CBSE Syllabus For Class 12 Physics: Knowing the Syllabus is very important for the students of Class 12. Shaalaa has also provided a list of topics that every student needs to understand.
The CBSE Class 12 Physics syllabus for the academic year 2022-2023 is based on the Board's guidelines. Students should read the Class 12 Physics Syllabus to learn about the subject's subjects and subtopics.
Students will discover the unit names, chapters under each unit, and subtopics under each chapter in the CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus pdf 2022-2023. They will also receive a complete practical syllabus for Class 12 Physics in addition to this.
Academic year:
CBSE Class 12 Physics Revised Syllabus
CBSE Class 12 Physics and their Unit wise marks distribution
CBSE Class 12 Physics Course Structure 2022-2023 With Marking Scheme
Syllabus
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Electrostatics
1 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
- Van De Graaff Generator
- Principle
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacity
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Inside a conductor, electrostatic field is zero
- At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at every point
- The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in the static situation
- Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of the conductor and has the same value (as inside) on its surface
- Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor
- Electrostatic shielding
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
- Relation Between Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with and Without Dielectric Medium Between the Plates
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor without dielectric medium
- Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab between the plates
- Combination of Capacitors
- Combination of Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
- Wheatstone's bridge of capacitors
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitance
- Redistribution of charges and concept of common potential
- Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
- Capacitor
- Principle of a capacitor
- Types of capacitor
1) Parallel plate capacitor
2) Spherical capacitor
3) Cylindrical capacitor - Applications of capacitors
- Dielectrics and Polarisation
- Dielectrics
- Types of dielectrics
1) Polar dielectrics
2) Non-polar dielectrics - Electric polarisation
- Dielectric constant
- Electric susceptibility of dielectric
- Free Charges and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
- Conductors and Insulators Related to Electric Field
- Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges and of Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Electric potential energy
- Electric potential energy of a system of two point charges
- Electric potential energy of an electric dipole in uniform electric field
- Dipole-dipole interaction
- Equilibrium of charges
- Types of equilibrium
1) Stable equilibrium
2) Unstable equilibrium
3) Neutral equilibrium - Different cases of equilibrium of charge
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Equipotential surface
- Properties of equipotential surface
- Shapes of equipotential surface due to various charge distributions
- Potential Due to a System of Charges
- system of charges
- Electric Potential Difference
- Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Electric Potential Due to Point Charge
- Electric Potential
- Electric potential; potential difference; electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces; electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
- Conductors and insulators; free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation; capacitors and capacitance; combination of capacitors in series and in parallel; capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates; energy stored in a capacitor.
2 Electric Charges and Fields
- Gauss’s Law
- Electric Field
- Charging by Induction
- Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Applications of Gauss’s Law
- Statement of Gauss'S Theorem and Its Applications to Find Field Due to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
- Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell - Field outside the shell, Field inside the shell
- Electric Flux
- Electric Flux
- Tube of force
- Tube of induction
- Normal Electric Induction (NEI)
- Total Normal Electric Induction (TNEI)
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Work of an electric dipole
- Electric Dipole
- The field of an electric dipole
- The physical significance of dipoles
- Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
- Electric Intensity at a Point due to an Electric Dipole
- Electric dipole moment (p)
- Electric field intensity·due to an electric dipole at a point on its axial line
- Electric field intensity due to an electric dipole at a point on the equatorial line
- Electric field intensity at a general point due to short electric dipole
- Electric Field Lines
- Continuous Distribution of Charges
- Continuous distribution of charges
- Types of charge distribution
1) Linear charge distribution
2) Surface charge distribution
3) Volume charge distribution
- Superposition Principle of Forces
- Superposition Principle - Forces Between Multiple Charges
- Superposition principle
- Forces between multiple charges
- Force Between Two Point Charges
- Coulomb’s Law - Force Between Two Point Charges
- Coulomb's law
- Electric permittivity
- Dielectric constant (Kor Er)
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Additive Nature of Charge
- Quantization of Charge
- Conservation of Charge
- Forces between Charges
- Electric Charges
- Point charge
- Test charge
- Electric Charges; Conservation of charge; Coulomb's law-force between two point charges; forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
- Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric fleld.
- Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Current Electricity
3 Current Electricity
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Electric Currents in Conductors
- Conductivity and Conductance;
- Current Density
- Delta Star Transformation
- Potential Difference and Emf of a Cell
- Measurement of Internal Resistance of a Cell
- Potentiometer
- Potentiometer Principle
- Applications to measure potential difference
- To Compare emf. of Cells
- To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
- Application of potentiometer
- Voltage Divider
- Audio Control
- Potentiometer as a senor
- Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter
- Merits
- Demerits
- Metre Bridge
- Metre bridge or slide-wire bridge
- Applications of metre bridge
- Measurement of unknown resistance (S)
- Comparison of two unknown resistances
- Measurement of unknown temperature
- Measurement of unknown resistance of a galvanometer (Kelvin's method)
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Wheatstone bridge
- Balanced bridge
- Unbalanced bridge
- Kirchhoff’s Rules
- Kirchhoff's law
- Kirchhoff's first law or Kirchhoff's current law (KCL)
- Kirchhofrs second law or Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)
- Applications of Kirchhoff's law
- Wheatstone’s bridge
- Meter bridge
- Potentiometer
- Comparison of emf of two cells with a potentiometer
- Measurement of internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer
- Combination of Cells in Series and in Parallel
- Combination of cells in series and parallel
1) Series combination of cells
⇒ Cells of different e.m.f's and internal resistances connected in series
⇒ For n identical cells in series (Assisting mode)
2) Parallel combination of cells
⇒ For n identical parallel cells
3) Mixed combination of cells
- Combination of cells in series and parallel
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
- Temperature Dependence of Resistance
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Combination of Resistors - Series and Parallel
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Carbon resistors
- Colour code for carbon resistors
- Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity
- Electrical resistivity (specific resistance)
- Conductivity
- Electrical Power
- Electric power
- Power-voltage rating
- Power of electrical appliances connected in parallel
- Power of electrical appliances connected in series
- Power in mixed combination of cells
- Practical units of electric energy in terms of power
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Ohm's Law
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Drift velocity
- Relaxation time
- Mobility of electron
- Relation of drift velocity with current
- Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor
- Electric Current
- Electric Current and Electrical Resistance
- Conventional Current
- Drift velocity
- Microscopic model of current
- Types of electric current: Alternating current (ac) and Direct current (dc)
- Electric current; flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor; drift velocity; mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm's law; electrical resistance; V-1 characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power; electrical resistivity and conductivity; Carbon resistors; colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
- Internal resistance of a cell; potential difference and emf of a cell combination of cells in series and in parallel; Kirchhoffs laws and simple applications; Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
- Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
4 Magnetism and Matter
- Introduction of Magnetism
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetisation
- Magnetic Intensity
- Relation between permeability and susceptibility
- Curie Law of Magnetism
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- Gauss law of magnetism
- Hysteresis Loop
- Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet
- Permanent magnet
- Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
- Difference between Permanent magnet and electromagnet
- Advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Classification of magnetic material: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic
- Atomic theory of magnetism
- Magnetism on the basis of electron theory
1) Diamagnetism
2) Paramagnetism
3) Ferromagnetism
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Earth's magnetic field
- Important terms
1) Geographic axis
2) Geographic meridian
3) Geographic equator
4) Magnetic axis
5) Magnetic meridian
6) Magnetic equator - Effects of Earth's magnetic field
- The Bar Magnet
- The magnetic field lines
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
- The dipole in a uniform magnetic field
- The electrostatic analog
- Magnetic potential
- Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Work of an electric dipole
- Magnetic Field Intensity Due to a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) Perpendicular to Its Axis
- Magnetic Field Intensity Due to a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) Along Its Axis
- Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and Its Magnetic Dipole Moment
- Magnetic Substances
- Current Loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment; magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron; magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis; torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid; magnetic field lines; earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements.
- Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths; permanent magnets.
5 Moving Charges and Magnetism
- Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Helical motion of Charges Particles and Aurora Borealis
- Force on moving charge in uniform magnetic field
- Force on a charged particle in an electric field
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Cyclotron
- Cyclotron
- Principle
- Construction
- Working
- Limitations
- Uses
- Cyclotron
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Toroid
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Solenoid
- Magnetic Diapole
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Conversion to Voltmeter and Ammeter
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Current Sensitivity
- Types of Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Suspended type MCG: Principle, Construction
- Pivoted type MCG
- Sensitivity of MCG
- Current sensitivity (Si)
- Voltage Sensitivity (Sv)
- Factors affecting the sensitivity of MCG
- Accuracy of MCG
- Conversion of MCG into ammeter
- Conversion of MCG into voltmeter
- Torque on a Current Loop in Magnetic Field
- Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform
magnetic field - Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
- The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
- Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
- Definition of Ampere
- Force Between Two Parallel Current-carrying Conductors
- Roget's Spiral For Attraction Between parallel currents
- Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields
- Straight and Toroidal Solenoids (Only Qualitative Treatment)
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Ampere's Law and Its Applications to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Magnetic field due to the current carrying wire of infinite length using Ampère’s law
- Magnetic field due to a long current carrying solenoid
- Toroid
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
- Biot Savart’s Law
- Some important features of Biot Savart's law
- Its application to the current carrying circular loop
- Oersted’s Experiment
- Magnetic Force
- Sources and fields
- Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force
- Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor
- Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment.
- Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
- Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment); force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields; Cyclotron .
- Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field; force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
6 Alternating Current
- AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- A.C. circuits containing pure capacitance
- AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- A.C. Circuits containing pure inductance
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- A.C. circuits containing pure resistance
- Alternating Currents and Direct Currents
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
- resonance
- Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
- Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency
- Transformers
- Transformer
- Principle of transformer
- Efficiency of transformer (η)
- Losses in transformer
1) Cu loss (I2R)
2) Eddy current loss
3) Hysteresis loss
4) Magnetic flux leakage
5) Humming losses
- Power in AC Circuit: the Power Factor
- Power in A.C. Circuits
- Power Factor
- Wattless Current
- Instantaneous power
- Average power
- Virtual power
- Choke Coil
- AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- LCR Series Circuit
- Phasor-diagram solution
- Analytical solution
- Resonance - Sharpness of resonance
- LC Oscillations
- Reactance and Impedance
- Peak and Rms Value of Alternating Current Or Voltage
- Alternating Currents
- Alternating current
- Terms Related to alternating current
- Instantaneous value
- Peak value
- Mean value or average value
- Mean square value
- Root mean square (r.m.s) value
- Peak to peak value
- Form factor and peak factor
- Impedance (Z)
- Reactance (X): Inductive and Capacitive reactance
- Admittance (Y)
- Susceptance (S): Inductive and Capacitive susceptance
- Conductance
- Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only); LCR series circuit; resonance; power in AC circuits, power factor; wattless current.
- AC generator and transformer.
7 Electromagnetic Induction
- A.C. Generator
- A.C. Generator (A. C. dynamo)
- Principle of A.C. generator
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Mutual Inductance
- Mutual Induction
- Factors affecting mutual inductance (M)
- Relation between M, L1, and L2.
- Two coils in series
- Two coils in parallel
- Self Inductance
- Energy Consideration: a Quantitative Study
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Faraday's Experiments
1) Coil and magnet experiment
2) Coil and coil experiment
- Faraday's Experiments
- Magnetic Flux
- Faraday’s Law of Induction
- Laws of Electromagnetic Induction or Faraday's Laws of Induction
1) First law
2) Second Law
- Laws of Electromagnetic Induction or Faraday's Laws of Induction
- Eddy Currents
- Eddy Current
- Drawbacks
- Applications
1) Dead-beat galvanometer
2) Electric-brakes
3) Induction furnace
4) Speedometer
5) Energy meter
6) Induction motor
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Lenz's Law
- Induced e.m.f. and Induced Current
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
- Faraday's explanation of Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's Laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual induction.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Electromagnetic Waves
8 Electromagnetic Waves
- Elementary Facts About Electromagnetic Wave Uses
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Electromagnetic spectrum (Discovered by, Wavelength range, Production, Detection, Characteristics, applications
- Gamma rays (γ-rays)
- X-rays
- Ultraviolet rays (UV rays)
- Visible light
- Infrared rays
- Microwaves
- Radio waves
- Approximate ranges of wavelength and frequency
- Properties common to all the electromagnetic waves
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Sources of electromagnetic waves: Hertz's experiment
- Nature of electromagnetic waves
- Speed of electromagnetic waves
- Production and properties of electromagnetic waves
- Electromagnetic Waves and Their Characteristics
1) Energy density
2) Poynting vector
3) Momentum
- Displacement Current
- Need for displacement current
- Ampere-Maxwell's circuital law
- Displacement current
- Conduction current
- Origin of electromagnetic waves
- Maxwell's equations
1) Gauss' law in electrostatics
2) Gauss' law in magnetism
3) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
4) Ampere - Maxwell's law
- Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).
- Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, inf rared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Optics
9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
- Optical Instruments
- Telescope
- Astronomical Telescopes (Reflecting and Refracting) and Their Magnifying Powers
- The Microscope
Microscopes (Reflecting and Refracting) and Their Magnifying Powers
- Telescope
- Refraction Through a Prism
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and Lenses
- Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact
- Equivalent lens (Two thin lenses placed in contact)
- Combination of a lens and a mirror:
⇒ Effect of silvering, one of the refracting surfaces of a lens - Defects in lenses
1) Chromatic aberration
2) Spherical aberration
⇒ Methods to reduce spherical aberrations in lenses
3) Coma
4) Curvature
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction at spherical surfaces
- Refraction from rarer to denser medium
- Refraction from denser medium to rarer medium
- Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact
- Snell’s Law
- Concave Mirror
- Rarer and Denser Medium
- Lensmaker's Formula
- Thin Lens Formula
- Lenses
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Mirage
- Rainbow
- Dispersion by a Prism
- Power of a Lens
- Magnification
- Total Internal Reflection
- Total Internal Reflection
- Essential conditions for the total internal reflection
- Total internal reflection in nature - optical fibres
- Rainbow production
- Refraction and total internal reflection of light rays at different angles of incidence
- Consequences of total internal refraction
- Applications of total internal reflection
- Refraction
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Sign convention
- Focal length of spherical mirrors
- The mirror equation
- Light Process and Photometry
- Ray Optics:Reflection of light; spherical mirrors; mirror formula; refraction of light; total internal reflection and its applications; optical; fibres; refraction at spherical surfaces; lenses; thin lens formula; lensmaker's formula; magnification, power of a lens; combination of thin lenses in contact; refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
- Scattering of light - blue colour of sky and reddish apprearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
- Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
10 Wave Optics
- Introduction of Wave Optics
- Wave Optics
- Newton's Corpuscular Theory of light
- Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory
- Huygens' Wave Theory of light
- Merits of Huygens' Wave Theory
- Limitations of Huygens' wave theory
- Properties of Luminiferous Ether
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at Plane Surface Using Huygens' Principle
- The Doppler Effect
- Doppler effect in light
- Red Shift and Blue Shift
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Reflection at plane surface
- Laws of reflection
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Refraction of light
- Laws of refraction
- Snell's law
- Refraction of plane wave from a plane surface
- The Doppler Effect
- Refraction of Monochromatic Light
- Law of Malus
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Coherent and Incoherent Waves
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Superposition principle
- Some important terms
1) Phase
2) Phase difference
3) Path difference - Resultant amplitude due to superposition
- Resultant intensity due to superposition
- Corpuscular Theory
- Width of Central Maximum
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Resolution of images
- Rayleigh's criterion for resolution
- Resolving the power of an optical instrument
- Resolving power of microscope
- Resolving power of telescopes
- Interference
- Proof of Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygens' Principle
- Proof of laws of reflection by using Huygens' principle
- Proof of laws of refraction using Huygens' Principle
- Brewster's Law
- Plane Polarised Light
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
- Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
- Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
- Distribution of intensity with angular distance
- Diffraction at plane grating
- Diffraction due to circular aperture
- Comparison between interference and diffraction
- Fresnel distance
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Coherent sources
- Incoherent sources
- Sustained interference pattern
- Conditions necessary to obtain sustained (steady) interference pattern
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width or Young’s Experiment
- Young's double-slit experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ, between waves from the two slits
- Using ∆x = nλ for bright fringe and ∆x = (n + ½)λ for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ = yn/D as y and θ are small, obtain yn = (D/d)nλ and fringe width β = (D/d)λ.
- Graph of distribution of intensity with angular distance.
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at a Plane Surface Using Wave Fronts
- Huygens' Principle
- Wavefront
- Wave normal
- Wave surface
- Huygens' Principle
- Spherical Wavefront
- Plane Wavefront
- Cylindrical wavefront
- Speed of Light
- Fizeau’s method to determine speed of light
- Speed of light through different media
- Refractive index
- Optical path
- Wave front and Huygen's principle; reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference;
- Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light; diffraction due to a single slit; width of central maximum ; resolving power of microscope and astronomical telescope, polarisation; plane polarised light;
- Brewster's law; uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Einstein's photoelectric equation
- Work function (Φ)
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Characteristics of photon
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Effect of frequency on the photoelectric current: Threshold frequency, Threshold wavelength
- Effect of intensity of light on the photoelectric current
- Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current
- Effect of photometals on stopping potential
- Laws of photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric cell: Construction, Working, and Applications of photocell
- Failure of wave theory of light to explain photoelectric effect
- Einstein’s Equation - Particle Nature of Light
- Einstein's equation Emax = hυ - W0; threshold frequency
- Einstein used Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for radiation (light); the photoelectric effect can be explained only assuming the quantum (particle) nature of radiation.
- Determination of Planck’s constant (from the graph of stopping potential Vs versus frequency f of the incident light).
- Momentum of photon p = E/c = hν/c = h/λ.
- Electron Emission
- Electron emission
- Thermionic emission
- Field emission
- Photoelectric emission
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- de-Broglie Relation
- De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of electron diffraction (qualitative only).
- Wave nature of radiation is exhibited in interference, diffraction and polarisation; particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric effect.
- Dual nature of matter: particle nature common in that it possesses momentum p and kinetic energy KE. The
wave nature of matter was proposed by Louis de Broglie, λ = h/p = h/mv.
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Matter waves
- De Broglie wave relation
- De Broglie wavelength of an electron
- Ratio of de Broglie wavelengths of photon and electron
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Hertz and Lenard's Observations
- Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Dual nature of radiation; Photoelectric effect; Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
- Matter waves-wave nature of particles ; de-Broglie relation; Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Atoms and Nuclei
12 Nuclei
- Nuclear Energy
- Radioactivity
- Gamma Decay
- Gamma Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Beta Decay
Beta Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Alpha Decay
Alpha Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Gamma Decay
- Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation with Mass Number
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Size of the Nucleus
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Atomic Mass
- Mass-Energy Relation
- Mass Defect
- Packing fraction
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Composition and Size of Nucleus
- Nuclear Force
- Composition and size of nucleus; Radioactivity; alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decaylaw.
- Mass-energy relation; mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission; nuclear fusion.
13 Atoms
- Atomic Spectra
- The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
- De Broglie’S Explanation of Bohr’S Second Postulate of Quantisation
- Spectra of Multi Electron and Quantum Mechanics
- Heisenberg and De Broglie Hypothesis
- Thompson Model
- Dalton's Atomic Theory
- Introduction of Atoms
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Energy Levels
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen using Bohr theory
- Bohr's theory and atomic spectrum of hydrogen
- Ionization energy
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment and Rutherford's Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle trajectory
- Electron orbits
- Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom (mathematical theory of scattering excluded), based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of closest approach of α particle to the nucleus,
obtained by equating ∆K = ½ mv2 of the α particle to the change in electrostatic potential energy ∆U of the system `"U" = (2e xx "Ze")/(4πε_0r_0) r_0 ∼ 10^(-15) "m" = 1` fermi; atomic structure; only general qualitative ideas, including atomic number Z, Neutron number N and mass number A.
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Electronic Devices
14 Semiconductor Electronics - Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
- Integrated Circuits
- Junction Transistor
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
- Transistor as an oscillator: Construction, Working
- Gain and Berkhausen's criterion
- Uses
- Transistor as a Device
- Transistor
- Three main regions
1) Emitter (E)
2) Base (B)
3) Collector (C) - Current in transistor
- Basic Transistor Circuit Configurations and Transistor Characteristics
- Common emitter transistor characteristics,(i) Input resistance (ri ), Output resistance (ro), Current amplification factor (β)
- Transistor: Structure and Action
- Types of Transistor
1) n-p-n transistor
2) p-n-p transistor - Action of n-p-n transistor
- Action of p-n-p transistor
- Current in transistor
- Types of Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- npn Transistor as Common Emitter Amplifier
- Various gains in amplifiers
- Comparison between CB, CE and CC amplifier
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- p-n junction Diode as rectifier
- Half-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Full-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Filters: Input/output waveforms, Comparison between half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier
- p-n Junction
- p-n junction
- Formation of p-n junction
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Intrinsic Semiconductors
- Holes in Semiconductors
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Classification of solid on the basis of conductivity
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- On the basis of energy bands
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Doping
- Types of doping
1) Pentavalent dopants
2) Trivalent dopants - Extrinsic semiconductors
- Types of Extrinsic semiconductors
1) n-type semiconductor
2) p-type semiconductor - The conductivity of semiconductors (σ)
- Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors
- Transistor Action
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
- Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
- Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Configurations of a transistor
i) Common-base configuration (CB)
ii) Common-emitter configuration (CE)
iii) Common-collector configuration (CC) - Types of characteristic curves
i) Input characteristics curve
ii) Output characteristics curve
iii) Transfer characteristics curve - Transistor characteristics in CE configuration
a) Input Characteristics
b) Output characteristics of a transistor: Active region, Cut-off region, Saturation region - Different modes of operation of a transistor
- Current-transfer Characteristics
- Transistor as a switch
- Configurations of a transistor
- Semiconductor Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Potential barrier at the junction diode
- Biasing of the p-n junction diode
1) Forward biasing
2) Reverse biasing - V-I Characteristics of a p-n junction diode
1) p-n junction diode under forward bias: Cut-off or knee voltage
2) p-n junction diode under reverse bias: Breakdown voltage
3) Reverse Breakdown: Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown - Dynamic Resistance
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Zener diode
- I-V characteristics of Zener diode
- Zener diode as voltage regulator
- Line regulation in Zener diode
- Load regulation in Zener diode
- Ratings of a Zener diode
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Diode as a Rectifier
- Energy Bands in Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators
- Elementary ideas about electrical conduction in metals [crystal structure not included]. Energy levels (as for hydrogen atom), 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, etc. of an isolated atom such as that of copper; these split, eventually forming ‘bands’ of energy levels, as we consider solid copper made up of a large number of isolated atoms, brought together to form a lattice; definition of energy bands - groups of closely spaced energy levels separated by band gaps called forbidden bands.
- An idealized representation of the energy bands for a conductor, insulator and semiconductor; characteristics, differences; distinction between conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of energy bands, with examples; qualitative discussion only; energy gaps (eV) in typical substances (carbon, Ge, Si); some electrical properties of semiconductors.
- Concept of Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
- Triode
- Energy bandsin conductors;semiconductors and insulators (qual tative ideas only)
- Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier;
- Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics; zener diode as a voltage regulator.
- Junction transistor; transistor action; characteristics of a transistor and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration); basic idea of analog and digital;signals Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NANO and NOR).
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Communication Systems
15 Communication Systems
- Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
- Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater
- Sinusoidal Waves
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Carrier waves and their types: Sinusoidal signal and Pulse shaped signal
- Modulation
- Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
- Base Band Signals
- Factors affecting transmission of electronic signal in the audio frequency range
- Size of the antenna or aerial: Hertz and Marconi antenna
- Effective power radiated by an antenna
- Mixing up of signals from different transmitters
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Production of amplitude modulated wave
- Detection of amplitude modulated wave
- Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
- Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
- Applications of amplitude modulation
- Drawbacks in amplitude modulation
- Need for Modulation and Demodulation
- Satellite Communication
- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
- Earth's atmosphere
- Importance of radio waves in communication
- Space communication
- Ground wave propagation
- Sky wave propagation
- Space wave propagation
- Line of Sight Communication
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
- Elements of a Communication System
- Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram Only)
- Introduction and Modes of Communication
1) Point-to-point communication
2) Broadcast
- Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagat on, satellite communication. Need for modulation, amplitude modulation.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for The Special Theory of Relativity
16 The Special Theory of Relativity
- The Special Theory of Relativity
- The Principle of Relativity
- Maxwell'S Laws
- Kinematical Consequences
- A Rod Moving Perpendicular to its Length
- Moving Clocks (Time Dilation)
- A Rod Moving Parallel to its Length (Length Contraction)
- Dynamics at Large Velocity
- Energy and Momentum
- The Ultimate Speed
- Twin Paradox
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