CBSE Syllabus For Class 12 Physics: Knowing the Syllabus is very important for the students of Class 12. Shaalaa has also provided a list of topics that every student needs to understand.
The CBSE Class 12 Physics syllabus for the academic year 2021-2022 is based on the Board's guidelines. Students should read the Class 12 Physics Syllabus to learn about the subject's subjects and subtopics.
Students will discover the unit names, chapters under each unit, and subtopics under each chapter in the CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus pdf 2021-2022. They will also receive a complete practical syllabus for Class 12 Physics in addition to this.
Academic year:
CBSE Class 12 Physics Revised Syllabus
CBSE Class 12 Physics and their Unit wise marks distribution
CBSE Class 12 Physics Course Structure 2021-2022 With Marking Scheme
Syllabus
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Electrostatics
1 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
- Van De Graaff Generator
- Principle
- Construction
- Working
- Uses
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacity
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Inside a conductor, electrostatic field is zero
- At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at every point
- The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in the static situation
- Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of the conductor and has the same value (as inside) on its surface
- Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor
- Electrostatic shielding
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
- Relation Between Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with and Without Dielectric Medium Between the Plates
- Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor without a dielectric
- Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric slab between the plates
- Combination of Capacitors
- Combination of Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
- Capacitors in series
- Capacitors in parallel
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitors
- Energy stored in the capacitor
- Applications of capacitors
- Effect of dielectrics in capacitors
- Capacitor in series and parallel
- Dielectrics and Polarisation
- Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation
- Free Charges and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
- Conductors and Insulators Related to Electric Field
- Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges and of Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Potential Due to a System of Charges
- system of charges
- Electric Potential Difference
- Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Electric Potential Due to Point Charge
- Electric Potential
- Electric potential; potential difference; electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces; electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
- Conductors and insulators; free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation; capacitors and capacitance; combination of capacitors in series and in parallel; capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates; energy stored in a capacitor.
2 Electric Charges and Fields
- Gauss’s Law
- Electric Field
- Charging by Induction
- Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Applications of Gauss’s Law
- Statement of Gauss'S Theorem and Its Applications to Find Field Due to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
- Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell - Field outside the shell, Field inside the shell
- Electric Flux
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Electric Dipole
- Couple Acting on an Electric Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field
- Electric Intensity at a Point due to an Electric Dipole
- Electric Field Lines
- Continuous Charge Distribution
- Superposition Principle of Forces
- Forces Between Multiple Charges
- Forces Between Multiple Electric Charges
- principle of superposition
- Force Between Two Point Charges
- Coulomb’s Law
- Scalar form of Coulomb’s Law
- Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant
- Definition of Unit Charge from the Coulomb’s Law
- Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form
- Basic Properties of Electric Charge
- Additive Nature of Charge
- Quantization of Charge
- Conservation of Charge
- Forces between Charges
- Electric Charges
- Electric Charges; Conservation of charge; Coulomb's law-force between two point charges; forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
- Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric fleld.
- Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Current Electricity
3 Current Electricity
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Electric Currents in Conductors
- Conductivity and Conductance;
- Current Density
- Delta Star Transformation
- Potential Difference and Emf of a Cell
- Measurement of Internal Resistance of a Cell
- Potentiometer
- Potentiometer Principle
- Use of Potentiometer
- To Compare emf. of Cells
- To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
- Application of potentiometer
- Voltage Divider
- Audio Control
- Potentiometer as a senor
- Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter
- Merits
- Demerits
- Metre Bridge
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Application of Wheatstone bridge
- Metre Bridge
- Kirchhoff’s Rules
- Kirchhoff's Laws and Simple Applications
- Kirchhoff’s first rule (Current rule or Junction rule)
- Kirchhoff’s Second rule (Voltage rule or Loop rule)
- Wheatstone’s bridge
- Meter bridge
- Potentiometer
- Comparison of emf of two cells with a potentiometer
- Measurement of internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer
- Cells in Series and in Parallel
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
- Temperature Dependence of Resistance
- Combination of Resistors – Series and Parallel
- Resistors and Series and Parallel Combination of Resistors
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity
- Electrical Power
- Electrical power
- Units of electrical power
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Ohm's Law
- Ohm's law
- Statement of Ohm's law
- Unit of resistance
- Conductance
- I-V graph
- Slope of I-V graph
- Limitation of Ohm's law
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor
- Electric Current
- Electric Current and Electrical Resistance
- Conventional Current
- Drift velocity
- Microscopic model of current
- Electric current; flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor; drift velocity; mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm's law; electrical resistance; V-1 characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power; electrical resistivity and conductivity; Carbon resistors; colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
- Internal resistance of a cell; potential difference and emf of a cell combination of cells in series and in parallel; Kirchhoffs laws and simple applications; Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
- Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
4 Magnetism and Matter
- Introduction of Magnetism
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetization
- Curie Law of Magnetism
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- Gauss law of magnetism
- Hysteresis Loop
- Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet
- Permanent magnet
- Difference between Permanent magnet and electromagnet
- Advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Diamagnetism
- Paramagnetism
- Ferromagnetism
- Effect of Temperature
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Earth’s Magnetic Field and Magnetic Elements
- Magnetic declination and dip
- The Bar Magnet
- Magnetic Field Lines
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
- The dipole in a uniform magnetic field
- The electrostatic analog
- Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Magnetic Field Intensity Due to a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) Perpendicular to Its Axis
- Magnetic Field Intensity Due to a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) Along Its Axis
- Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and Its Magnetic Dipole Moment
- Magnetic Substances
- Current Loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment; magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron; magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis; torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid; magnetic field lines; earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements.
- Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths; permanent magnets.
5 Moving Charges and Magnetism
- Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Helical motion of Charges Particles and Aurora Borealis
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Toroid
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Solenoid
- Magnetic Diapole
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Conversion to Voltmeter and Ammeter
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Current Sensitivity
- Torque on a Current Loop in Magnetic Field
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
- Definition of Ampere
- Force Between Two Parallel Current-carrying Conductors
- Roget's Spiral For Attraction Between parallel currents
- Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields
- Straight and Toroidal Solenoids (Only Qualitative Treatment)
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Ampere's Law and Its Applications to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Magnetic field due to the current carrying wire of infinite length using Ampère’s law
- Magnetic field due to a long current carrying solenoid
- Toroid
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
- Biot Savart’s Law
- its application to current carrying circular loop
- Oersted’s Experiment
- Magnetic Force
- Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment.
- Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
- Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment); force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields; Cyclotron .
- Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field; force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
6 Alternating Current
- Ac Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- Charging and discharging of a capacitor
- Ac Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Representation of Ac Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- Ac Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Alternating Currents and Direct Currents
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
- resonance
- Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
- Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency
- Transformers
- Power in Ac Circuit: the Power Factor
- Power in Ac Circuit
- Power Factor
- Wattless Current
- Ac Voltage Applied to a Series Lcr Circuit
- LCR Series Circuit
- Phasor-diagram solution
- Analytical solution
- Resonance - Sharpness of resonance
- LC Oscillations
- Reactance and Impedance
- Peak and Rms Value of Alternating Current Or Voltage
- Alternating Currents
- Introduction
- Mean or Average value of AC
- RMS value of AC
- AC circuit containing pure resistor
- AC circuit containing only an inductor
- AC circuit containing only a capacitor
- AC circuit containing a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor in series – Series RLC circuit
- Resonance in series RLC Circuit
- Quality factor or Q–factor
- Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only); LCR series circuit; resonance; power in AC circuits, power factor; wattless current.
- AC generator and transformer.
7 Electromagnetic Induction
- Ac Generator
- Inductance
- Self-Inductance
- Unit of Inductance
- Definition of L
- Inductance of a solenoid
- Inductances in series or parallel
- Mutual Inductance
- Alternative definitions of mutual inductance
- Coefficient of coupling between two circuits
- Self-Inductance
- Energy Consideration: a Quantitative Study
- Motional Electromotive Force
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Magnetic Flux
- Faraday’s Law of Induction
- Laws of Electromagnetic Induction Or Faraday'S Laws of Induction
- Eddy Currents
- Lenz’S Law and Conservation of Energy
- Lenz's Law
- Induced Emf and Current
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
- Faraday's explanation of Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's Laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual induction.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Electromagnetic Waves
8 Electromagnetic Waves
- Elementary Facts About Electromagnetic Wave Uses
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Approximate ranges of wavelength and frequency
- Properties common to all the electromagnetic waves
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Introduction
- Displacement current and Maxwell’s correction to Ampere's circuital law
- Maxwell’s equations in integral form
- Electromagnetic Waves and Their Characteristics
- Sources of electromagnetic waves
- Nature of electromagnetic waves
- Production and properties of electromagnetic waves
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Displacement Current
- Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).
- Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, inf rared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Optics
9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
- Optical Instruments
- Telescope
- Astronomical Telescopes (Reflecting and Refracting) and Their Magnifying Powers
- The Microscope
Microscopes (Reflecting and Refracting) and Their Magnifying Powers
- Telescope
- Refraction Through a Prism
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and Lenses
- Snell’s Law
- Concave Mirror
- Rarer and Denser Medium
- Lensmaker's Formula
- Thin Lens Formula
- Lenses
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Mirage
- Rainbow
- Dispersion by a Prism
- Power of a Lens
- Magnification
- Total Internal Reflection
- Total Internal Reflection
- Essential conditions for the total internal reflection
- Total internal reflection in nature
- Rainbow production
- Refraction and total internal reflection of light rays at different angles of incidence
- Consequences of total internal refraction
- Refraction
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Sign convention
- Focal length of spherical mirrors
- The mirror equation
- Light Process and Photometry
- Ray Optics:Reflection of light; spherical mirrors; mirror formula; refraction of light; total internal reflection and its applications; optical; fibres; refraction at spherical surfaces; lenses; thin lens formula; lensmaker's formula; magnification, power of a lens; combination of thin lenses in contact; refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
- Scattering of light - blue colour of sky and reddish apprearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
- Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
10 Wave Optics
- Introduction of Wave Optics
- Diffraction
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves Using Huygens Principle
- Refraction of Monochromatic Light
- Law of Malus
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Coherent and Incoherent Waves
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Corpuscular Theory
- Width of Central Maximum
- Polarisation
- Uses of Plane Polarised Light and Polaroids
- Polarisation by scattering
- Polarisation by reflection
- Plane polarised light
- Polarisation Techniques
- Polarisation by selective absorption
- Polarisation by reflection
- Polarisation by double refraction
- Types of optically active crystals
- Nicol prism
- Interference
- Coherent Sources of Light
- Young’s Double Slit Experiment
- Intensity distribution
- Conditions for Obtaining Well Defined and Steady Interference Pattern
- Methods for Obtaining Coherent Sources
- Optical Path
- Proof of Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygen'S Principle
- Brewster's Law
- Plane Polarised Light
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’S Experiment
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width or Young’s Experiment
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at a Plane Surface Using Wave Fronts
- Huygens Principle
- Wave Front and Huygen's Principle
- Speed of Light
- Fizeau’s method to determine speed of light
- Speed of light through different media
- Refractive index
- Optical path
- Wave front and Huygen's principle; reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference;
- Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light; diffraction due to a single slit; width of central maximum ; resolving power of microscope and astronomical telescope, polarisation; plane polarised light;
- Brewster's law; uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Einstein’S Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Particle Nature of Light: the Photon
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Effect of intensity of light on photocurrent
- Effect of potential on photoelectric current
- Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential
- Einstein’s Equation - Particle Nature of Light
- Electron Emission
- Introduction
- Electron emission
- Davisson-Germer Experiment
- de-Broglie Relation
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Matter Waves - Wave Nature of Particles
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’S Observations
- Hertz and Lenard's Observations
- Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’S Observations
- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Dual nature of radiation; Photoelectric effect; Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
- Matter waves-wave nature of particles ; de-Broglie relation; Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Atoms and Nuclei
12 Nuclei
- Nuclear Energy
- Radioactivity
- Gamma Decay
- Gamma Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Beta Decay
Beta Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Alpha Decay
Alpha Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Gamma Decay
- Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation with Mass Number
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Size of the Nucleus
- Mass-Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Half-life of Radioactive Material
- Average Life of a Radioactive Species
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Composition and Size of Nucleus
- Nuclear Force
- Composition and size of nucleus; Radioactivity; alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decaylaw.
- Mass-energy relation; mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission; nuclear fusion.
13 Atoms
- Atomic Spectra
- The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
- De Broglie’S Explanation of Bohr’S Second Postulate of Quantisation
- Spectra of Multi Electron and Quantum Mechanics
- Heisenberg and De Broglie Hypothesis
- Thompson Model
- Dalton's Atomic Theory
- Introduction of Atoms
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Energy Levels
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Postulates of Bohr atomic theory
- Results of Bohr’s theory
- Explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen using Bohr theory
- Limitations of Bohr model
- Reasons for failure of the Bohr model
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’S Nuclear Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment and Rutherford's Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle trajectory
- Electron orbits
- Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Electronic Devices
14 Semiconductor Electronics - Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
- Integrated Circuits
- Junction Transistor
- Basic Transistor Circuit Configurations and Transistor Characteristics
- Common emitter transistor characteristics,(i) Input resistance (ri ), Output resistance (ro), Current amplification factor (β)
- Transistor: Structure and Action
- n-p-n transistor, p-n-p transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
Transistor as an Amplifier (Common Emitter Configuration)
- Basic Transistor Circuit Configurations and Transistor Characteristics
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- p-n Junction
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- On the basis of conductivity - Metals, Semiconductors, Insulators
- On the basis of energy bands
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- n-type semiconductor
- p-type semiconductor
- Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors
- Transistor Action
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
- Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
- Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Semiconductor Diode
- Semiconductor Diode - I-V Characteristics in Forward and Reverse Bias
- p-n junction diode under forward bias
- p-n junction diode under forward bias
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Diode as a Rectifier
- Energy Bands in Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators
- Concept of Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
- Triode
- Energy bandsin conductors;semiconductors and insulators (qual tative ideas only)
- Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier;
- Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics; zener diode as a voltage regulator.
- Junction transistor; transistor action; characteristics of a transistor and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration); basic idea of analog and digital;signals Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NANO and NOR).
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for Communication Systems
15 Communication Systems
- Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
- Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater
- Sinusoidal Waves
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Modulation
- Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
- Size of the antenna or aerial
- Effective power radiated by an antenna
- Mixing up of signals from different transmitters
- Amplitude Modulation
- Need for Modulation and Demodulation
- Satellite Communication
- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in the Atmosphere, Sky and Space Wave Propagation
- Ground wave Propagation
- Sky waves Propagation
- Space wave Propagation
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
- Elements of a Communication System
- Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram Only)
- Introduction and Modes of Communication
- Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagat on, satellite communication. Need for modulation, amplitude modulation.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus for The Special Theory of Relativity
16 The Special Theory of Relativity
- The Special Theory of Relativity
- The Principle of Relativity
- Maxwell'S Laws
- Kinematical Consequences
- A Rod Moving Perpendicular to its Length
- Moving Clocks (Time Dilation)
- A Rod Moving Parallel to its Length (Length Contraction)
- Dynamics at Large Velocity
- Energy and Momentum
- The Ultimate Speed
- Twin Paradox
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