Maharashtra State Board 11th Standard Physics Syllabus - Free PDF Download
Maharashtra State Board Syllabus 2026-27 11th Standard: The Maharashtra State Board 11th Standard Physics Syllabus for the examination year 2026-27 has been released by the MSBSHSE, Maharashtra State Board. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2026-27 Maharashtra State Board 11th Standard Physics Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Maharashtra State Board syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed Maharashtra State Board 11th Standard Physics Syllabus for 2026-27 is below.
Academic year:
Maharashtra State Board 11th Standard Physics Revised Syllabus
Maharashtra State Board 11th Standard Physics Course Structure 2026-27 With Marking Scheme
| # | Unit/Topic | Weightage |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Units and Measurements | |
| 2 | Mathematical Methods | |
| 3 | Motion in a Plane | |
| 4 | Laws of Motion | |
| 5 | Gravitation | |
| 6 | Mechanical Properties of Solids | |
| 7 | Thermal Properties of Matter | |
| 8 | Sound | |
| 9 | Optics | |
| 10 | Electrostatics | |
| 11 | Electric Current Through Conductors | |
| 12 | Magnetism | |
| 13 | Electromagnetic Waves and Communication System | |
| 14 | Semiconductors | |
| Total | - |
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Syllabus
1 Units and Measurements [Revision]
- Quantitative Science
- Introduction
- Definition: Measurement
- Standard Units
- The Measurement Equation
- Real-Life Examples of Daily Measurements
- System of Units
- Derived Quantities and Units
- Definition: Derived units
- Formation of Derived Units
- Supplementary Units: The Special Cases
- Angle Conversions: Degrees ↔ Radians
- Key Examples of Derived Quantities
- Example
- Rules and Conventions for Writing SI Units and Their Symbols
- Introduction
- The 10 Essential SI Unit Conventions
- Real-Life Applications
- Derived Quantities and Units
- Measurement of Length
- Length and Its Measurement
- The Parallax Method
- Activity: Understanding Parallax Through Experience
- Measuring Stellar Distances
- Measuring the Size of Celestial Objects
- Measuring Very Small Distances
- Special Units for Large Distances
- Example
- Measurement of Mass
- Introduction
- The Old Kilogram Standard
- The New Kilogram Standard
- Measuring Atoms & Molecules: Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
- Measurement of Time
- The Foundation of Time
- The Revolutionary Solution: Cesium Atomic Clocks
- Real World Applications
- Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
- Definition: Dimensions
- Application 1
- Application 2
- Application 3
- Real-Life Applications
- Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
- Accuracy, Precision and Uncertainty in Measurement
- Definition: Accuracy
- Definition: Precision
- Definition: Uncertainty
- Activity: Measuring with Uncertainty
- Real-Life Examples
- Errors in Measurements>Systematic Errors
- Definition: Errors in Measurements
- Definition: Systematic Errors
- Source: Systematic Errors
- Effects: Systematic Errors
- Errors in Measurements>Random Errors
- Definition: Random Errors
- Source: Random Errors
- Effects: Random Errors
- Estimation of Errors
- Introduction
- Definition: Absolute Error
- Definition: Mean Absolute Error
- Definition: Relative Error (Fractional Error)
- Definition: Percentage Error
- Formula: Arithmetic Mean
- Formula: Absolute Error
- Formula: Mean Absolute Error
- Formula: Relative Error
- Formula: Percentage Error
- Flowchart: Error Analysis Process
- Activity: Measuring a Cylinder's Diameter
- Example
- Combination of Errors
- Introduction
- Errors in sum and in Difference
- Errors in Products and in Division
- Errors Due to the Power Quantities
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Significant Figures
- Definitions of SI Units and Constants
- Redefining the Kilogram
- The Seven Constants with Exact Values
- Base Unit Definitions (current SI)
- Then vs Now (pre-2019 → post-2019)
2 Mathematical Methods [Revision]
- Vector Analysis
- Introduction
- Scalars and Vectors
- Scalar vs Vector
- Key Points to Remember
- Scalar
- Introduction
- Key Characteristics of Scalar
- Examples of Scalar Quantities
- Real-Life Example
- Vector
- Definition: Vector
- Representation of vector
- Types of Vectors
- Examples of Vector Quantities
- Vector Operations>Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
- Introduction: Vector Operations
- Statement: Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
- Example
- Vector Operations>Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
- Statement
- Vector Addition: Parallel Vectors
- Vector Subtraction: Anti-Parallel Vectors
- Real-Life Applications
- Vector Operations>Triangle Law for Vector Addition
- Statement
- Commutative Law of Vector Addition
- Associative Law of Vector Addition
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Vector Operations>Law of parallelogram of vectors
- Statement
- Derivation: Magnitude of \[\vec R\]
- Derivation: Magnitude of Resultant
- Derivation: Direction of Resultant
- Example
- Resolution of Vectors
- Introduction
- Definition: Resolution of the Vector
- Definition: Rectangular Components
- Characteristics
- Vector Resolution in 2D
- 2D vs 3D Rectangular Components
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Multiplication of Vectors>Scalar Product(Dot Product)
- Introduction
- Definition: Scalar Product
- Characteristics of Scalar Product
- Scalar Product Using Rectangular Components
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Multiplication of Vectors>Vector Product (Cross Product)
- Definition: Vector Product
- Core Properties and Characteristics
- Steps for Calculating the Cross Product
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Real Life Applications
- Concept of Calculus
- Introduction
- Histotical Background
- Definition: Calculus
- Two Main Branches of Calculus
- Significance
- Differential Calculus
- Introduction
- Definition: Differentiation
- Characteristics
- Process: Finding the Derivative
- Significance
- Derivatives
- Example
- Integral Calculus
- Introduction
- Definition: Definite Integral
- Definition: Indefinite Integral
- Characteristics
- Process: Finding the Area Under a General Curve
- Significance
- Basics of Integration
- Example
3 Motion in a Plane [Revision]
- Concept of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Motion
- Types of Motion
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Rectilinear Motion
- Introduction
- Displacement
- Introduction
- Formula: Displacement
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Path Length
- Introduction
- Explanation
- Real-Life Examples
- Average Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Velocity
- Calculation of Average Velocity
- Significance
- Formula
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Average Speed
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Speed
- Characteristics
- Calculation of Average Speed
- Formula: Average Speed
- Example
- Instantaneous Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Instantaneous Velocity
- Formula: Instantaneous Velocity
- Real-Life Example
- Instantaneous Speed
- Definition: Instantaneous Speed
- Formula: Instantaneous Speed
- Graphical Study of Motion
- Instantaneous Velocity in Non-Uniform Motion
- Acceleration in Linear Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Acceleration
- Formula: Average Acceleration
- Formula: Instantaneous Acceleration
- Characteristics
- Graphical Interpretation
- Equations of Motion
- Significance
- Illustrative Example
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Relative Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Relative Velocity
- Formula: Relative Velocity
- Sign Convention
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Motion in Two Dimensions - Motion in a Plane
- Average and Instantaneous Velocities
- Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
- Equations of Motion for an Object travelLing a Plane with Uniform Acceleration
- Relative Velocity
- Projectile Motion
- Average and Instantaneous Velocities
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Velocity in Two-Dimensional Motion
- Definition: Instantaneous Velocity in Two-Dimensional Motion
- Formula: Average Velocity in Two-Dimensional Motion
- Formula: Instantaneous Velocity in Two-Dimensional Motion
- Acceleration in a Plane
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Acceleration in plane
- Definition: Instantaneous Acceleration in plane
- Formula: Average Acceleration in Two-Dimensional Plane
- Formula: Instantaneous Acceleration in Two-Dimensional Plane
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Equations of Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
- Introduction
- Vector Form Equations
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Formula: Velocity of A relative to B
- Formula: Velocity of B relative to A
- Characteristics
- Chaining Relative Velocities
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Projectile Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Projectile Motion
- Key Concepts
- Characteristics
- Trajectory Equation
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Definition: Uniform Circular Motion
- Uniform and Non-Uniform Circular Motion
- Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Force
- Variables in Circular Motion
- Characteristics
- Concepts Related to a Parabola
- Activity
- Experiment
- Definition: Angular Displacement
- Definition: Angular Velocity (ω)
- Definition: Angular Acceleration (α)
- Definition: Radial (Centripetal) Acceleration
- Definition: Centripetal Force
- Key Points: Uniform Circular Motion
- Key Parameters of Circular Motion
- Definition: Period
- Definition: Linear Speed
- Formula Linear Speed
- Definition: Radius Vector
- Definition: Angular Speed
- Formula: Angular Speed
- Calculation of Angular Speed
- Essential Link
- Real-Life Example
- Centripetal Acceleration
- Introduction
- Definition: Centripetal Force
- Formula: Centripetal Force
- Formula: Centripetal Acceleration
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Application to Planetary Motion
- Significance
- Experiment
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Conical Pendulum
- Conical Pendulum
- Forces Acting on Bob
- Resolving the Forces
- Derivation
4 Laws of Motion [Revision]
- Fundamental Principles of Motion and Mechanics
- Introduction
- Definition: Motion
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Types of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Linear Motion
- Definition: Non-Linear Motion
- Characteristics
- Linear Motion
- Non-Linear Motion
- Significance
- Aristotle’s Fallacy
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Aristotle's Fallacy
- Aristotle Thought
- Galileo's Correction
- Real-Life Examples
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Balanced and Unbalanced Force
- Cause of the change in motion
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's First Law of Motion
- The Coin Experiment
- Key Points: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Law: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Law's Consequence
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Examples
- Law: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Inertial and Non-inertial Frames of Reference
- Frame of Reference
- Definition: Frame of Reference
- Definition: Inertial Frames
- Definition: Non-Inertial Frames
- Key Features of Inertial Frames
- Example: Non-Inertial Frames
- Limitations of Newton’s Law
- Types of Forces>Fundamental Forces in Nature
- Introduction
- Flow Chart: Fundamental Forces
- Gravitational Force
- Electromagnetic Force
- Strong Nuclear Force
- Weak Nuclear Force
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Types of Forces>Contact and Non-Contact Forces
- Introduction
- Definition: Contact Force
- Definition: Non-Contact Force
- Characteristics
- Understanding Contact Forces
- Understanding Non-Contact Forces
- Experiment
- Significance
- Types of Forces>Real and Pseudo Forces
- Introduction
- Formula: Pseudo-Forces
- Characteristics
- Understanding Pseudo Forces
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Types of Forces>Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces
- Introduction
- Definition: Conservative Forces
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Definition: Non-Conservative Force
- Understanding Conservating Forces
- Understanding Non-Conservatives Forces
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Types of Forces>Work Done by a Variable Force
- Work Done by Variable Forces: The Power of Integration
- Dividing and Conquering (Integration)
- The Graphical Method: Area Under the Curve
- Example
- Work Energy Theorem
- Introduction
- Definition: Work-Energy Theorem for Conservative Forces
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Real-Life Example
- Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum
- Introduction
- Definition: Principle of Conversation of Linear Momentum
- Characteristics
- Application of Newton's Second law and FBD
- System vs. Free Body Diagram Forces
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Collisions
- Introduction
- Definition: Collision
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
- Introduction
- Definition: Elastic Collision
- Definition: Inelastic Collision
- Formula: Collision
- Formula: Elastic Collision
- Formula: Inelastic Collision
- Characteristics
- Definition: Perfectly Inelastic Collision
- Definition: Coefficient of Restitution (e)
- Perfectly Inelastic Collision
- Introduction
- Definition: Perfectly Inelastic Collision
- Characteristics
- Illustrations
- Real-Life Examples
- Coefficient of Restitution e
- Introduction
- Definition: Coefficient of Restitution e
- Characteristics
- Head On Collision
- Significance
- Real-Life Example
- Expressions for Final Velocities in Elastic Head-On Collision
- Introduction
- Fundamental Conservation Equations
- Derivation
- Case Studies
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Loss of Kinetic Energy in Perfectly Inelastic Head-On Collision
- Introduction
- Definition: Perfectly Inelastic Collision
- Final Velocity (From Momentum Conservation)
- Loss in Kinetic Energy
- Inelastic Collision with Coefficient of Restitution e
- Impulse (Change in Momentum) During Collision
- Significance
- Real-Life Example
- Collision in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Definition: Oblique Collision
- Characterisics
- Mathematical Analysis Steps
- Flowchart
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Impulse of a Force
- Introduction
- Definition: Impulse of a Force
- Relationship between Force and Momentum Change (Impulse)
- Collision Related Concepts
- Necessity of Defining Impulse
- Introduction
- Formula: Impulse
- Impulse Necessity
- Graphical Representation of Impulse
- Significance
- Example
- Rotational Analogue of a Force: Moment of a Force Or Torque
- Introduction
- Definition: Torque
- Formula: Torque
- Factors Affecting Torque
- Direction of Torque
- Consequences
- Everyday Examples
- Couple and Its Torque
- Introduction
- Definition: Couple
- Rotation Without Translation
- Moment (Torque) of a Couple
- Direction of Torque
- Moment of a Single Force vs Moment of a Couple
- Real-Life Applications
- Proof of Independence of the Axis of Rotation
- Introduction
- Axis of Rotation Between the Forces
- Axis of Rotation Outside the Forces
- Conclusion
- Mechanical Equilibrium
- Introduction
- Definition: Mechanical Equilibrium
- Mathematical Expression
- Flowchart
- States of Equilibrium
- States of Equilibrium
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Centre of Mass>Mathematical Understanding of Centre of Mass
- Introduction
- Definition: Centre of Mass
- System of n Particles
- Continuous Mass Distribution
- Important Results for Symmetric Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Real-Life Examples
- Centre of Mass>Velocity of Centre of Mass
- Introduction
- Velocity of Centre of Mass for Discrete Particles
- Velocity of Centre of Mass for Continuous Mass Distribution
- Real-World Applications
- Centre of Mass>Acceleration of Centre of Mass
- Introduction
- The Fundamental Formula: A Weighted Average
- Application to Continuous Bodies
- Centre of Mass>Characteristics of Centre of Mass
- Introduction
- Definition: Centre of Mass
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Centre of Gravity
- Definition: Centre of Gravity
- Key Points: Centre of Gravity
5 Gravitation [Revision]
- Concept of Gravitation
- Introduction
- Definition: Gravitation
- History/Origin
- Characteristics
- Understanding Gravitation
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Kepler’s Laws
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Drawing an Ellipse
- Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Law: Kepler's First Law
- Key Terms: Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Understanding Elliptical Orbit
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Law of Areas or Kepler's Second Law
- Introduction
- Law: Kepler's Second Law
- Formula: Kepler's Second Law
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Real-Life Example
- Law of Periods or Kepler's Third Law
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Law: Kepler's Third Law
- Formula: Kepler's Third Law
- Understanding Kepler's Third Law
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Formula: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Law: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Relationship to the Acceleration of the Moon
- Generalisation to Force
- Force Due to the Collection of Masses
- Special Cases for Extended Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Key Points: Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Measurement of the Gravitational Constant (G)
- Introduction
- Definition: Gravitational Constant
- Formula: Gravitational Force of Attraction
- Characteristics
- Understanding Cavendish Balance
- Experiment: Measurement of G
- Significance
- Acceleration Due to Gravity (Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration)
- Introduction
- Definition: Acceleration Due to Gravity
- Formula: Acceleration Due to Gravity
- Characteristics
- Derivation and Calculation
- Change along the Surface of the Earth
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Variation in the Acceleration>Variation in Gravity with Altitude
- Introduction
- Formula: Gravity with Altitude
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Variation in the Acceleration>Variation in Gravity with Depth
- Introduction
- Definition: Gravity with Depth
- Formula: Gravity with Depth
- Characteristics
- Shell Theorem
- Importance
- Real-Life Examples
- Variation in the Acceleration>Variation in Gravity with Latitude and Rotation of the Earth
- Introduction
- Definition: Latitude
- Formula: Gravity with Latitude
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Experiment: Variation of g with Latitude
- Variation in the Acceleration>Effect of the shape of the Earth
- Introduction
- Definition: Weight of an Object
- Formula: Weight of an Object
- Characteristics
- Understanding Fravity Variation
- Significance
- Ral-Life Examples
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Introduction
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Definition: Gravitational Potential
- Definition: Gravitational Potential Energy
- Formula: Potential Energy
- Characteristics
- Understanding the Mechanism
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Key Points: Gravitational Potential Energy
- Escape Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Escape Velocity
- Formula: Escape Velocity
- Derivation
- Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
- Introduction
- Formula
- Derivation
- Example
- Connection of Potential Energy Formula with mgh
- Introduction
- connecting the General formula to mgh
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Introduction
- Definition: Potential at a Point
- Definition: Potential Difference
- Formula: Electric Potential at a Point
- Formula: Potential Difference
- SI units & Analysis
- Key Points: Potential and Potential Difference
- Earth Satellites
- Introduction
- Definition: Satellite
- Types of Earth Satellites
- Communication Satellites (Geostationary Satellites)
- Polar Satellites
- Significance
- Projection of Satellite
- Introduction
- Definition: Critical Velocity
- Formula: Critical Velocity
- Understanding Critical Velocity
- Five Cases of Satellite Orbits
- Special Case
- Significance
- Example
- Weightlessness in a Satellite
- Introduction
- Definition: Weightlessness
- Formula: Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Aparent Weight and Weightlessness
- Application to a Satellite
- Real-Life Examples
- Time Period of Satellite
- Introduction
- Formula: Time Period of Satellite
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Binding Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
- Introduction
- Definition: Binding Energy of Satellite
- Formula: Binding Energy
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Real-Life Examples
6 Mechanical Properties of Solids [Revision]
- Mechanical Properties of Solids
- Introduction
- Definition: Deforming Force
- Definition: Deformation
- Characteristics
- Deforming Force and Restoring Mechanism
- Significance
- Example
- Elastic Behavior of Solids
- Definition: Elasticity
- Definition: Perfectly Elastic Body
- Definition: Plasticity
- Characteristics
- Stress and Strain
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress
- Definition: Strain
- Formula: Stress
- Formula: Strain
- Understanding Elasticity
- Types of Stress and Corresponding Strain
- Introduction
- Longitudinal (Length-wise)
- Volumetric (Hydraulic)
- Shearing (Tangential)
- Applications of Elasticity
- Summary
- Hooke’s Law
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Modulus of Elasticity
- Understanding Hooke's Law
- Significance
- Elastic Modulus>Young’s Modulus
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Elastic Modulus>Bulk Modulus
- Introduction
- Definition: Bulk Modulus
- Formula: Bulk Modulus
- Characteristics
- Understanding Volume Strain
- Example
- Elastic Modulus>Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity)
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Example
- Elastic Modulus>Poisson’s Ratio
- Stress-strain Curve
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress-Strain Curve
- Characteristics
- Understanding Stress-Strain Curve
- Classification of Materials Based on Stress-Strain Behavior
- Elastic Hysteresis
- Elastic Wear and Tear in Rubber Bands
- Strain Energy
- Introduction
- Definition: Strain Energy
- Formula: Strain Energy
- Characteristics
- Derivation of Strain Energy
- Significance
- Hardness of Material
- Introduction
- Definition: Hardness
- Characteristics
- Material Properties
- Friction in Solids
- Introduction
- Definition: Friction
- Definition: Frictional Force
- Understanding Friction
- Disadvantages and Remedies
- Real-Life Examples
- Origin of Friction
- Introduction
- The Traditional View
- The Modern Theory
- Significance
- Types of Friction>Static Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Static Friction
- Formula: Static Friction
- Formula: Coefficient of Static Friction
- Characteristics
- Self-Adjusting Nature
- Laws of Static Friction
- Significance
- Example
- Coefficient of Static Friction for Different Materials
- Real-Life Examples
- Types of Friction>Kinetic Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Kinetic Friction
- Formula: Kinetic Friction
- Formula: Coefficient of Kinetic Friction
- Characteristics
- Laws of Kinetic Friction
- Coefficient of Kinetic Friction for Different Materials
- Mechanism of Kinetic Friction
- Significance
- Types of Friction>Rolling Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Rolling Friction
- Characteristics
- Comparison of Friction Types
- Advantages of Friction
- Disadvantages of Friction
- Methods of Reducing Friction
- Real-Life Examples
7 Thermal Properties of Matter [Revision]
- Thermal Properties of Matter
- Temperature and Heat
- Introduction
- Definition: Heat
- Definition: Temperature
- Formula: Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature
- Formula: Heat Exchange
- Characteristics
- How Heat Affects Matter
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Summary
- Measurement of Temperature
- Definition: Adiabatic Wall
- Definition: Diathermic Wall
- Definition: Thermal Equilibrium
- Definition: Thermometry
- Law: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Temperature Scales
- Conversion Formulas
- Thermometers Use the Zeroth Law
- Thermometric Property
- Types of Thermometers
- Characteristics of a Good Thermometer
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Example 4
- Summary
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Introduction
- Definition: Absolute Zero
- Definition: Kelvin Scale
- Definition: Triple Point
- Definition: Ideal Gas
- Definition: Universal Gas Constant (R)
- Definition: Extrapolation
- Definition: Kelvin
- Conversion Formulas
- Gases Respond to Temperature
- The Discovery of Absolute Zero
- The Kelvin (Absolute) Temperature Scale
- Temperature Scales & Conversion
- The Ideal Gas Equation
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Key Points: Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Ideal Gas Equation
- Introduction
- Definition: Ideal Gas Equation
- Deriving the Ideal Gas Equation
- Formula Combines Gas Law
- Example
- Key Points: Ideal Gas Equation
- Thermal Expansion
- Introduction
- Definition: Thermal Expansion
- Linear Expansion
- Introduction
- Definition: Linear Expansion
- Definition: Coefficient of Linear Expansion
- Deriving the Formula
- Coefficient of Linear Expansion (α) for Common Materials
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- Key Points: Linear Expansion
- Areal Expansion
- Definition: Areal Expansion
- Definition: Coefficient of Areal Expansion
- Formula: Areal Expansion
- Derivation: β = 2α
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Key Points: Areal Expansion
- Volume Expansion
- Definition: Volume Expansion
- Definition: Coefficient of Volume Expansion
- Formula: Volume Expansion Equation
- Formula: Between Any Two Temperatures
- Coefficient of Volume Expansion (γ) Values
- γ Is Not Strictly Constant
- Example
- Key Points: Volume Expansion
- Relation Between Coefficient of Expansion
- Relation between β and α
- Relation between γ and α
- Example
- Real-Life Applications
- Key Points: Relation Between Coefficient of Expansion
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Introduction
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific Heat Capacity — Data Table
- Formula: Molar Specific Heat Capacity
- Real-Life Applications
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Gas
- Introduction
- Principal Specific Heat Capacities of Gases
- Molar Specific Heat Capacities
- Experimental Data Table
- Real-Life Applications
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity of Gas
- Heat Equation
- Formula: Heat Equation
- Example
- Real-World Applications
- Key Points: Heat Equation
- Thermal Capacity
- Definition: Heat Capacity or Thermal Capacity
- Formula: Heat Capacity
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids and Liquids
- Calorimetry
- Introduction
- Definition: Calorimetry
- Definition: Calorimeter
- Calorimeter
- The Principle of Calorimetry
- Experiment: Method of Mixtures
- Derivation of the Calorimetry Equation
- Example
- Key Points: Calorimetry
- Change of State
- Introduction
- Definition: Change of State
- The Six Types of Phase Changes
- Practical Applications
- Key Points: Practical Applications of State
- Analysis of Observation>From Point A to B
- Definition: Melting
- Definition: Freezing
- Definition: Melting Point
- Definition: Freezing Point
- Definition: Solidification
- Heating Ice and Its Changes
- Real-Life Connections
- Analysis of Observation>From Point B to D
- Introduction
- Definition: Vaporisation
- Definition: Condensation
- Definition: Boiling Point
- Real-Life Examples
- Evaporation vs Boiling
- After Point D
- Hotter Than 100 °C
- Evaporation vs Boiling
- Daily Life Examples
- Boiling Point and Pressure
- Activity: Boiling Point & Pressure Experiment
- Boiling of Water at High Altitudes
- Pressure Cooker Speeds Up Cooking
- Key Points: Boiling Point and Pressure
- Sublimation
- Introduction
- Definition: Sublimation
- Experiment: Sublimation
- Phase Diagram
- Introduction
- Vaporisation Curve (l–v)
- Fusion Curve (l–s)
- Sublimation Curve (s–v)
- The Triple Point
- Real-Life Examples
- Key Points: Phase Diagram
- Gas and Vapour
- Introduction
- Definition: Critical Temperature
- Definition: Gas
- Definition: Vapour
- Critical Temperatures of Common Substances
- Real-Life Analogies
- Key Points: Gas and Vapour
- Latent Heat
- Introduction
- Definition: Latent Heat
- Definition: Latent Heat of Fusion
- Definition: Latent Heat of Vaporization
- Formula: Latent Heat
- Experiment
- Reference Data Table
- Example
- Key Points: Latent Heat
- Heat Transfer
- Classification
- Key Points: Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Definition: Conduction
- Definition: Good Conductors of Heat
- Definition: Bad Conductors of Heat
- The Experiment
- Mechanism of Conduction
- Real-Life Example
- Key Points: Conduction
- Thermal Conductivity
- Definition: Thermal Conductivity
- Definition: Temperature Gradient
- Formula: Temperature Gradient
- Heat Flow Through a Metal Rod
- Variable State vs Steady State
- Key Points: Thermal Conductivity
- Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
- Experimental Observations
- Definition: Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
- Formula: Fourier's Law of Conduction
- Expression for k - Its Units and Dimensions
- Rate of Heat Flow
- Differential (Calculus) Form of Fourier's Law
- Key Points: Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity
- Thermal Resistance
- Definition: Thermal Resistance
- Formula: Conduction Rate
- Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity (k)
- Need for Thermal Resistance
- Derivation of Thermal Resistance
- Example
- Key Points: Thermal Resistance
- Applications of Thermal conductivity
- Applications of Thermal Conductivity
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Key Points: Applications of Thermal conductivity
- Convection
- Introduction
- Definition: Convection
- Mechanism of Convection
- Experiment: Convection
- Key Points: Convection
- Application of Convection
- Heating and Cooling of Rooms
- Cooling of Transformers
- Key Points: Application of Convection
- Free and Forced Convection
- Definition: Free (Natural) Convection
- Definition: Forced Convection
- Examples
- Key Points: Free and Forced Convection
- Environmental Issues
- Radiation
- Definition: Radiation
- Activity: Radiation from a Candle
- A Wonder of Science: Infrared Camera
- Experiment: The Relation Between Density and Convection
- Experiment: Black Surfaces and Heat Absorption
- Experiment: Good and Bad Conductors of Heat
- Key Points: Radiation
- Radiation
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Graphical Analysis
- Law: Newton's Law of Cooling
- Mathematical Formulation
- Example
- Key Points: Newton’s Law of Cooling
8 Sound [Revision]
- Sound Waves
- Definition: Audible Range of Frequency
- Definition: Ultrasonic
- Definition: Infrasonic
- Definition: Amplitude of the Wave
- Definition: Time Period of the Wave
- Definition: Frequency of the Wave
- Definition: Wavelength
- Definition: Wave Velocity
- Definition: Longitudinal Wave
- Definition: Transverse Wave
- Common Properties of All Waves
- Amplitude
- Wavelength
- Period
- Double Periodicity
- Frequency
- Velocity
- Phase and Phase Difference
- Activity
- Characteristics of Progressive Wave
- Example
- Transverse Waves
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Longitudinal Waves
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Mathematical Expression of a Wave
- The Speed of Travelling Waves
- The Speed of Transverse Waves
- Explanation of Transverse Waves
- Formula: Transverse Waves
- The Speed of Longitudinal Waves
- Explanation of Longitudinal Waves
- Table
- Newton's Formula for Velocity of Sound
- Derivation
- Example
- Laplace’s Correction
- Factors Affecting Speed of Sound
- Relationship Between Specific Heats
- Effect of pressure on velocity of sound
- Effect of temperature on speed of sound
- Effect of humidity on speed of sound
- The Speed of Transverse Waves
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Echo
- Definition: Echo
- Reverberation
- Introduction
- Explanation
- Acoustics
- Introduction
- Conditions of an Auditorium
- Acoustics observed in nature
- Medical applications of acoustics
- Other applications of acoustics
- Qualities of Sound
- Audible Sound or Human Response to Sound
- Pitch
- Timbre (Sound Quality)
- Loudness
- Example
- Table
- Doppler Effect
- Source Moving and Listener Stationary
- Derivation
- Listener Approaching a Stationary Source with Velocity
- Derivation
- Both Source and Listener are Moving
- Illustations
- Cases
- Common Properties between Doppler Effect of Sound and Light
- Properties
- Major Differences between Doppler Effects of Sound and Light
- Differences
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Source Moving and Listener Stationary
9 Optics [Revision]
- Fundamental Concepts of Light
- Nature of Light
- Ray Optics Or Geometrical Optics
- Cartesian Sign Convention
- Introduction
- Sign Conventions
- Cartesian Sign Convention
- Reflection>Reflection from a Plane Surface
- Images in Plane Mirrors
- Table
- Example
- Reflection>Reflection from Curved Mirrors
- Introduction
- Relation between f, u and v
- Lateral Magnification
- Table
- Example
- Defects or Aberration of Images
- Spherical Aberration
- Parabolic Mirrors
- Refraction of Light
- Total Internal Reflection
- Applications of Total Internal Reflection
- Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses
- Refraction at a Single Spherical Surface
- Analysis
- Derivation
- Example
- Refraction Formula at a Surface
- Lens Makers' Equation
- Derivation
- Special Cases
- Example
- Refraction at a Single Spherical Surface
- Dispersion of Light
- Definition: Dispersion
- Definition: Spectrum
- Key Points: Dispersion of Light
- Analysis of Prism
- Introduction
- Relations between the Angles Involved
- Deviation Curve, Minimum Deviation and Prism Formula
- Example
- Refraction and Prism Formula
- Thin Prisms
- Angular Dispersion and Mean Deviation
- Mean Colour and Prism Formula
- Dispersive Power
- Example
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Mirage
- Causes of Mirage Formation
- Rainbow
- The Facts to be Explained
- Conditions Necessary for Formation of a Rainbow
- Optical Phenomena Involved
- Promary Rainbow
- Secondary Rainbow
- Formation and Visibility of Rainbows
- Defects of Lenses
- Introduction
- Chromatic Aberration
- Reducing / Eliminating Chromatic Aberration
- Example
- Spherical Aberration
- Methods to Reduce / Eliminate Spherical Aberration of Lenses
- Optical Instruments
- Simple Microscope or a Reading Glass
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Limiting Cases
- Example
- Compound Microscope
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Remarks
- Example
- Simple Microscope or a Reading Glass
10 Electrostatics [Revision]
- Concept of Electrostatics
- Electric Charge
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Additive Nature of Charge
- Introduction
- Gold Leaf Electroscope
- Quantization of Charge
- Definition: Quantization of Charge
- Analysis
- Example
- Quarks and the Quantization of Charge
- Additive Nature of Charge
- Coulomb’s Law
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Introduction
- Statement
- Analysis
- Permittivity and Dielectrics
- Comparison with Gravitation
- Importance
- Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant
- Derivation
- Definition of Unit Charge from the Coulomb’s Law
- Introduction
- Definition: One Columb
- Magnitude of Electric Force Between Two Charges
- Example
- Coulomb's Law in Vector Form
- Derivation
- Example
- Comparison of Gravitational and Electrostatic Forces
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Principle of Superposition
- Electric Field
- Electric Field Intensity Due to a Point-Charge
- Derivation
- Uniform Electric Field
- Non Uniform Electric Field
- Practical Way of Calculating Electric Field
- Derivation
- Example 1
- Small Voltage, Large Electric Field
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Electric Field Intensity Due to a Point-Charge
- Electric Lines of Force
- Definition: Line of Force
- Characteristics of Electric Lines of Force
- Imaginary Lines, Real Uses
- Electric Flux
- Gauss’s Law
- Electric Dipole
- Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
- Derivation
- Example
- Electric Intensity at a Point Due to an Electric Dipole
- Case - 1
- Case - 2
- Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
- Continuous Charge Distribution
11 Electric Current Through Conductors [Revision]
- Electric Current and Its Related Concepts
- Electric Current
- Flow of Current Through a Conductor
- Analysis
- Sign Convention
- Drift Speed
- Introduction
- Direction of Electric Field
- Derivation
- Example 1
- Example2
- Ohm's Law
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Electrical Power
- Definition: Electric Power
- Formula: Electric Power
- Key Points: Electric Power
- Resistors
- Introduction
- Table
- Easy Bytes
- Example
- Rheostat
- Introduction
- As a Current-controller
- As a Potential-divider
- Resistance of a System of Resistors
- Resistors in Parallel
- Key Points: Parallel Combination of Resistors
- Resistors in Parallel
- Specific Resistance or Electrical Resistivity
- Definition: Specific Resistance
- Derivation
- Dimensions of Electrical Resistivity ρ
- Electrical Resistivity in Terms of Material's Parameters
- Specific Conductance
- Variation of Resistance with Temperature
- Derivation
- Concept of Temperature Difference
- Example
- Superconductivity
- Electromotive Force (emf)
- Introduction
- Definition: Electromotive Force
- Formula: Electromotive Force
- Units of Electromotive Force
- Mechanism of Electromotive Force
- Derivation
- Cells in Series
- Cells in Parallel
- Types of Cells
- Explanation
- Example
12 Magnetism [Revision]
- Concept of Magnetism
- Magnetic Lines of Force
- Introduction
- Properties
- Activity
- Formula: Magnetic Field
- Bar Magnet and Solenoid Analogy
- Magnetic Field due to a Bar Magnet
- Derivation
- The Electrostatic Analogue
- Table
- Magnetic Field Due to a Bar Magnet at an Arbitrary Point
- Derivation
- Example
- Magnetic Field due to a Bar Magnet
- Gauss' Law of Magnetism
- Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields
- Non-Existence of Magnetic Monopoles
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Introduction
- Magnetic Axis
- Magnetic Equator
- Geographic Meridian
- Magnetic Meridian
- Magnetic Declination
- Magnetic Inclination or Angle of Dip
- Earth’s Magnetic Field
- Special Cases
- Magnetic Maps of the Earth
- Example 1
- Example 2
13 Electromagnetic Waves and Communication System [Revision]
- Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory
- Waves, Fields, and Fundamental Laws
- Introduction
- Concept of Electromagnetic Waves
- Characteristics of EM Waves
- Characteristics
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Turning an Idea into a Creative Vision
- Example 3
- Example 4
- Example 5
- Example 6
- Characteristics of EM Waves
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Radio Waves
- Introduction
- Properties
- Uses
- Microwaves
- Introduction
- Properties
- Uses
- Infrared waves
- Introduction
- Properties
- Uses
- Visible Light
- Introduction
- Properties
- Earth-Based and Space-Based Telescopes
- Table
- Fluorescence and the Visible Spectrum
- Ultraviolet rays
- Introduction
- Properties
- Uses
- X-rays
- Introduction
- Properties
- Uses
- Gamma Rays
- Introduction
- Properties
- Uses
- Radio Waves
- Propagation of EM Waves
- Introduction
- Ionizing Radiations
- Applications of X-rays in Medicine and Industry
- Ground (surface) Wave
- Analysis
- Space wave
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Sky wave propagation
- Introduction
- Critical Frequency
- Skip Distance (Zone)
- Communication System
- Origin
- Elements of a Communication System
- Classification
- Commonly Used Terms in Electronic Communication System
- Signal
- Transmitter
- Transducer
- Receiver
- Noise
- Attenuation
- Amplification
- Range
- Bandwidth
- Modulation
- Demodulation
- Repeater
- Antenna Requirements and India's Tallest TV Tower
- Modulation
- Introduction
- Amplitude Modulation
- Frequency Modulation
14 Semiconductors [Revision]
- Concept of Semiconductors
- Applications of Science and Technology in Everyday Life
- Introduction
- Electrical Conduction in Solids
- Introduction
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- Table
- Concept of Electrical Conductivity
- Classification of Semiconductors
- Band Theory of Solids
- Formation of Energy Bands in Solids
- Valence Band
- Conduction Band
- Table
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors
- Analysis
- Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors
- Diode or p-n Junction
- Basics of Semiconductor Devices
- Introduction
- Comparison between N-Type Semiconductor and P- Type Semiconductor
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications of Semiconductors and P-n Junction Diode
- Introduction
- Solar Cell
- Photo Resistor
- Bi-polar Junction Transistor
- Photodiode
- LED
- Solid State Laser
- Integrated Circuits (ICs)
- Thermistor
- Analysis
- Electric and Electronic Devices
