CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus - Free PDF Download
CBSE Syllabus 2026-27 Class 12: The CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus for the examination year 2026-27 has been released by the Central Board of Secondary Education, CBSE. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2026-27 CBSE Class 12 Biology Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new CBSE syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus for 2026-27 is below.
Academic year:
CBSE Class 12 Biology Revised Syllabus
CBSE Class 12 Biology Course Structure 2026-27 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1: Reproduction [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus
1 Reproduction in Organisms [Revision]
1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants [Revision]
- Flower - a Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
- Pre-fertilisation in Flowering Plant: Structures and Events
- Structure and Development of Anther
- Structure of Anther and Pollen Chambers
- Anther Wall Layers and Their Functions
- Dehiscence of Anther
- Microsporogenesis
- Definition: Microsporogenesis
- Primary Sporogenous Tissue
- Meiotic Division
- Types of Pollen Tetrads
- Structure and Development of Male Gametophyte
- Structure of Pollen Grain
- Composition and Role of Sporopollenin
- Pollination and Pollen Germination
- Pollen Viability and Preservation
- Formation of Male Gametophyte
- Development of Male Gametes
- Pollen Products
- Structure and Development of Ovule
- Structure of Ovule
- Development of Ovule
- Megasporogenesis
- Definition: Megasporogenesis
- Process
- Development of Female Gametophyte or Embryo Sac
- Formation of Embryo Sac
- Cellular Organisation of Embryo Sac
- Pollination
- Definition: Pollination
- Self-pollination
- Autogamy
- Definition: Autogamy
- Introduction
- Autogamy
- Cross-pollination
- Geitonogamy
- Definition: Geitonogamy
- Introduction
- Geitonogamy
- Agents of Pollination
- Anemophily
- Definition: Anemophily
- Introduction
- Hydrophily
- Definition: Hydrophily
- Introduction
- Animal-Mediated Pollination (Zoophily)
- Pollen Pistil Interaction
- Artificial Hybridization or Artificial Fertilization
- Double Fertilization and Triple Fusion
- Definition: Double Fertilization
- Events in Sexual Reproduction
- Post-fertilization Events
- Definition: Germination
- Definition: Post-fertilization Events
- Definition: Embryogenesis
- Developmental Stages After Fertilization
- Comparison Between Zygote and Zoospore
- Post-fertilization Events
- Endosperm
- Embryo
- Definition: Embryogenesis
- Introduction
- The Seed
- Definition: Seed
- Structure and Formation of the Seed
- Seed Variability and Adaptations
- Role and Importance of Seeds
- Apomixis
- Definition: Apomixis
- Types
- Mechanisms
- Significance
- Polyembryony
2 Human Reproduction [Revision]
- Human Reproduction
- Key Points: Human Reproduction
- Overview of The Male Reproductive System
- Overview of The Female Reproductive System
- Overview of Gametogenesis
- Structure of Sperms
- Introduction
- Head
- Neck
- Middle Piece
- Tail (Flagellum)
- Oogenesis
- Definition: Oogenesis
- Introduction
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Major Events of Menstrual Cycle
- Key Points: Major Events of Menstrual Cycle
- Menstrual Hygiene
- Fertilization in Human
- Definition: Fertilization in Human
- Key Points: Fertilization in Human
- Implantation in Human
- Definition: Implantation
- Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
- Parturition (Birth) in Human
- Definition: Parturition
- Lactation in Human
3 Reproductive Health [Revision]
- Concept of Reproductive Health
- Key Points: Reproductive Health
- Population Explosion and Birth Control
- Methods of Birth Control and Contraceptive Devices
- Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Key Points: Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Induced Abortion or Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
- Infertility
- Amniocentesis
- Genetic Counselling
2: Genetics and Evolution [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus
4 Principles of Inheritance and Variation [Revision]
- Heredity and Variation
- Gregor Johann Mendel – Father of Genetics
- Father of Genetics
- Key Points: Gregor Johann Mendel – Father of Genetics
- Mendel's Experiments on Inheritance
- Monohybrid Cross
- Punnett Square
- Back Cross and Test Cross
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Dominance
- Explanation
- Laws: Law of Dominance
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Segregation (Law of Purity of Gametes)
- Explanation
- Laws: Law of Segregation
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Incomplete Dominance
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Co-Dominance
- Dihybrid Cross
- Mendel's Laws > The Law of Independent Assortment
- Explanation
- Laws: Law of Independent Assortment
- Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Linkage and Recombination
- Polygenic Inheritance
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Pleiotropy
- Sex Determination
- Sex Determination in Humans
- Key Points: Sex Determination in Humans
- Sex Determination in Humans
- Mutations
- Definition: Mutation
- Pedigree Analysis
- Human Genetic Disorders
5 Molecular Basis of Inheritance [Revision]
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- The Discovery of DNA
- Introduction of DNA
- Composition of DNA
- Key Points: Molecular Structure of DNA
- Structure of Polynucleotide Chain
- Packaging of DNA Helix
- Search for Genetic Material
- Griffith’s Experiment
- Avery, McCarty and MacLeod’s Experiment
- The Hershey-Chase Experiment
- Properties of Genetic Material
- The RNA World
- DNA Replication
- Meselson and Stahl’s Experiment
- Enzymes used in DNA Replication
- Mechanism of DNA Replication
- Central Dogma
- Reverse Transcription (Teminism)
- Protein Synthesis
- Transcription
- Definition: Transcription
- Process of Transcription in Bacteria
- Process of Transcription in Eukaryotes
- Translation
- Definition: Triplet Codon
- Definition: Translation
- Transcription
- Genetic Code
- Characterestic of the Genetic Code
- tRNA – the Adapter Molecule
- Mutations and Genetic Code
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Human Genome Project
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Definition: DNA Fingerprinting
6 Evolution [Revision]
- Origin of Life on Earth
- Evolution of Life Forms - a Theory
- Evidences Supporting the Theory of Evolution
- Adaptive Radiation
- Biological Evolution
- Theories and Mechanism of Evolution
- Hardy Weinberg’s Principle
- Brief Account of Evolution
- Human Evolution
- Key Points: Human Evolution
- Overview of Evolution
3: Biology and Human Welfare [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus
7 Human Health and Diseases [Revision]
- Concept and Determinants of Health
- Human Diseases > Communicable Or Infectious Diseases
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Typhoid
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Pneumonia
- Diseases Caused by Viruses > Common Cold
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa > Malaria
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa > Amoebiasis (Amoeboic dysentery)
- Diseases Caused by Helminths > Ascariasis
- Diseases Caused by Helminths > Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
- Diseases Caused by Fungi > Ringworm
- Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases
- Immunity
- Types of Immunity > Innate Immunity
- Types of Immunity > Acquired Immunity
- Active and Passive Immunity
- Vaccination and Immunization
- Vaccination
- Immunization
- Allergies
- Autoimmunity
- The Immune System
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
- Cancer
- Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer
- Types and Effects of Psychoactive Drugs
- Addiction and Dependence
- Effects of Drug and Alcohol
- Prevention and Control of Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
- Overview of Human Health and Diseases
8 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [Revision]
8 Microbes in Human Welfare [Revision]
- Microorganisms (Microbes) and Microbiology
- Introduction of Microorganisms
- Types of Microorganisms
- Classification of Microorganisms
- Experiment
- Nature of microorganisms
- Growth of microorganisms
- Microbes in Household Products
- Microbes in Industrial Products
- Microbes in Sewage Treatment
- Microbes in Production of Biogas
- Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
- Microbes as Biofertilizers
- Overview of Microbes in Human Welfare
4: Biotechnology [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus
9 Biotechnology - Principles and Processes [Revision]
- Biotechnology
- Key Points: Biotechnology
- Principles of Biotechnology
- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Restriction Enzymes
- Cloning Vectors
- Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA)
- Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Overview of Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
10 Biotechnology and Its Application [Revision]
- Biotechnology
- Key Points: Biotechnology
- Biotechnological Application in Agriculture
- Biotechnological Application in Medicine
- Transgenic Animals
- Ethical Issues
- Overview of Biotechnology and Its Application
5: Ecology [Revision]
CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus
4 Environmental Issues [Revision]
- Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution: a Case Study of Delhi
- Effects of Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents on Water
- Solid Wastes
- Municipal solid wastes
⇒ Steps that can be taken by us to reduce the non-biodegradable waste
(i) Burning of the waste
(ii) Sanitary landfills - Hospital Waste
- Electronic waste (e-waste)
- Incineration
- Recycling
- Case Study of Remedy for Plastic Waste
- Municipal solid wastes
- Radioactive Wastes
- Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
- Greenhouse effect
- Global warming
- Effects of global warming
- Prevention of global warming
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- causes and prevention (to be covered theoretically, no reactions are required)
- Formation of ozone:- relevant equations
- Function in the atmosphere.
- Destruction of the ozone layer:- chemicals responsible for this to be named but reactions not required.
- Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
- Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance
- Soil erosion and desertification
- Waterlogging and soil salinity
- Radioactive Waste Management and E-waste
- Environmental Issues
11 Organisms and Populations [Revision]
- Organisms and Their Environment
- Ecology
- Population
- Life History Variation
- Population Growth
- Population Interactions
- Interspecific Relationships
- Overview of Organisms and Populations
12 Ecosystem [Revision]
- Concept of Ecosystem
- Key Points: Concept of Ecosystem
- Structure and Function of an Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors
- Biotic Factors
- Interaction Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors
- Complexity of Ecosystems
- Biomes: Large Ecosystems
- Productivity
- Decomposition
- Ecological Pyramids
- Overview of Ecosystem
13 Biodiversity and Its Conservation [Revision]
- Biodiversity
- Species on Earth and Species in India
- Importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem
- Patterns of Biodiversity
- Loss of Biodiversity
- Conservation of Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Conservation Methods
- Overview of Biodiversity and Its Conservation
