Topics
The Living World
Biological Classification
- Biological Classification
- History of Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Kingdom Monera
- Bacteria
- Classification of Bacteria
- Structure of Bacteria
- Division of Kingdom Monera
- Examples of Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protista
- Protozoa
- Classification of Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Fungi
- Fungi
- Structure of Fungi
- Life Processes in Fungi: Nutrition
- Reproduction in Fungi
- Division of Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
- Kingdom Animalia
- Viruses
- Structure and Function of Viruses
- Viroids
- Prions
- Lichens
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
- Kingdom Animalia
- New Criteria for Basis of Classification
- Classification of Kingdom Animalia
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Non Chordates (Invertebrata)
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Ctenophora
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Phylum: Aschelminthes
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Phylum: Hemichordata
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Cyclostomata
- Class: Chondrichthyes
- Class: Osteichthyes
- Class: Amphibia
- Class: Reptilia
- Class: Aves
- Class: Mammalia
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy and Functions of Different Parts of Flowering Plants
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Epidermal Tissue System
- Ground Tissue System
- Vascular Tissue System
- Dicotyledonous Root
- Monocotyledonous Root
- Dicotyledonous Stem
- Monocotyledonous Stem
- Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf
- Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf
- Vascular Cambium
- Cork Cambium
- Secondary Growth in Roots
Structural Organisation in Animals
Cell - The Unit of Life
- Cell: the Fundamental Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Cell Theory
- Overview of Cell
- Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Cell Envelope and Its Modifications
- Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies
- Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Cell Membrane
- Cell Wall
- Endomembrane System
- Mitochondria
- Plastids
- Ribosomes
- Cilia and Flagella
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Cytoskeleton
- Nucleus
- Microbodies
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Structure and Functions of Cell Envelope, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cell Organelles
Biomolecules
- How to Analyse Chemical Composition?
- Primary and Secondary Metabolites
- Biomacromolecules
- Polysaccharides
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Structure of Proteins
- Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer
- Dynamic State of Body Constituents – Concept of Metabolism
- Metabolic Basis for Living
- The Living State
- Enzymes
- Enzymes - Chemical Reactions
- Enzymes - High Rates of Chemical Conversions
- Nature of Enzyme Action
- Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
- Enzymes - Co-factors
- Biomolecules in Living System
- Chemical Constituents of Living Cells
- Carbohydrates
- Structure and Function of Lipids
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Transport in Plants
- Introduction of Transport in Plants
- Movement of Water, Gases and Nutrients
- Cell to Cell Transport
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Comparison of Different Transport Processes
- Concept of Plant-water Relations
- Water Potential (ψ)
- Osmosi
- Turgidity and Flaccidity (Plasmolysis)
- Concept of Imbibition
- Introduction of Long Distance Transport of Water
- Plants Absorb Water
- Water Movement up a Plant
- Transpiration
- Transpiration - Transpiration and Photosynthesis – a Compromise
- Uptake of Mineral Ions
- Translocation of Mineral Ions
- Phloem Transport - Flow from Source to Sink
- Phloem Transport - Pressure Flow Or Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Opening and Closing of Stomata
- Diffusion of Gases
- Transport in Plants (Numericals)
Mineral Nutrition
- Introduction of Mineral Nutrition
- Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants
- Elementary Idea of Hydroponics
- Criteria for Essentiality
- Macro and Micro Nutrients and Their Role
- Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements
- Toxicity of Micronutrients
- Mechanism of Absorption of Elements
- Translocation of Solutes
- Nitrogen Metabolism
- Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Biological Nitrogen Fixation
- Nitrogen to Ammonia Conversion and Nitrogenase
- Mineral Nutrition (Questions)
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Early Experiments on Photosynthesis
- Where Does Photosynthesis Take Place?
- Pigments Are Involved in Photosynthesis
- Light Dependent Reaction (Hill Reaction \ Light Reaction)
- Electron Transport
- Electron Transport - Photolysis / Splitting of Water
- Electron Transport - Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
- Electron Transport - Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- Primary Acceptor of CO2
- The Calvin Cycle
- The C4 Pathway
- Photorespiration
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis as a Mean of Autotrophic Nutrition
- Chloroplast Structure
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Light-independent Reactions
- Photosynthesis Reaction
- Photochemical and Biosynthetic Phases of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis in Higher Plants (Questions)
Respiration in Plants
- Respiration in Plant
- Plants Breathe
- Phases of Respiration: Glycolysis
- Phases of Respiration: Fermentation
- Oxidation of Pyruvate
- Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Phases of Respiration: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle Or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Phases of Respiration: Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Respiratory Balance Sheet
- Amphibolic Pathways
- Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
- Exchange of Gases - in Plants
- Energy Relations - Number of ATP Molecules Generated
- Respiration in Plant
Plant Growth and Development
- Introduction of Plant Growth and Development
- Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate
- Phases of Plant Growth
- Plant Growth Rate
- Conditions for Plant Growth
- Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
- Concept of Development
- Characteristics of Growth Regulators
- Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators
- Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators
- Photoperiodism
- Vernalisation
- Co-ordination in Plant: Tropism in Plants
- Seed Germination
- Seed Dormancy
- Plant Growth and Development (Questions)
Digestion and Absorption (Part B)
- Introduction of Digestion and Absorption
- Alimentary Canal
- Digestive Glands
- Digestion of Food
- Absorption of Digested Products
- Nutritional and Digestive Tract Disorders
- Role of Digestive Enzymes and Gastrointestinal Hormones
- Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats
- Digestion and Absorption Questions
- Calorific Values of Proteins
- Calorific Values of Carbohydrates
- Calorific Values of Fats
- Egestion of Food
Breating and Exchange of Gases (Part B)
- Introduction of Breating and Exchange of Gases
- Respiratory Organs
- Human Respiratory System
- Breathing – Respiratory Cycle
- Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Exchange of Gases
- Transport of Gases - Transport of Oxygen
- Transport of Gases - Transport of Carbon Dioxide
- Regulation of Respiration
- Disorders of Respiratory System
- Breating and Exchange of Gases (Questions)
Body Fluids and Circulation (Part A)
- Introduction of Body Fluids and Circulation
- Composition of Blood: Plasma (The Liquid Portion of Blood)
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Function of Platelets - Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Human Circulatory System
- Cardiac Cycle
- Electrocardiograph (ECG)
- Double Circulation
- Regulation of Cardiac Activity
- Disorders of Circulatory System
- Cardiac Output
- Compatibility of Antigen
- Body Fluids and Circulation (Questions)
Excretory Products and Their Elimination (Part B)
- Human Excretory System
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Function of the Tubules
- Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate
- Regulation of Kidney Function
- Micturition
- Accessory Excretory Organs
- Common Disorders of the Urinary System
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Osmoregulation
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
- Introduction of Excretory Products and Their Elimination
Locomotion and Movement (Part B)
Neural Control and Coordination (Part B)
- Human Neural System
- Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System
- Transmission of Nerve Impulse
- Concept of Central Neural System (CNS)
- Reflex and Reflex Action
- Sensory Perception
- Sense Organs
- Human Eye: Structure of the Eye
- Eye - Mechanism of Vision
- Human Ear
- The Ear - Mechanism of Hearing
- Neural Control and Coordination Questions
Chemical Coordination and Integration (Part A)
- Introduction of Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Human Endocrine System
- The Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
- The Pineal Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Thymus Gland
- Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal Gland)
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
- Testis
- Ovary
- Hormones of Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract
- Mechanism of Hormone Action
- Role of Hormones as Messengers and Regulators
- Hypo and Hyperactivity and Related Disorders
- Chemical Coordination and Integration (Questions)
description
- The Leaf
- Characteristics of leaf
- Functions of the leaf -
1) Primary functions
2) Secondary functions - Parts of the leaf -
1) Leaf base (hypopodium)
2) Petiole (stipe or mesopodium)
3) Lamina (Leaf blade) - Venation -
1) Reticulate venation
2) Parallel venation - Phyllotaxy -
1) Alternate Phyllotaxy
2) Opposite Phyllotaxy
3) Ternate phyllotaxy
4) Whorled (verticillate) type of phyllotaxy - Leaf mosaic
- Types of Leaves -
1) Simple leaf
2) Compound leaf - Pinnately and palmately compound leaf - Modifications of Leaves
1) Leaf tendrils
2) Leaf hooks
3) Leaf Spines and Prickles
4) Storage Leaves
5) Phyllode
6) Pitcher
7) Bladder
8) Floral leaves - Leaf duration - Caducuous (Fagacious), Deciduous, Evergreen and Marcescent
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