हिंदी
CISCEISC (Science) ISC Class 12
प्रश्न पत्र३७४
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तर१३८५६
महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न एवं उत्तर६१५२
अवधारणा स्पष्टीकरण और वीडियो६९८
समय सारणी१६
पाठ्यक्रम

Rice Genome Project

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Estimated time: 13 minutes
CISCE: Class 12

Introduction

  • Rice (Oryza sativa) is a major global food crop and the principal food of about half of the world’s population.
  • Rice, wheat and maize together contribute to about half of world food production; among these, rice has the smallest genome (about 400–430 Mb) among major cereals.
  • Because of its importance and small genome size, rice was chosen as the first cereal crop for whole genome sequencing.
CISCE: Class 12

International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP)

  • IRGSP is a multinational project started in 1997 to sequence the rice genome.
  • It initially involved 10 countries and later expanded to 11, including Japan, Korea, United States, China, India, Taiwan, France, Brazil, Thailand, Canada and the United Kingdom.
  • Different laboratories were assigned different chromosomes to sequence as part of a coordinated global effort.
CISCE: Class 12

Sequencing Method (Shotgun Strategy)

  • Large fragments of rice DNA were cloned in BAC and PAC vectors (100–200 kb).
  • These large fragments were broken into smaller pieces (about 1–3 kb), which were sequenced randomly (shotgun sequencing).
  • Computer programs such as PHRED and PHRAP were used to assemble overlapping sequences and reconstruct the original BAC/PAC sequence.
CISCE: Class 12

Progress and Genome Features

  • At the stage described, about 3.5% of the rice genome (15 out of 430 Mb) had been fully sequenced, with another 3–5% in progress.
  • Repetitive DNA constitutes at least 50% of the rice genome.
  • The rice genome is estimated to contain about 37,544 genes (often stated as about 37,500 genes).
CISCE: Class 12

Significance and Applications

  • Sequencing the rice genome provides valuable information on genome structure and organisation in cereals.
  • Knowledge of rice genome helps breeders develop improved rice varieties with traits such as stress tolerance, disease resistance and high yield, using modern breeding and genomic tools.
  • Rice genome research supports both structural genomics (mapping and sequencing) and functional genomics (understanding gene function).
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Rice Genome Project

  • The Rice Genome Project was initiated because rice (Oryza sativa) is a major global food crop and has the smallest genome among major cereals (400–430 Mb).
  • The International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP) began in 1997 as a multinational collaboration involving 11 countries, including Japan, India, China, the USA, and the UK.
  • The rice genome was sequenced mainly using the shotgun sequencing approach with BAC and PAC clones.
  • The rice genome is estimated to contain about 37,500 genes, with nearly 50% consisting of repetitive DNA.
  • Sequencing the rice genome provides insights into genome organisation and helps in understanding cereal crop genetics.
  • Knowledge from the rice genome aids in developing improved rice varieties with high yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance through modern breeding techniques.
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