Biology Science (English Medium) Class 11 CBSE Syllabus 2026-27

• What is ‘Living’?
• Characteristics of living organisms

1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Cellular structure
4. Response to stimuli (Consciousness)
5. Homeostasis
6. Metabolism

• Difference  between anabolism and catabolism

• Diversity in the Living World
• Biodiversity
• Types of Biodiversity

1. Genetic Biodiversity
2. Species Biodiversity
3. Ecological Biodiversity

• Biodiversity
• Identification
• Nomenclature - Binomial Nomenclature
• Classification - Taxonomy and Systematics

• Taxonomical Aids
• Usage of Taxonomical Aids

1. Herbarium
2. Botanical Gardens
3. Biological museums
4. Zoological Parks
5. Key
6. Molecular taxonomy
7. Automated species identification tools

• History of Classification

• Aristotle
• Theophrastus
• John Ray
• Carolus Linnaeus
• Ernst Haeckal
• Herbert F. Copeland
• R.H.Whittaker
• Carl Woese

• Introduction
• Hierarchy Classification
• Five Kingdom Classification

• Introduction
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Experiment

• Structure of Fungi

• Spores
• Yeast
• Mould

• Life processes in Fungi: Nutrition

• Parasites
• Saprophytes
• Symbionts

• Kingdom Animalia
• Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

• Structure and Function of Viruses

• Bacteriophage
• Tobacco mosaic virus
• HIV

• Bryophyta
• Activity

• Angiosperms
• Activity
• Classification of Angiosperms

• Kingdom Animalia
• Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia

• Parazoa
• Eumetazoa

1. Radiata
2. Bilateria

• Division 1: Protostomia
• Division 2: Deuterostomia 

• Non Chordates (Invertebrata)
• Chordates 

• Chordata: Prochordata
• Chordata: Vertebrata

• Comparison of chordates and non-chordates

• Plant morphology
• Classification of plant morphology

1. Vegetative morphology
   Component of vegetative morphology
   (a) Habit
   (b) Plant habitat
   (c) Life Span
2. Reproductive Morphology

• Parts of a flowering plant

• Root system
• Characteristic of the root system
• Type of Root:
  1) Primary root
  2) Secondary root
• Regions of root
  1) Meristematic Zone
  2) Zone of Elongation
  3) Zone of Maturation
• Types of the root system
  1) Tap root system
  2) Fibrous root system
  3) Adventitious root system
• Functions of root
  1) Primary function
  2) Secondary function
• Modifications of root

• The Leaf
• Characteristics of leaf
• Functions of the leaf -
  1) Primary functions
  2) Secondary functions
• Parts of the leaf -
  1) Leaf base (hypopodium)
  2) Petiole (stipe or mesopodium)
  3) Lamina (Leaf blade)
• Venation -
  1) Reticulate venation
  2) Parallel venation
• Phyllotaxy -
  1) Alternate Phyllotaxy
  2) Opposite Phyllotaxy
  3) Ternate phyllotaxy
  4) Whorled (verticillate) type of phyllotaxy
• Leaf mosaic
• Types of Leaves -
  1) Simple leaf
  2) Compound leaf - Pinnately and palmately compound leaf
• Modifications of Leaves
  1) Leaf tendrils
  2) Leaf hooks
  3) Leaf Spines and Prickles
  4) Storage Leaves
  5) Phyllode
  6) Pitcher
  7) Bladder
  8) Floral leaves
• Leaf duration - Caducuous (Fagacious), Deciduous, Evergreen and Marcescent

• Inflorescence
• Types of Inflorescence
  1) Based On Position - Terminal, Auxillary, and Cauliflorous
  2) Based on branching pattern and other characters -Indeterminate (Racemose), Determinate (Cymose), Mixed inflorescence and Special inflorescence
• Racemose Inflorescence
  1) Main axis elongated - Simple raceme, Spike, Spikelet, Catkin, Spadix and Pancile
  2) Main axis shortened - Corymb, Umbel
  3) Main axis flattened - Head, 
• Cymose inflorescence - 
  1) Simple cyme (solitary)
  2) Monochasial Cyme (uniparous) - Helicoid and Scorpioid
  3) Simple dichasium (Biparous)
  4) Compound dichasium:
  5) Polychasial Cyme (multiparous)
• Mixed Inflorescence
  1) Thyrsus
  2) Verticillaster
• Special Inflorescence
  1) Cyathium
  2) Hypanthodium
  3) Coenanthium

Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant experiment of the Practical Syllabus).

• Introduction
• Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues

• Introduction
• Types of Meristematic Tissue

• Earthworms
• Classification of earthworm
• Economic importance of earthworm

• Key Points: Cell

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
• Exception to Cell Theory 
• Protoplasm Theory
• Cell sizes and shapes

• Definition: Unicellular Organisms
• Definition: Multicellular Organisms
• Key Points: Number, Size, and Shape of Cells

• Key Points: Cell Membrane

• Key Points: Cell Wall

• Introduction
• Experiment
• Definition: Chromatin Fibres
• Key Points: Nucleus

• The acid-soluble pool (Filtrate)
• Types of Biomolecules

1. Micromolecules
2. Macromolecules

1. Purely proteinaceous enzymes
2. Conjugated enzymes

classification, structure and functions of fats and oils

• Phases of cell cycle

1. Interphase
   1) G₁ phase (Gap 1): Quiescent stage or G₀ Phase
   2) S phase (Synthesis)
   3) G₂ phase (Gap 2)
2. Mitosis or M-phase

• Definition: Karyokinesis
• Definition: Centromere
• Definition: Spindle Fibres
• Key Points: Karyokinesis

• Definition: Cytokinesis
• Key Points: Cytokinesis

• Definition: Cell Cycle
• Key Points: Cell Cycle

• Light Reactions
• Dark Reaction

• difference between chlorophyll ‘a’&‘b’, carotenoids and xanthophyll
• Pigments Involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary Idea)

• Photoexcitation of PS-II
• Electron transport system
• Photoexcitation of PS-I
• The Z-Scheme

• The Calvin Cycle
• Three phases of the Calvin cycle

1. Carboxylation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration

• C₄ Plants
• Characteristics of C₄ plants
• Kranz Anatomy
• The C₄ Pathway
• Diagramatic representation of the Hatch and Slack pathway

• Definition: Photolysis
• Definition: Photophosphorylation

C3 and C4 pathways

• Passive Transport

• Characteristics of diffusion
• Significance of diffusion in Plants

1. Channel Protein
2. Carrier Protein

• Active Transport

• Hydroponics

• Definition: Glycolysis

• Fermentation
• Process of Fermentation
• Types of Fermentation

1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2. Alcohol Fermentation
3. Acetic acid Fermentation
4. Butyric acid Fermentation

• Advantages of Fermentation

• Do plants breathe?
• The process of respiration in plants
• Respiration in roots
• Respiration in stems
• Respiration in leaves
• Types of respiration

1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration

• Sequence of Developmental Processes in a Plant Cell

• Auxins
• Gibberellins
• Cytokinins (Cytos – cell, Kinesis – division)
• Ethylene (Gaseous Phytohormone)
• Abscisic Acid (ABA) (Stress Phyto hormone)

• Vernalisation
• Kinds of varieties
  1) Spring variety
  2) Winter variety

• Definition: Tropism
• Definition: Tropic
• Definition: Tropic Movements

• Respiratory Organs in Animals
• gills, lungs

1. Tidal Volume (TV)
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
4. Residual Volume (RV)
5. Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
6. Expiratory Capacity (EC)
7. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
8. Vital Capacity (VC)
9. Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

• Exchange of Gases - in Humans

• Definition: Closed Blood Circulatory System
• Definition: Open Blood Circulatory System
• Key Points: Fluids in Our Body

• Plasma
• Components of Plasma
• Function of Plasma
• Definition: Serum

• Disorders of the Circulatory System:

1. Hypertension/ High blood pressure: Normal blood pressure
2. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Atherosclerosis
3. Angina / Angina pectoris
4. Heart Failure: Myocardial infarction (Heart failure), Cardiac arrest, Heart attack, Stroke
5. Rheumatoid Heart Disease

• Alimentary canal
• The human alimentary canal consists following parts:

1. Buccal (oral) cavity
   a) Mouth
   b) Teeth - thecodont, Diphyodont, enamel, Types of Teeth: Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars, Dental Formula → Arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw
   c) Tongue
2. Pharynx
3. Oesophagus (food pipe)
4. Stomach: Cardiac region, Fundic region, Body (Main central region), Pyloric region.
5. Small Intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, IIleum
6. Large Intestine: Caccum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal
7. Anus: Wall of Alimentary canal
   i) Serosa
   ii) Muscularis
   iii) Submucosa
   iv) Mucosa

• Digestive Glands

1. Salivary gland:
   a) Parotid gland
   b) Subligual gland
   c) Submaxillary/ Submandibular gland
2. Liver
3. Gall bladder
4. Pancreas

• Absorption of substances takes place in different parts of the alimentary canal, like mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

• Disorders of the digestive system

1. Inflammation of the intestinal tract
2. Jaundice
3. Vomiting 
4. Diarrhoea
5. Constipation
6. Indigestion

• PEM (Protein-energy malnutrition)

1. Kwashiorkar
2. Marasmus

• In Buccal Cavity: Constituents of saliva, Salivary amylase, Lysozyme
• In Stomach:
  a) Gastric glands: Chief/ peptic (zymogen cells), Oxyntic/ parietal cells, Mucus neck cells, Gastric Juice, gastric secretion
• In Small Intestine: Intestinal juice (Succus entericus)
  a) Role of bite in fat digestion
  b) Role of Pancreatic Juice
  ⇒ In carbohydrate digestion
  ⇒ In protein digestion
  ⇒ In fat digestion
  ⇒ In Nucleic acid digestion
  c) Role of intestinal juice indigestion
  ⇒ In carbohydrate digestion
  ⇒ In protein digestion
  ⇒ In fat digestion
  ⇒ In Nucleic acid digestion
• Large Intestine
  ⇒ Neural and hormonal control on digestion process

• Absorption
• It is carried out by various processes:

1. Passive Absorption
   ⇒ Process
   a) Simple diffusion
   b) Osmosis
   c) Facilitated transport
2. Active absorption

• Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol
• Absorption in different parts of the alimentary canal
• Assimilation

• Introduction
• Human Excretory System Organs
• Excretion in Humans
• Mechanism of Excretion in Humans
• Dialysis

• Definition: Ultrafiltration
• Definition: Glomerular Filtrate
• Definition: Selective Absorption
• Definition: Tubular Secretion

• Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
• Henle’s Loop, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

• Osmoregulation
• Regulation of Kidney Function

1. Renin-Angiotensin,
2. Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
3. ADH and Diabetes Inspidus

• Urine

• Key Points: Excretory Organs

• Kidney stones
• Uremia
• Nephritis
• Renal Failure
• Diabetes
• Urinary tract infection
• Kidney transplant
• Renal Calculi
• Glomerulonephritis

• Definition: Osmoregulation
• Key Points: Osmoregulation

• Dialysis
• Definition: Dialysis
• Definition: Artificial Kidney
• Types of Dialysis

• Movements
• Locomotion
• Locomotary movements
• Significance of locomotion

• Types of movement
  1) Amoeboid movement
  2) Ciliary movement
  3) Muscular movement

• Muscles
• Properties of muscles
• Classification of muscles

1. Based on their location
   (i) Skeletal muscles
   (ii) Visceral muscles
   (iii) Cardiac muscles
2. Based on their appearance
   (i) Striated muscles
   (ii) Smooth muscles
3. Based on nature
   (i) Voluntary muscles
   (ii) Involuntary muscles

• Structure of Contractile Proteins

1. Actin filament
2. Myosin filament

• Mechanism of muscle contraction
• Steps of muscle contraction

• Skeletal System and Its Functions

• Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System -

1. Myasthenia gravis
2. Tetany
3. Muscular dystrophy
4. Arthritis
5. Osteoporosis
6. Gout

• Hormones are also secreted by some tissues which are not endocrine glands:
  1) Heart
  2) Kidney
  3) Gastro-intestinal tract: Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

• Types of effects of hormones regulate metabolism and body functions
  1) Permissive effect
  2) Synergistic effect
  3) Antagonistic effect

• Gigantism
• Acromegaly
• Pituitary dwarfism
• Diabetes insipidus
• Graves' disease (Exophthalmic goiter)
• Cretinism
• Goitre
• Addison's disease
• Diabetes mellitus