JEE Main Physics (JEE Main) Syllabus 2026 PDF Download
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JEE Main Physics (JEE Main) Syllabus 2026
The JEE Main Physics (JEE Main) Syllabus for the JEE Main 2026 is available by the National Testing Agency. The JEE Main Physics (JEE Main) Syllabus is available for review from the link below. The JEE Main 2026 Physics (JEE Main) syllabus defines and describes each unit covered on the JEE Main 2026 Physics (JEE Main) exam.
Academic year:
B.E./B.Tech. Physics (JEE Main) Revised Syllabus
Units and Topics
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Syllabus
1 Physics and Measurement
- What is Physics?
- What is Physics?
- Two thrusts in physics : Unification and Reductionism
- Scope and Excitement of Physics
- Physics Related to Technology and Society
- Nature of Physical Laws
- How do physical laws come into existence?
- Conservation laws in physics
1. Law of conservation of energy
2. Law of conservation of linear momentum
3. Law of conservation of angular momentum
4. Law of conservation of charge
- Physical Quantities
- Introduction
- Types of Physical Quantities
- Unit and Its Types
- Units
- Types of units : Fundamental and Derived units
- Unit Systems
- Introduction
- Types of Unit System
- Properties of Matter and Their Measurement
- The International System of Units (SI)
- Base Physical Quantities and their Units,
- Definitions of SI Base Units,
- Prefixes used in the SI System
- The International System of Units (SI)
- Unit Prefixes
- Measurement of Length
- Length and Its Measurement
- The Parallax Method
- Activity: Understanding Parallax Through Experience
- Measuring Stellar Distances
- Measuring the Size od Celestial Objects
- Measuring Very Small Distances
- Special Units for Large Distances
- Example
- Measurement of Mass
- Introduction
- The Old Kilogram Standard
- The New Kilogram Standard
- Measuring Atoms & Molecules: Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
- Accuracy, Precision and Least Count of Measuring Instruments
- Accuracy of measuring instruments
- Precision of measuring instruments
- Least count for various instruments
- Zero error: Negative and Positive zero error
- Errors in Measurements>Systematic Errors
- Definition: Errors in Measurements
- Definition: Systematic Errors
- Source: Systematic Errors
- Effects: Systematic Errors
- Significant Figures
- Introduction
- The Five Essential Rules
- Order of magnitude
- Example
- Dimensions of Physical Quantities
- Dimensional Formulae and Dimensional Equations
- Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications
- Dimensional analysis
- Applications of dimensional analysis
- Limitations of dimensional analysis
- Dimensions, units, formulae of some quantities
- Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations
- Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities
2 Kinematics
- Introduction to Kinematics
- Position, Path Length and Displacement
- Position - Frame of reference and Reference point
- Distance (Path length)
- Displacement
- Position - Time Graph
- Speed and Velocity
- Uniform and Non-uniform Motion
- Rectilinear Motion
- Average Speed
- Introduction
- Definition: Average Speed
- Characteristics
- Calculation of Average Speed
- Formula: Average Speed
- Example
- Average Speed
- Uniformly Accelerated Motion
- Graphical Representation of Motion
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Velocity-time graph for uniform velocity
- Velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Relations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion (Graphical Treatment)
- Vector Analysis
- Introduction
- Scalars and Vectors
- Scalar vs Vector
- Key Points to Remember
- Vector
- Definition: Vector
- Representation of vector
- Types of Vectors
- Examples of Vector Quantities
- Vector Operations>Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
- Statement
- Vector Addition: Parallel Vectors
- Vector Subtraction: Anti-Parallel Vectors
- Real-Life Applications
- Vector Addition – Analytical Method
- Scalar (Dot) and Vector (Cross) Product of Vectors
- Resolution of Vectors
- Introduction
- Definition: Resolution of the Vector
- Definition: Rectangular Components
- Characteristics
- Vector Resolution in 2D
- 2D vs 3D Rectangular Components
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Motion in a Plane
- Motion in a plane
- Two-dimensional motion
- Motion with uniform velocity
- Displacement vector
- Velocity
- Equation of motion of an object
- Equation of path
- Motion with uniform acceleration in a plane
- Displacement in uniformly accelerated motion
- Equation of motion of an object
- Motion in Two Dimensions-Motion in a Plane
- Projectile Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Projectile Motion
- Key Concepts
- Characteristics
- Trajectory Equation
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Equations of Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
- Introduction
- Vector Form Equations
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- Formula: Velocity of A relative to B
- Formula: Velocity of B relative to A
- Characteristics
- Chaining Relative Velocities
- Significance
- Example
- Real-Life Example
- Projectile Motion
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Definition: Uniform Circular Motion
3 Laws of Motion
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Balanced and Unbalanced Force
- Cause of Change in Motion
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's First Law of Motion
- Experiment
- Summary
- Newton’s Second Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Understanding the Law
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Second law of Motion
- Activity A
- Activity B
- Real-Life Examples
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Introduction
- Definition: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Characteristics
- Law's Concequesnces
- Significance
- Formula: Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Examples
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Aristotle’s Fallacy
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Aristotle's Fallacy
- Aristotle Thought
- Galileo's Correction
- Real-Life Examples
- The Law of Inertia
- Conservation of Momentum
- Conservation of linear momentum
- Law of conservation of linear momentum
- Applications of the law of conservation of linear momentum
- Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum and Its Applications
- Equilibrium of a Particle
- Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces
- Common Forces in Mechanics
- Friction
- Types of Friction>Rolling Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Rolling Friction
- Characteristics
- Comparison of Friction Types
- Advantages of Friction
- Disadvantages of Friction
- Methods of Reducing Friction
- Real-Life Examples
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Kinematics of Circular Motion
- Dynamics of Circular Motion (Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force)
- Centripetal force (CPF)
- Centrifugal force (c.f.f.)
- Types of Friction>Kinetic Friction
- Introduction
- Definition: Kinetic Friction
- Formula: Kinetic Friction
- Formula: Coefficient of Kinetic Friction
- Characteristics
- Laws of Kinetic Friction
- Coefficient of Kinetic Friction for Different Materials
- Mechanism of Kinetic Friction
- Significance
- Laws of Friction
- Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion - Centripetal Force
- Solving Problems in Mechanics
- Motion of Connected Bodies, Pulley and Equilibrium of Forces
- Friction
- Friction
- Static friction
- Kinetic friction
- Types of kinectic friction
1) Sliding friction
2) Rolling friction - Laws of friction
- Coefficient of static friction
- Coefficient of kinetic friction
- Angle of Friction
- Angle of Repose
- Application of Angle of Repose
- Advantages and disadvantages of friction
- Methods to Reduce Friction
- Lubrication
- Motion of a body on an inclined plane
- Banking of Roads
4 Work, Energy, and Power
- Introduction of Work, Energy and Power
- The Scalar Product
- Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: the Work-energy Theorem
- Work-Energy Theorem
- Mechanical Energy > Kinetic Energy (K)
- Definition: Kinetic Energy
- Formula: Kinetic Energy
- Definition: Translational Motion
- Definition: Translational Kinetic Energy
- Definition: Rotational Motion
- Definition: Rotational Kinetic Motion
- Definition: Vibrational Motion
- Definition: Vibrational Kinetic Energy
- Concept of Work
- Definition: Work
- Key Points: Units of Work
- Types of Forces>Work Done by a Variable Force
- Work Done by Variable Forces: The Power of Integration
- Dividing and Conquering (Integration)
- The Graphical Method: Area Under the Curve
- Example
- Mechanical Energy > Potential Energy (U)
- Definition: Mechanical Energy
- Definition: Potential Energy
- Formula: Gravitational Potential Energy
- Key Points: Potential Energy
- Conservation of Mechanical Energy
- Conservation of mechanical energy
- Principle of conservation of Energy
- Conservative forces
- Non-conservative forces
- Potential Energy of a Spring
- Forms of Energy > Solar Energy
- Definition: Solar Energy
- Concept of Power
- Definition: Power
- Formula: Power
- Key Points: Power
- Collisions
- Introduction
- Definition: Collision
- Characteristics
- Real-Life Examples
- Concept of Energy
- Definition: Energy
- Key Points: Energy
5 Rotational Motion
- Centre of Mass of Two-particle System
- Centre of Mass of a Rigid Body
- Translational and Rotational Motions
- Definition: Transitional Motion
- Definition: Rotational Motion
- Vector and Cartesian Equations of a Line
- Moment of a Force
- Torque and Angular Momentum
- Moment of a Force (Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body)
- Angular Momentum and Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum and Its Applications
- Moment of force (Torque)
- Angular momentum of a particle
- Torque and angular momentum for a system of particles
- conservation of angular momentum
- Moment of Inertia
- Moment of inertia
- Radius of gyration
- Physical significance of radius of gyration
- Values of Moments of Inertia for Simple Geometrical Objects (No Derivation)
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
- Theorem of Parallel Axes
- Application of perpendicular and parallel axes theorem on different regular bodies
- Rigid Body Rotation
- Equations of Rotational Motion
- Centre of Gravity
- Definition: Centre of Gravity
- Key Points: Centre of Gravity
- Principle of Moments
- Law: Principle of Moments
- Angular Displacement
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Couple and Its Torque
- Introduction
- Definition: Couple
- Rotation Without Translation
- Moment (Torque) of a Couple
- Direction of Torque
- Moment of a Single Force vs Moment of a Couple
- Real-Life Applications
- Rolling Motion
- Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion
- Rolling motion on an inclined plane
- Rotational K.E.
6 Gravitation
- Concept of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Gravitation
- Formula: Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Understanding Gravitation
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Kepler’s Laws
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Formula: Kepler's Law
- Characteristics
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Drawing an Ellipse
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Introduction
- History/Origin
- Definition: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Formula: Universal Law of Gravitation
- Key Points: Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Characteristics
- Relationship to the Acceleration of the Moon
- Generalisation to Force
- Force Due to the Collection of Masses
- Special Cases for Extended Objects
- Significance
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Real-Life Examples
- The Gravitational Constant
- Universal gravitation constant
- Value of G
- Acceleration Due to Gravity of the Earth
- Variation of g with altitude, depth and latitude
- Acceleration Due to Gravity Below and Above the Earth's Surface
- Variation of g with altitude
- Variation of g with depth
- Graph of g, R and d
- Variation in the Acceleration>Variation in Gravity with Altitude
- Introduction
- Formula: Gravity with Altitude
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Example
- Real-Life Examples
- Gravitational Field
- Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
- Introduction
- Formula
- Derivation
- Example
- Escape Speed
- Earth Satellites
- Introduction
- Definition: Satellite
- Types of Earth Satellites
- Communication Satellites (Geostationary Satellites)
- Polar Satellites
- Significance
- Binding Energy of an Orbiting Satellite
- Introduction
- Definition: Binding Energy of Satellite
- Formula: Binding Energy
- Characteristics
- Derivation
- Real-Life Examples
- Geostationary and Polar Satellites
- Geostationary Satellites
- Polar Satellites
- Weightlessness
- Weightlessness Condition in Orbit
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Escape Velocity
- Introduction
- Definition: Escape Velocity
- Formula: Escape Velocity
- Derivation
- Escape Velocity
- Orbital Velocity of a Satellite
- Motion of Satellites
7 Properties of Solids and Liquids
- Introduction of Properties of Solids and Liquids
- Stress and Strain
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress
- Definition: Strain
- Formula: Stress
- Formula: Strain
- Understanding Elasticity
- Hooke’s Law
- Introduction
- Origin
- Definition: Modulus of Elasticity
- Understanding Hooke's Law
- Significance
- Stress-strain Curve
- Introduction
- Definition: Stress-Strain Curve
- Characteristics
- Understanding Stress-Strain Curve
- Classification of Materials Based on Stress-Strain Behavior
- Elastic Hysteresis
- Elastic Wear and Tear in Rubber Bands
- Elastic Modulus>Young’s Modulus
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Wire
- Elastic Modulus>Modulus of Rigidity
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Example
- Elastic Modulus>Bulk Modulus
- Introduction
- Definition: Bulk Modulus
- Formula: Bulk Modulus
- Characteristics
- Understanding Volume Strain
- Example
- Elastic Modulus>Poisson’s Ratio
- Definition
- Formula Derivation
- Table
- Volume Change During Stretching
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
- Pressure
- Pascal’s Law
- Thrust and Pressure
- Streamline and Turbulent Flow
- Streamline flow
- Laminar flow
- Turbulent flow
- Bernoulli's Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli's theorem
- Action of atomiser
- Blowing of roofs by wind storms
- Venturimeter
- Blood Flow and Heart Attack
- Dynamic Lift
(a) Ball moving without spin
(b) Ball moving with spin
(c) Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing
- Torricelli's Law
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Viscosity
- Newton's law of viscosity
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Applications of coefficient of viscosity
- Stoke's Law
- Surface Tension
- Surface Tension
- Force due to surface tension
- Factors affecting surface tension
1) Nature of liquid
2) Impurities
3) Temperature
4) Electrification - Applications of surface tension
- Surface Energy
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Relation between the surface energy and surface tension
- Angle of Contact
- Angle of contact
- Characteristics of angle of contact
- Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
ii) Impurities
iii) Inclination
iv) Temperature - Shape of liquid meniscus
- Shape of liquid drop
- Drops and Bubbles
- Shape of liquid drop
- Excess pressure
- Some surfaces with their excess pressure
- Capillary Rise
- Detergents and Surface Tension
- Temperature and Heat
- Introduction
- Definition: Heat
- Definition: Temperature
- Formula: Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature
- Formula: Heat Exchange
- Characteristics
- How Heat Affects Matter
- Significance
- Real-Life Examples
- Summary
- Measurement of Temperature
- Definition: Adiabatic Wall
- Definition: Diathermic Wall
- Definition: Thermal Equilibrium
- Definition: Thermometry
- Law: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Temperature Scales
- Conversion Formulas
- Thermometers Use the Zeroth Law
- Thermometric Property
- Types of Thermometers
- Characteristics of a Good Thermometer
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Example 4
- Summary
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Gas Behaviour and Temperature
- Kelvin Scale (Absolute Scale)
- Triple Point of Water
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Thermal Expansion
- Definition: Thermal Expansion
- Classification of Thermal Expansion
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Calorimetry
- Introduction
- Formula Derivation
- Example
- Latent Heat
- Definition: Latent Heat
- Definition: Specific Latent Heat
- Definition: Latent Heat of Fusion
- Definition: Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
- Definition: Specific Latent Heat of Vapourisation
- Definition: Melting Point of Ice
- Definition: Boiling Point of the Liquid
- Formula: Specific Latent Heat
- Heat Transfer
- Classification of Heat Transfer
- Conduction
- Definition: Conduction
- Experiment
- Mechanism of Conduction
- Good conductors
- Bad conductors
- Convection
- Convection: Convection currents
- Experiment
- Mechanism of Convection
- Definition: Convection
- Definition: Convection currents
- Environmental Issues
- Blackbody Radiation
- Qualitative Ideas of Black Body Radiation
- Perfectly black body
- Ferry's black body
- Spectrum of black body radiation in terms of wavelength
- Wien's Displacement Law
- Green House Effect
- Newton’s Law of Cooling
- Experiment
- Example
- Reynold's Number
- Work Done in Stretching a Wire
- Terminal Velocity
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Capillary action
- Ascent formula
- Capillary fall
- Capillary rise
- Expression for capillary rise or fall
- Method (I): Using pressure difference
- Method (II): Using forces
- Fluid Flow
- Thermometer and Its Types
- Thermometer and its working
- Types of Thermometers
8 Thermodynamics
- Introduction of Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Measurement of Temperature
- Definition: Adiabatic Wall
- Definition: Diathermic Wall
- Definition: Thermal Equilibrium
- Definition: Thermometry
- Law: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Temperature Scales
- Conversion Formulas
- Thermometers Use the Zeroth Law
- Thermometric Property
- Types of Thermometers
- Characteristics of a Good Thermometer
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Example 4
- Summary
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- Heat
- Internal Energy
- Work: P-V diagrams
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Definition: Specific Heat Capacity
- Formula: Specific Heat Capacity
- Key Points: Specific Heat Capacity
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1) Mechanical equilibrium
2) Chemical equilibrium
3) Thermal equilibrium - Equation of state
- Thermodynamic state variables
1) Extensive variables
2) Intensive variables
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Thermodynamic Process
- Thermodynamic Process
- Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process
- Isothermal Processes
- Adiabatic Processes
- Heat Engine
- Heat engine
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Efficiency of heat engine
- Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
- Refrigerator: Heat Flow from a Colder Region to a Hotter Region
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Performance of a Refrigerator
- Air conditioner
- Heat Pump
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Clausius' Statement
- Kelvin Planck's Statement
- Entropy
- Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Second Law of Thermodynamics - Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot Engine
- Carnot cycle
i) Isothermal expansion
ii) Adiabatic expansion
iii) Isothermal compression
iv) Adiabatic compression
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Introduction of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Perfect (ideal) and real gases
- Molecular Nature of Matter
- mean free path
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Gases
- Behaviour and characteristic properties of gases
- Composition of gases
- Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape
- Gases exert pressure in all directions
- Gases are highly compressible
- Gases are highly expansible
- Gases have low density
- Gases have a natural tendency to mix with one another (diffusion)
- Gases can be liquefied
- Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas
- Pressure of an Ideal Gas
- Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Law of equipartition of energy
- Energy of a system of the degree of freedom (f)
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Applications of the law of equipartition of energy for specific heat capacity
- Monatomic Gases
- Diatomic Gases
- Triatomic Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- Mean Free Path
- Free path
- Mean free path
- Equation of State of a Perfect Gas
- Ideal gas equation (Equation of state)
- Other forms of equation of state
- Van der Waal's gas equation
- Universal gas constant
- Gas laws
- Boyle's law
- Charles' law
- Gay Lussac's law
- Avogadro's law and number
- Work Done in Compressing a Gas
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Kinetic energy of gas
- Different forms of K.E. of gas
- Relation between K.E. and temperature of the gas
- Kinetic Theory of Gases - Concept of Pressure
- Pressure exerted by the gas on the wall of a container
- Molecular density of gas
- Dalton's Law of partial pressures
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
- Based on Nature of gas molecules
- Based on motion of gas molecules
- RMS Speed of Gas Molecules
- Speed of gaseous molecules
- Mean speed
- Mean square speed
- Root mean square speed
- Maxwell distribution function
- Degrees of Freedom
- Degrees of freedom
- Degrees of freedom of mono, di, and triatomic gases
1) Monoatomic gas
2) Diatomic gas
3) Triatomic gas
4) Polyatomic gas - Degrees of freedom for different gases at room temperature
- Avogadro's Number
- Gas Laws
- Definition: Gas Equation
- Definition: Absolute Scale or Klevin Scale
- Law: Boyle's Law
- Law: Charle's Law
- Mechanical Energy > Kinetic Energy (K)
- Definition: Kinetic Energy
- Formula: Kinetic Energy
- Definition: Translational Motion
- Definition: Translational Kinetic Energy
- Definition: Rotational Motion
- Definition: Rotational Kinetic Motion
- Definition: Vibrational Motion
- Definition: Vibrational Kinetic Energy
- Speed of Gas
10 Oscillations and Waves
- Introduction of Oscillations
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Periodic Motion
- Oscillatory motion
- Some important terms in periodic motion
- Displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Fourier theorem
- Period and frequency
- Displacement
- Time Period
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Equation of S.H.M
1) Equation of displacement - Phase: Initial phase or epoch or phase constant, Phase angle
- S.H.M. as a projection of UCM
2) Equation of velocity
3) Equation of acceleration
4) Equation of time period
5) Equation of frequency
- Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
- reference particle, reference circle
- Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
- Oscillations of a spring
- Spring pendulum
- Oscillations of combinations of spring
- Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
- Energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and Potential Energies
- Energy of S.H.M
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus displacement for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Graphical representation of energy (E) versus period of S.H.M. (T) for a particle performing S.H.M. from mean position
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
- Simple pendulum
- Effect of the density of medium on time period of simple pendulum
- Oscillations due to a Spring - Restoring Force and Force Constant
- Effect of viscosity of medium
- Effect of temperature
- Some special cases of simple pendulum: Second's pendulum
- Various types of S.H.M:
1) S.H.M of a liquid in U- shaped tube
2) S.H.M of a floating cylinder
3) S.H.M of a small ball rolling down in hemispherical bowl
- Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
- damping constant
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
- resonance
- Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
- Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency
- Displacement as a Function of Time
- Periodic Functions
- Oscillations - Frequency
- Wave Motion
- Wave motion
- Characteristics of wave motion
- Mechanical waves
- Types of Mechanical waves
1) Transverse waves
2) Longitudinal waves - Difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves
- Transverse Waves
- Introduction
- Characteristics
- Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave
- Simple harmonic progressive wave
- Characteristics of Simple Harmonic (SH) Progressive wave
- Relation between phase difference, path difference and time difference
- Amplitude and Phase
- Wavelength and Angular Wave Number
- Period, Angular Frequency and Frequency
- The Speed of a Travelling Wave
- Speed of a Transverse Wave on Stretched String
- Speed of a Longitudinal Wave Speed of Sound
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Reflection of Waves
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Reflection of waves
- Reflection of a transverse waves from
- Reflection of a longitudinal wave from
- Echo
- Standing Waves and Normal Modes
- Stationary Waves (Standing waves)
- Stationary waves are of two types: Longitudinal and Transverse stationary waves
- Nodes
- Antinodes
- Characteristics of stationary waves
- Difference between progressive waves and stationary waves
- Terms related to the application of stationary waves: Note, Tone, Fundamental note and fundamental frequency, Harmonics, Overtones, Octave, Unison, Resonance.
- Standing Waves in Strings
- Harmonics and overtone
- Laws of vibrating string
1) Law of length
2) Law of mass
3) Law of density
4) Law of tension - Organ Pipes: Closed and Open Organ Pipe
- End correction
- Energy in a standing wave
- Fundamental Mode and Harmonics
- fundamental mode or the first harmonic, second harmonic
- Introduction of Reflection of Waves
- Beats
- Analytical method to determine beat frequency
- Applications of beats
- Doppler Effect
- Origin of Doppler Effect
- Unsafe Listening Habits
- Interference
11 Electrostatics
- Concept of Electrostatics
- Introduction
- Electrical Conduction in Solids
- Introduction
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- Table
- Concept of Electrical Conductivity
- Classification of Semiconductors
- Charging by Induction
- Electric Charge
- Key Points: Electric Charge
- Coulomb’s Law
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Introduction
- Statement
- Analysis
- Permittivity and Dielectrics
- Comparison with Gravitation
- Importance
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Principle of Superposition
- Derivation
- Force on a Charge at the Centroid
- Example
- Electric Field
- Definition: Electric Field
- Derivation
- DImensional Formula
- Intensity of Electric Field
- Electric Lines of Force
- Definition: Line of Force
- Characteristics of Electric Lines of Force
- Imaginary Lines, Real Uses
- Electric Field Intensity Due to a Point-Charge
- Derivation
- Uniform Electric Field
- Non Uniform Electric Field
- Electric Flux
- Electric Flux
- Derivation
- Special Cases
- Electric Dipole
- Definition: Dipole
- Definition: Axial Line
- Definition: Equitorial Line
- Definition: Dipole Moment
- Natural Dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Fleld
- Work of an electric dipole
- Continuous Charge Distribution
- Introduction
- Linear Charge Density
- Surface Charge Density
- Volume Charge Density
- We Don't Feel Earth's Charge
- Static Charge: Use and Safety
- Gauss’s Law
- Definition
- Origin
- Statement
- Derivation
- Example
- Gaussian Surface
- Area Vector
- Solid Angle
- Applications of Gauss' Theorem
- Electric Field due to a Point Charge
- Electric field due to an Infinite Line of Charge
- Electric Field due to an Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge
- Electric Field due to Two Infinite Parallel Sheets of Charge
- Electric Field Intensity Just Outside a Charged Conductor
- Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell
- Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged Sphere (Optional)
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Electric Potential Due to Point Charge
- Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
- Potential at a Point on the Axis of the Dipole
- Potential at a Point on the Equatorial Line of the Dipole
- Potential at any Point
- Difference between Electric Potential at a Point due to a Single Point Charge and an Electric Dipole
- Work Done In Rotating an Electric Dipole In an Electric Field
- Potential Due to a System of Charges
- system of charges
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Definition
- Properties
- Relation Between Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Energy of a System of Charges
- Potential Energy in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Single Charge
- Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field
- Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field
- Electrostatics of Conductors
- Inside a conductor, electrostatic field is zero
- At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at every point
- The interior of a conductor can have no excess charge in the static situation
- Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of the conductor and has the same value (as inside) on its surface
- Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor
- Electrostatic shielding
- Dielectrics
- Definition: Dielectrics
- Dielectric Constant
- Polar and Non-polar Dielectric Molecules
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Capacitance
- Redistribution of charges and concept of common potential
- Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor
- Capacitor
- Principle of a capacitor
- Types of capacitor
1) Parallel plate capacitor
2) Spherical capacitor
3) Cylindrical capacitor - Applications of capacitors
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacity
- Combination of Capacitors
- In Series
- In Parallel
- Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
- Introduction
- Energy Stored in a Combination of Capacitors
- Energy Density in a Capacitor
- Force between the Plates of a Charged Parallel-Plate Capacitor
- Charges Induced on the Surfaces of a Dielectric Slab Placed between the
Plates of Parallel-Plate Capacitor
- Electric Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Explanation
- Particular Cases
- Work Done in Carrying a Charge
- Grouping of Capacitor
12 Current Electricity
- Electric Current
- Definition: Current
- Definition: Electric Current
- Key Points: Electric Current
- Concept of Electric Currents in Conductors
- Introduction
- Ohm's Law
- Definition: Conductance
- Law: Ohm's Law
- Limitations of Ohm’s Law
- Limitations
- Derivation
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Drift velocity
- Relaxation time
- Mobility of electron
- Relation of drift velocity with current
- Temperature Dependence of Resistance
- Temperature dependence of resistance
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Definition: Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Definition: Electric Power
- Formula: Electric Power
- Key Points: Electric Power
- Resistance of a System of Resistors
- Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance
- E.M.F. and Internal Resistance of Cell
- Kirchhoff’s Laws
- Kirchhoff's First Law or Junction Rule
- Kirchhoff's Second Law or Loop Rule
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Introduction
- Definition: Wheatstone’s Bridge
- Derivation
- Metre Bridge: Slide-Wire Bridge
- Description
- Determination of Resistance
- Errors and Their Removal
- Potentiometer
- Principle
- Sensitivity of Potentiometer
- Construction
- Precautions
- Superiority of Potentiometer over Voltmeter
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Specific Resistance
- Definition: Specific Resistance
- Definition: Conductivity
- Key Points: Specific Resistance
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Carbon resistors
- Colour code for carbon resistors
- Cells in Series
- Introduction
- Advantages
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Definition: Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Key Points: Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Cells, Thermo e.m.f. Electrolysis
13 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Magnetic force
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Motion in a Magnetic Field
- Helical motion of Charges Particles and Aurora Borealis
- Force on moving charge in uniform magnetic field
- Force on a charged particle in an electric field
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Lorentz Force Equation
- Velocity Selector
- Cyclotron
- Description
- Construction
- Theory and Working
- Achievement of Resonance Condition
- Limitations
- Kinetic Energy of Particles Accelerated in a Cyclotron
- Biot-Savart Law
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Biot-Savart's Law in Terms of Current Density
- Units and Dimensions
- Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Toroid
- Solenoid and the Toroid - the Solenoid
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
- Definition of Ampere
- Force Between Two Parallel Current-carrying Conductors
- Roget's Spiral For Attraction Between parallel currents
- Torque on a Current-Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Description
- Suspended-coil Galvanometer
- Radial Field
- Working
- Pivoted-coil (or Weston) Galvanometer
- Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Description
- Right-hand Palm Rule No. 2
- Fleming's Left-hand Rule
- Expression for the Force
- Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole: Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current Loop
- The Bar Magnet
- Introduction
- Axis
- Equator
- Magnetic Length
- Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
- Gauss law of magnetism
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Introduction
- Magnetic Axis
- Magnetic Equator
- Geographic Meridian
- Magnetic Meridian
- Magnetic Declination
- Magnetic Inclination or Angle of Dip
- Earth’s Magnetic Field
- Special Cases
- Magnetic Maps of the Earth
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetisation
- Magnetic Intensity
- Relation between permeability and susceptibility
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Permanent Magnet
- Hysteresis: Retentivity and Coercivity
- Hysteresis Curve
- Hysteresis Loss
- Hysteresis Loop
- Force and Torque on Current Carrying Conductor
- Properties of magnetic lines of force
- Magnetic Moment of a Coil
- Properties of Solids: Magnetic Properties
- Magnetic Equipment
14 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Electromagnetic Induction
- The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
- Faraday's Experiments
1) Coil and magnet experiment
2) Coil and coil experiment
- Faraday's Experiments
- Magnetic Flux
- Definition: Magnetic Flux
- Explanation
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Definition: Faraday's Law of Induction
- Law: Faraday's First Law or Neumann's Law
- Law: Faraday's Second Law or Lenz's Law
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Lenz's Law
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- Energy Consideration: a Quantitative Study
- Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents
- Explanation
- Applications
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Self Inductance
- A.C. Generator
- Principle
- Construction and Its Main Parts
- Working
- Frequency of Altering Current
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for a purely resistive load
- Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for purely inductive circuit
- Inductive Reactance (XL)
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- Graph of e and i versus ωt
- Phasor diagram for the purely capacitive circuit
- Capacitive Reactance
- Comparison between resistance and reactance
- Different Types of AC Circuits: AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- LCR Series Circuit
- Phasor-diagram solution
- Analytical solution
- Resonance - Sharpness of resonance
- LC Oscillations
- Transformers
- Introduction
- Principle
- Construction
- Theory
- Energy Losses in a Transformer
- Utility of Transformers in Long-distance Power Transmission
- Types of Transformer
- Examples
- Uses of Transformers
- Table
- Peak and Rms Value of Alternating Current Or Voltage
- Reactance and Impedance
- Power in AC Circuit
- Circuit Containing Pure Resistance Only
- Circuit Containing both Inductance and Resistance (L-R Circuit)
- Motional and Static EMI and Application of EMI
- Voltage and Power
- AC Circuits
- LCR Circuit
- Quality and Power Factor
15 Electromagnetic Waves
- Displacement Current
- EM Wave
- Basic Laws and their Origin
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Definition: Invisible Spectrum
- Key Points: Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Applications of e.m. waves
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
16 Optics
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Sign convention
- Focal length of spherical mirrors
- The mirror equation
- Refraction of Light
- Definition: Refraction
- Definition: Refracted Light
- Definition: Refraction of Light
- Key Points: Refraction of Light
- Total Internal Reflection
- Definition: Total Internal Reflection
- Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses
- Introduction
- Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction at spherical surfaces
- Refraction from rarer to denser medium
- Refraction from denser medium to rarer medium
- Refraction by a Lens
- Thin Lenses and Their Combination
- Analysis
- Derivation
- Behavior of Lenses in Different Mediums
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
- Mirage
- Causes of Mirage Formation
- Rainbow
- The Facts to be Explained
- Conditions Necessary for Formation of a Rainbow
- Optical Phenomena Involved
- Promary Rainbow
- Secondary Rainbow
- Formation and Visibility of Rainbows
- Optical Instruments
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power
- Simple Microscope or a Reading Glass
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Limiting Cases
- Example
- Compound Microscope
- Introduction
- Derivation
- Remarks
- Example
- Telescope
- Introduction
- Magnifying Power of a Telescope
- Example
- Huygens' Principle
- Wavefront
- Wave normal
- Wave surface
- Huygens' Principle
- Spherical Wavefront
- Plane Wavefront
- Cylindrical wavefront
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at Plane Surface Using Huygens' Principle
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Refraction of light
- Laws of refraction
- Snell's law
- Refraction of plane wave from a plane surface
- Refraction at a Rarer Medium
- Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
- Reflection at plane surface
- Laws of reflection
- Refraction of a Plane Wave
- Doppler Effect
- Origin of Doppler Effect
- Unsafe Listening Habits
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Coherent and Incoherent Waves
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width or Young’s Experiment
- Young's double-slit experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ, between waves from the two slits
- Using ∆x = nλ for bright fringe and ∆x = (n + ½)λ for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ = yn/D as y and θ are small, obtain yn = (D/d)nλ and fringe width β = (D/d)λ.
- Graph of distribution of intensity with angular distance.
- Diffraction of Light
- Diffraction of light
- Examples of diffraction of light
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Resolution of images
- Rayleigh's criterion for resolution
- Resolving the power of an optical instrument
- Resolving power of microscope
- Resolving power of telescopes
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
- Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
- Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
- Distribution of intensity with angular distance
- Diffraction at plane grating
- Diffraction due to circular aperture
- Comparison between interference and diffraction
- Fresnel distance
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Introduction
- Definition: Object Distance
- Definition: Image Distance
- Definition: Focal Length
- Formula: Mirror Formula
- Formula: Magnification
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Dispersion of Light
- Definition: Dispersion
- Definition: Spectrum
- Key Points: Dispersion of Light
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width
- Young's double-slit experiment (YDSE)
- Expression for fringe width from YDSE
- Shift of fringes
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Coherent sources
- Incoherent sources
- Sustained interference pattern
- Conditions necessary to obtain sustained (steady) interference pattern
- Width of Central Maximum
- Lens Formula
- Formula: lens Formula
- Formula: Lens Magnification
- Magnification
- Brewster's Law
- Polaroids
- Polaroids
- Preparation of polaroids
- Polarising action of polaroids
- Uses of polaroids (plane polarised light)
- Mirrors
- Plane Mirror
- Introduction
- Reflection Formation in a Plane Mirror
- Activity
- Experiment
- Relation Between Mirror Height and Full Image Formation
- Plane Mirror
- Spherical Mirrors
- Definition: Spherical Mirror
- Definition: Concave Mirror
- Definition: Convex Mirror
- Definition: Pole
- Definition: Centre of Curvature
- Definition: Radius of Curvature
- Definition: Principal Axis
- Introduction
- Types of Spherical Mirrors
- Activity
- Key Points: Spherical Mirrors
- Reflection of Light
- Introduction
- Activity
- Experiment
- Key Points: Reflection of Light
- Power of a Lens
- Definition: Power of a Lens
- Formula: Power of a Lens
- Resolving Power
- Rayleigh’s Criterion for Limit of Resolution (or for Resolving Power)
- Resolving Power of a Microscope
- Resolving Power of a Telescope
17 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
- Dual Nature of Radiation
- Electron Emission
- Electron emission
- Thermionic emission
- Field emission
- Photoelectric emission
- The Photoelectric Effect
- Experimental Set-up of Photoelectric Effect
- Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
- Failure of Wave Theory to Explain the Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
- Einstein’s Postulate of Quantization of Energy and the Photoelectric Equation
- Dual behaviour of electromagnetic spectrum
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Hertz and Lenard's Observations
- Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment
- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
- Effect of frequency on the photoelectric current: Threshold frequency, Threshold wavelength
- Effect of intensity of light on the photoelectric current
- Effect of potential difference on photoelectric current
- Effect of photometals on stopping potential
- Laws of photoelectric emission
- Photoelectric cell: Construction, Working, and Applications of photocell
- Failure of wave theory of light to explain photoelectric effect
- Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
- Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
- Einstein's photoelectric equation
- Work function (Φ)
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Characteristics of photon
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Matter waves
- De Broglie wave relation
- De Broglie wavelength of an electron
- Ratio of de Broglie wavelengths of photon and electron
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
- Cathode and Positive Rays
- Photoelectric Effect X-rays
18 Atoms and Nuclei
- Introduction of Atoms
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment and Rutherford's Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle trajectory
- Electron orbits
- Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom (mathematical theory of scattering excluded), based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of closest approach of α particle to the nucleus,
obtained by equating ∆K = ½ mv2 of the α particle to the change in electrostatic potential energy ∆U of the system `"U" = (2e xx "Ze")/(4πε_0r_0) r_0 ∼ 10^(-15) "m" = 1` fermi; atomic structure; only general qualitative ideas, including atomic number Z, Neutron number N and mass number A.
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen using Bohr theory
- Bohr's theory and atomic spectrum of hydrogen
- Ionization energy
- Energy Levels
- The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
- De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
- Spectra of Multi Electron and Quantum Mechanics
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Composition and Size of Nucleus
- Size of the Nucleus
- Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Mass - Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation with Mass Number
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Atomic Mass
- Mass-Energy Relation
- Mass Defect
- Packing fraction
- Nuclear Force
- Radioactivity
- Introduction
- Becquerel Rays
- Radioactivity is a Nuclear Phenomenon
- Discovery of Radioactivity
- Radioactive Substances
- Types of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Substances
- Alpha Decay
Alpha Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Beta Decay
Beta Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Gamma Decay
- Gamma Particles Or Rays and Their Properties
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Definition: Nuclear Energy
- Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
- Nuclear Fission
- Definition: Nuclear Fission
- Explanation
- Calculation of Energy Released in One Fission
- Controlled and Uncontrolled Chain Reactions
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Origin
- Structure of an Atom
- Structure of Nucleus
- Atomic Number
- Mass Number
- Mass-Energy Equivalence and Nuclear Reactions
19 Electronic Devices
- Concept of Semiconductors
- Applications of Science and Technology in Everyday Life
- Introduction
- Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
- Classification of solid on the basis of conductivity
- Conductors
- Insulators
- Semiconductors
- On the basis of energy bands
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Analysis
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Doping
- Classification
- p-n Junction
- Introduction
- Diffision
- Depletion Region
- Biasing a p-n Junction
- Forward Bias
- Reverse Bias
- Features of the Depletion Region
- Fabrication of p-n Junction Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Potential barrier at the junction diode
- Biasing of the p-n junction diode
1) Forward biasing
2) Reverse biasing - V-I Characteristics of a p-n junction diode
1) p-n junction diode under forward bias: Cut-off or knee voltage
2) p-n junction diode under reverse bias: Breakdown voltage
3) Reverse Breakdown: Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown - Dynamic Resistance
- Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- p-n junction Diode as rectifier
- Half-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Full-wave rectifier: Circuit connections, Working, Input/output waveforms, Disadvantages
- Filters: Input/output waveforms, Comparison between half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Zener diode
- I-V characteristics of Zener diode
- Zener diode as voltage regulator
- Line regulation in Zener diode
- Load regulation in Zener diode
- Ratings of a Zener diode
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
- Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
- Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
- Junction Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- npn Transistor as Common Emitter Amplifier
- Various gains in amplifiers
- Comparison between CB, CE and CC amplifier
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
- Transistor as an oscillator: Construction, Working
- Gain and Berkhausen's criterion
- Uses
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- Transistor Action
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Configurations of a transistor
i) Common-base configuration (CB)
ii) Common-emitter configuration (CE)
iii) Common-collector configuration (CC) - Types of characteristic curves
i) Input characteristics curve
ii) Output characteristics curve
iii) Transfer characteristics curve - Transistor characteristics in CE configuration
a) Input Characteristics
b) Output characteristics of a transistor: Active region, Cut-off region, Saturation region - Different modes of operation of a transistor
- Current-transfer Characteristics
- Transistor as a switch
- Configurations of a transistor
20 Communication Systems
- Communication System
- Origin
- Propagation of EM Waves
- Introduction
- Ionizing Radiations
- Applications of X-rays in Medicine and Industry
- Need for Modulation and Demodulation
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Carrier waves and their types: Sinusoidal signal and Pulse shaped signal
- Modulation
- Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
- Base Band Signals
- Factors affecting transmission of electronic signal in the audio frequency range
- Size of the antenna or aerial: Hertz and Marconi antenna
- Effective power radiated by an antenna
- Mixing up of signals from different transmitters
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Production of amplitude modulated wave
- Detection of amplitude modulated wave
- Modulation index or modulation factor in amplitude modulation
- Power and current relations in amplitude modulation wave
- Applications of amplitude modulation
- Drawbacks in amplitude modulation
- Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Frequency Modulation (FM)
- Frequency modulation (FM)
- Modulation index in frequency modulation
- Frequency deviation
- Advantages of frequency modulation
- Drawbacks in frequency modulation
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
- Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater
- Satellite Communication
