its parents without having to fly?
What prompted the young seagull to fly finally?
Why was the narrator sorry to have paid attention to the footsteps?
How did the cops manage to enter the locked house?
Who used the zither and how?
The rich man was from...
Read the following line from the poem and answer the question given below.
Nothing goes right with the folks you meet
Down on that gloomy Complaining Street.
- What is the opinion about the folks you meet down the street?
- What does the word ‘gloomy’ mean here?
What other various pets did Somu have?
What commotion did the boomerang cause in the neighborhood?
Why did Mrs. Jhunjhunwalla buy the painting?
How were offerings carried during the ancient period?
Who baked the homemade cookies?
Hamid’s friends enjoyed the ride in the merry-go-round. But Hamid didn’t go on it. Why?
Hamid thought that his grandma would be pleased if he bought______
How did Hamid’s friends enjoy the games in the fair?
We should learn to ______questions.
- ask
- answer
- discard
What do you infer about speaking with others from this poem?
Tackling the Issues
Ask the class to discuss solutions to an issue that plagues contemporary society at large or just your community—for example, homelessness, violence, environmental degradation, hunger.
Half the class should mention idealistic solutions to the chosen issue; the other half should mention only realistic approaches to solving the problem.
See if, in listening to both sides, someone can come up with a proposal that is both realistic and unconventional—an idea that hasn't been tried yet.
Read these lines and answer the questions given below.
Where the voice of the wind calls our wandering feet
Whose ‘Wandering feet’ is referred to here?
Neerja passed on the warning in a code to the pilots because she______.
What are the characteristics of a courageous man?
Work in pairs and answer the following.
Write the rhyme scheme of the poem.
Grandfather felt planting trees would help the forest because______.
Read the questions related to the three sports stars you have read about and tick the appropriate boxes.
 |
 |
 |
|
| 1. Who won the Olympic 2016 silver medal in badminton? | |||
| 2. Who is the role model for her siblings? | |||
| 3. Whose mother tongue is Tamil? | |||
| 4. Whose attitude is 'never-say-die spirit'? | |||
| 5. Which player works in the Police Department? | |||
| 6. Which player holds the record for the highest individual score in cricket? |
Why did Muthu and his friends step out of the train?
We do not really see the landscape from a normal train because the______.
Read the lines and answer the question given below.
Here is a child who clambers and scrambles,
All by himself and gathering brambles;
- Where do you think the child is?
- What does ‘gathering brambles’ mean?
Read the lines and answer the question given below.
Each a glimpse and gone forever;
a. What is ‘each’ over here? Why is it gone forever?
Find example of alliteration and write them in the blank.
to muddy roads
monsoons and mangoes
Find example of alliteration and write them in the blank.
Spring Is pretty
but short and sweet
In this story, what happened to the Earth?
Rearrange the story in order.
- Jaswant stayed back in his post.
- He killed 300 chinese soldiers in the battle.
- He fired weapons from separate points.
- Sela and Nura helped him in the battle.
- Jaswant shot himself to death.
- Chinese soldiers caught the man who supplied food.
- He was awarded the Mahavir Chakra.
What would we do when we are happy or sad?
Write the rhyming word.
Tree - ______.
They would rest on the tree.
The bird-catcher had a pigeon in his _______.
Akilan’s passion is to learn ______.
Read the passage three times and colour a spacesuit for each time.
A spacesuit is like a spaceship built for one. A spacesuit lets us work and live in space. It protects us from the heat and the cold. It gives us air to breathe. The suit is made of many parts and has water to drink. It even has a built-in toilet, if you need to use it.
Match the rhyming words.
| mars | crime |
| bed | cars |
| time | head |
Write the rhyming word.
one
What was the message on the chit?
Number the pictures in the correct order of the story.
Number the actions of Pandi and Nandhini in order.
If we didn’t have boundaries, we don’t need _______.
Write a paragraph on the topic ‘Park’.
At the end of the festival , Kamali and Senthil saved______.
Leaf cutter ants drink ______.
Write the rhyming word.
countries- ______.
The merchant paid______ to the boatman.
Whose word are these? Name the character.
“We do not have money to buy anything.”
Choose the correct one.
Rooster
Write the word with same meaning.
purse- ______
______ is a great risk to the environment.
Do you think Nasruddin was good at archery?
Are these sentence TRUE or FALSE
The poet tells the child to be afraid when it is dark.
Although Helen could not hear or see, what kind of girl was she?
What is the best time to water the plants?
Write the related words as shown in the example.
Here is an amazing news item on how the qualities of duty and devotion is not restricted to humans alone but shared by animals. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.
Caesar, the Hero of Mumbai on 26/11
- Mumbai: Caesar, the last surviving hero of his kind, died of a heart attack on Thursday. Caesar, a Labrador Retriever, was covered with tri-color and given an emotional farewell from the city Police Force. The Mumbai Police Commissioner too marked the passing of the hero with a tweet.
- Caesar, who was 11 years old was the sole survivor among the dogs of Mumbai Police who took part in bomb detection operations during the terrorist attack on Mumbai that began on November 26, 2008. He died of a heart attack at a farm in Virar where he and his three canine buddies had been sent after retirement. During the terror attack in Mumbai, Caesar saved several lives when he sniffed out the hand grenades left by the terrorists at the busy CST railway station.
- Caesar was also a part of the search team at Nariman House, where terrorists were holed up for three days. Earlier he was also pressed into service for bomb search operation after the 2006 serial train blasts and July 2017 blast in Mumbai. The Mumbai police officials also tweeted their grief saying, “Services of retired members of Dog Squad during 26/11 will be unforgettable. We will remember our heroes forever.”
Answer the following questions.
- The Labrador Retriever was covered with tri-color. What does this signify?
- How did Caesar save several lives at the CST railway station?
- Which word in the third paragraph of the passage means the same as ‘forced’?
- “Services of retired members of Dog Squad during 26/11 will be unforgettable”. Mention three services rendered by Caesar.
- Caesar is a Labrador breed of dogs. Name a few other native breeds that are used by the Police Force.
- Try to rewrite the news item in your mother tongue without losing the spirit and flavour of the text. Give a suitable title to the translated version.
On the basis of your understanding of the given passage, make notes in any appropriate format.
The Sherpas were nomadic people who first migrated from Tibet approximately 600 years ago, through the Nangpa La pass and settled in the Solukhumbu District, Nepal. These nomadic people then gradually moved westward along salt trade routes. During 14th century, Sherpa ancestors migrated from Kham. The group of people from the Kham region, east of Tibet, was called “Shyar Khamba”. The inhabitants of Shyar Khamba, were called Sherpa. Sherpa migrants travelled through Ü and Tsang, before crossing the Himalayas. According to Sherpa oral history, four groups migrated out of Solukhumbu at different times, giving rise to the four fundamental Sherpa clans: Minyagpa, Thimmi, Sertawa and Chawa. These four groups have since split into the more than 20 different clans that exist today
Sherpas had little contact with the world beyond the mountains and they spoke their own language. AngDawa, a 76-year-old former mountaineer recalled “My first expedition was to Makalu [the world’s fifth highest mountain] with Sir Edmund Hillary’’. We were not allowed to go to the top. We wore leather boots that got really heavy when wet, and we only got a little salary, but we danced the Sherpa dance, and we were able to buy firewood and make campfires, and we spent a lot of the time dancing and singing and drinking. Today Sherpas get good pay and good equipment, but they don’t have good entertainment. My one regret is that I never got to the top of Everest. I got to the South Summit, but I never got a chance to go for the top.
The transformation began when the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and the New Zealander Edmund Hillary scaled Everest in 1953. Edmund Hillary took efforts to build schools and health clinics to raise the living standards of the Sherpas. Thus life in Khumbu improved due to the efforts taken by Edmund Hillary and hence he was known as ‘Sherpa King’.
Sherpas working on the Everest generally tend to perish one by one, casualties of crevasse falls, avalanches, and altitude sickness. Some have simply disappeared on the mountain, never to be seen again. Apart from the bad seasons in 1922, 1970 and 2014 they do not die en masse. Sherpas carry the heaviest loads and pay the highest prices on the world’s tallest mountain. In some ways, Sherpas have benefited from the commercialization of the Everest more than any group, earning income from thousands of climbers and trekkers drawn to the mountain. While interest in climbing Everest grew gradually over the decades after the first ascent, it wasn’t until the 1990s that the economic motives of commercial guiding on Everest began. This leads to eclipse the amateur impetus of traditional mountaineering. Climbers looked after each other for the love of adventure and “the brotherhood of the rope” now are tending to mountain businesses. Sherpas have taken up jobs as guides to look after clients for a salary. Commercial guiding agencies promised any reasonably fit person a shot at Everest.
Which of the following should one avoid while using social media? Tick against the correct options.
