Topics
Chemical Substances-Nature and Behaviour
Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chemical Reaction
- Characteristics of Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Equations
- Balanced and Unbalanced Chemical Equations
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Combination Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Decomposition Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Single Displacement Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Double Displacement Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Reversible and Irreversible Reactions
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- Corrosion of Metals
- Rancidity
Acids, Bases and Salts
- Introduction to Acids, Bases and Indicators
- Indicators for Testing Acids and Bases
- Acids
- Properties of Acids
- Common Properties of Acids
- Uses of Acids
- Bases
- Properties of Bases
- Uses of Bases
- Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases
- Common Properties of Acids and Bases
- Strength of Acid and Base Solutions : pH Scale
- Universal Indicator
- Importance of pH in Everyday Life
- Salts
- Salts > Family of Salts
- Salts > pH of Salts
- Common Salt
- Sodium hydroxide
- Washing Soda
- Baking Soda
- Bleaching Powder
- Plaster of Paris
- Water of Crystallisation: Hydrated Salts
World of Living
Natural Phenomena
Metals and Non-metals
- Metals
- Non-Metals
- Physical Properties of Metals
- Physical Properties of Non-Metals
- Reaction of Metals with Oxygen
- Reaction of Metals with Water
- Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids
- Reaction of Metals with Salt Solutions
- Reaction of Metals with Chlorine
- Reaction of Metals with Hydrogen
- Reaction of Non-Metals with Oxygen
- Reaction of Non-Metals with Water and Dilute Acids
- Reaction of Non-Metals with Salt Solutions and Chlorine
- Reaction of Non-Metals with Hydrogen
- Metals Vs Non Metals
- Uses of Metals and Non Metals
- Reactions of Metals and Non-Metals
- Ions
- Formation of Positive Ions (or Cations)
- Formation of Negative Ions (or Anions)
- Ionic Bond
- Ionic Compounds
- The Covalent Bond
- Single Bond
- Double Bond
- Triple Bond
- Properties of Ionic Compounds
- Properties of Covalent Compounds
- Occurrence of Metals
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Concentration of Ores
- Conversion of Concentrated Ore into Metal
- Extraction of Highly Reactive Metals
- Extraction of Moderately Reactive Metals
- Extraction of Less Reactive Metals
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Refining of Metals
- Corrosion of Metals
- Conditions for Rusting of Iron
- Prevention of Corrosion
- Alloys
Effects of Current
Carbon and its Compounds
- Introduction to Carbon
- Characters of Carbon
- The Covalent Bond
- Allotropes of Carbon > Diamond
- Allotropes of Carbon > Graphite
- Allotropes of Carbon > Fullerene
- Organic Compounds
- Hydrocarbons
- Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes)
- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Alkenes and Alkynes)
- Alkyl Group
- Cyclic Hydrocarbons
- Chains, Branches and Rings of Carbon Compound
- Naming of Hydrocarbons
- Isomerism
- Homologous Series
- Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
- Haloalkanes
- Alcohols
- Aldehyde
- Ketones
- Carboxylic Acids
- Coal and Petroleum
- Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Combustion
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Addition Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Substitution Reaction
- Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Soaps
- Detergents
Natural Resources
Life Processes
- Characteristics of Living Things
- Life Processes in Living Organisms
- Nutrition
- Autotrophic Nutrition
- Heterotrophic Nutrition
- Nutrition in Plants
- Experiments on Photosynthesis
- Raw Materials for Photosynthesis
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Nutrition in Animals
- Nutrition in Amoeba
- Nutrition in Human Beings
- Respiration
- Aerobic Respiration
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Respiration in Plant
- Respiration in Animals
- Human Respiratory System
- Transportation in Living Organisms
- Transportation in Plants
- Transportation in Human Beings
- Blood
- Human Circulatory System
- Blood Pressure (B.P.)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Excretion
- Excretion in Plants
- Excretion in Animals
- Excretion in Human Beings
- Renal Failure (Kidney Failure)
- Organ and Body Donation
Control and Coordination
- Response to Stimuli
- Coordination in Plants
- Plant Hormones
- Plant Movements
- Tropic Movements in Plants
- Phototropism
- Geotropism
- Chemotropism
- Hydrotropism
- Thigmotropism
- Nastic Movements
- Thigmonasty
- Photonasty
- Coordination in Animals
- Human Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Voluntary Nervous System
- The Human Brain
- The Spinal Cord
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Hormones
- Endocrine Glands
- Human Endocrine System
How do Organisms Reproduce?
- DNA Copying and Variation
- The Importance of Variation
- Reproduction
- Modes of Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Binary Fission
- Binary Fission > Simple Binary Fission
- Binary Fission > Longitudinal Binary Fission
- Binary Fission > Transverse Binary Fission
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Multiple Fission
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Fragmentation
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Regeneration
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Budding
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Budding
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Spore Formation
- Vegetative Reproduction or Vegetative Propagation
- Natural Vegetative Propagation
- Artificial Vegetative Propagation
- Tissue Culture
- Sexual Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction in Plants
- Pollination
- Self-pollination
- Cross-pollination
- Fertilisation in Flowering Plants
- Formation of Seed and Fruit
- Seed Germination
- Sexual Reproduction in Animals
- Puberty
- The Male Reproductive System
- The Female Reproductive System
- Fertilization in Humans
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Major Events of Menstrual Cycle
- Menarche and Menopause
- Birth Control
- Natural Contraceptive Methods
- Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Induced Abortion or Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
- Concept of Reproductive Health
Heredity
- Heredity
- Variation
- Accumulation of Variation During Reproduction
- Gregor Johann Mendel – Father of Genetics
- Monohybrid Cross
- Dihybrid Cross
- Characteristics (or Traits) Transmitted to Progeny
- Inheritance of Blood Groups
- Sex Determination in Humans
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
Light – Reflection and Refraction
- Nature of Light
- Reflection of Light
- Reflection of Light from Plane Surfaces: Plane Mirror
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Regular Reflection and Diffuse Reflection of Light
- Objects and Images
- Images Formed by a Plane Mirrors
- The Position of Image Formed in a Plane Mirror
- Uses of Plane Mirrors
- Spherical Mirrors
- Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors
- Rules for Obtaining Images Formed by Concave Mirrors
- Formation of Different Types of Images by a Concave Mirror
- Representation of Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors Using Ray Diagrams
- Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
- Mirror Formula and Magnification
- Rules for Obtaining Images Formed by Convex Mirrors
- Formation of Image by a Convex Mirror
- Refraction of Light
- Effects of Refraction of Light
- Laws of Refraction of Light
- Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- The Refractive Index
- Refraction by Spherical Lenses
- Rules for Obtaining Images Formed by Convex Lenses
- Formation of Different Types of Images by a Convex Lens
- Image Formation by Lenses
- Image Formation in Lenses Using Ray Diagrams
- Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
- Lens Formula and Magnification
- Lens Formula and Magnification Formulae for a Concave Lens
- Power of a Lens
The Human Eye and the Colourful World
- Human Eye
- Working of the Eye
- Rods and Cones
- Power of Accommodation
- Range of Vision of a Normal Human Eye
- Advantages of Having Two Eyes for Vision
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Myopia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Hypermetropia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Presbyopia
- Glass Prism
- Refraction of Light through a Prism
- Dispersion of Light Through a Prism
- The Rainbow
- Atmospheric Refraction
- Scattering of Light
Electricity
- Electric Charges
- Conductors and Insulators
- Electric Potential and Potential Difference
- Electric Current
- Electric Circuit
- Circuit Diagram
- Ohm's Law
- Resistance of a Conductor
- Graph Between V and I
- Experiment to Verify Ohm's Law
- Good Conductors, Resistors and Insulators
- Factors Affecting the Resistance of a Conductor
- Resistivity
- Resistance of a System of Resistors
- Resistors in Series
- Resistors in Parallel
- Domestic Electric Circuits
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Practical Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Electric Power
- Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy
- Effects Produced by Electric Current
- Applications of the Heating Effect of Current
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
- Introduction to Magnets and Their Properties
- Electromagnetism
- Magnetic Field and Field Lines
- Magnetic Field of Earth
- Magnetic Effect of Current (or Electromagnetism)
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current-Carrying Conductor
- Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Straight Conductor
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Circular Loop
- Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid
- Electromagnet
- Magnetism in Human Beings
- Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Domestic Electric Circuits
Our Environment
- Environment
- Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Wastes
- Concept of Ecosystem
- Components of an Ecosystem
- The Functioning of an Ecosystem
- Food Chain
- Food Web
- Trophic Levels
- Transfer of Energy in Food Chain
- Flow of Energy and Materials
- Ten Percent Law
- Biological Magnification
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Waste Management
- Key Points: Waste Management
CBSE: Class 10
Key Points: Waste Management
- Biodegradable substances are broken down by natural biological processes, while non-biodegradable substances cannot be broken down this way and remain in the environment for a long time.
- Many human-made materials like plastics are non-biodegradable and do not decompose easily, leading to long-term pollution.
- Lifestyle changes, such as increased use of disposable items and modern packaging, have led to a rise in non-biodegradable waste.
- Disposable paper cups are better than plastic or clay kulhads because they reduce plastic pollution and avoid the loss of fertile soil caused by making clay cups.
