हिंदी
CISCEISC (Science) ISC Class 12
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अवधारणा स्पष्टीकरण और वीडियो८९९
समय सारणी१६
पाठ्यक्रम

Genetic Transformation in Plants

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Estimated time: 12 minutes
CISCE: Class 12

Genetic transformation

Genetic transformation is the integration of foreign DNA into a host plant's genome to introduce desirable traits (e.g., resistance to insects, viruses, or herbicides).

Four Essential Steps:

  1. Introduction: Delivering foreign DNA into the plant cells.
  2. Integration: Stabilising the foreign DNA within the cell nucleus or organelle.
  3. Regeneration: Growing the transformed cells or tissues into a complete plant.
  4. Transmission: Ensuring the foreign genes are passed down to subsequent generations.
CISCE: Class 12

Gene Vectors

A vector acts as a delivery vehicle, transferring genetic information from a donor organism to a recipient plant.

Properties of an Ideal Vector:

  • Must have a single restriction site for inserting foreign genes.
  • Should carry marker genes for easy identification of transformed cells.
  • Must be capable of easy isolation and amplification.
  • Must integrate stably into the host genome as an independent replicon.
  • Should stably express and transmit the newly acquired traits.
CISCE: Class 12

Common Plant Gene Vectors

Vector Source Target Plants Key Feature Mechanism of Action
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Ti Plasmid) Dicotyledonous plants Soil bacterium that naturally causes crown gall tumours. Inserts T-DNA into the plant's nuclear genome when triggered by injured cells.
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) Brassicaceae family (e.g., turnip, cabbage) Virus containing double-stranded circular DNA. Spreads systematically, replicating the foreign gene in high numbers (up to 10⁵ virions/cell).
Wheat Dwarf Virus Graminaceous plants (e.g., wheat, grasses) A member of the geminivirus family. Engineered DNA is introduced directly into plant protoplasts for replication.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Genetic Transformation in Plants

  • Genetic transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA into plant cells and integrating it into the plant genome.
  • The process involves four steps: DNA introduction, integration and stabilisation, regeneration of whole plants, and inheritance in future generations.
  • Gene transfer enables movement of genes across sexual barriers, helping develop plants with desirable traits.
  • Vector-dependent gene transfer uses vectors to deliver foreign genes efficiently into plant cells.
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its Ti plasmid are widely used natural vectors for gene transfer in dicot plants.
  • Virus-mediated gene transfer (e.g., Cauliflower Mosaic Virus) is used to introduce genes into plants at high copy numbers.
  • Reporter and selectable marker genes help identify and select transformed plant cells during the transformation process.
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