Topics
Matter
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- States of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Kinetic Theory of Matter
- Change of State
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Evaporation
- Vaporisation or Boiling
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Sublimation
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Law of Conservation of Mass
Physical and Chemical Changes
- Changes-Physical and Chemical
- Classification of Change: Slow and Fast Changes
- Classification of Change: Natural and Man-made Changes
- Classification of Change: Periodic and Non-periodic Changes
- Classification of Change: Reversible and Irreversible Changes
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Chemical Reaction
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
- Matter (Substance)
- Natural substances
- Pure Substances
- Impure Substance
- Elements
- Earth and Elements
- Non-Metals
- Type of Element: Metalloid
- Type of Elements: Noble Or Inert Gases
- Difference Between Metals, Non-metals, Metalloids, and Noble Gases
- Compound
- Mixture
- Types of Mixtures
- Formation of Mixtures
- Separation of Mixtures
- Methods of Separation
- Handpicking Method
- Magnetic Separation Method
- Gravitation Method
- Sublimation
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Crystallisation Method
- Sedimentation Method
- Decantation Method
- Filtration Method
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Diffusion Method
- Liquefaction Method
Atomic Structure
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- History of Atom
- Dalton's Atomic Theory
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Electrons
- Protons
- Nucleus
- Neutrons
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Atomic Number (Z) and Mass Number (A)
- Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Periodic Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
- Variable Valency
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
Language of Chemistry
- Language of Chemistry
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Symbols Used to Represent Atoms of Different Elements
- Periodic Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
- Variable Valency
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Molecular Formula of Compounds
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Significance of Molecular/Chemical Formulae
- Chemical Equations
- Balancing Chemical Equation
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Reaction
- Indicators of a Chemical Change (Chemical Reaction)
- Conditions Necessary for Chemical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Combination Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Decomposition Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Single Displacement Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Double Displacement Reaction
- Types of Double Displacement: Precipitation Reaction
- Types of Double Displacement: Neutralization Reaction
- Neutralization Reactions in Our Daily Life
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
- Oxides
Hydrogen
- Hydrogen
- Preparation of Hydrogen
- Recognition and Identification of Gases
- Manufacture of Hydrogen
- Physical Properties of Hydrogen
- Chemical Properties of Hydrogen
- Tests for Hydrogen
- Uses of Hydrogen
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
Water
- Water: Our Lifeline
- Importance of Water
- Sources of Water
- Water Cycle
- Availability of Water
- Physical Properties of Water
- Anomalous Expansion of Water
- Water - a Universal Solvent
- Capacity of Water to Dissolve Substances - Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions
- Introduction to Solutions
- Suspension Solution
- Colloidal Solution
- Difference Between Solution, Colloidal Solution, and Suspension Solution
- Crystals and Crystallisation
- Hydrated and Anhydrous Substances
- Efflorescence, Hygroscopic, and Deliquescence Substances
- Chemical Properties of Water
- Classification of water: Soft and Hard Water
- Advantage and Disadvantage of Hard Water
- Removal of Hardness of Water
- Water Pollution
- Prevention and Control of Water Pollution
- Water Management (Conservation of Water)
- Fresh Water Management
- Waste Water Management
- Water - a Universal Solvent
Carbon and Its Compounds
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Classification of Compounds of Carbon
Allotropy in carbon
Amorphous Forms of Carbon
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Coal
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Coke
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Charcoal
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Lamp Black (Soot)
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Gas Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Dioxide
- Preparation of Carbon Dioxide
- Recognition and Identification of Gases
- Properties of Carbon Dioxide
- Tests for Carbon Dioxide
- Importance of Carbon Dioxide
- Fire Extinguisher
- Carbon Dioxide
- Green House Effect
- Preventive Measures of Green House Effect
- Preventive Measures of Global Warming
- Cause of Increased Percentage of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
- Steps to Balance Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
Carbon Monoxide - A Compound of Carbon
- Carbon Monoxide
- Formation of Carbon Monoxide and Its Addition to the Atmosphere
- Harmful Effects of Carbon Monoxide
- Precautions and Remedies for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
- Reducing Action of Carbon Monoxide
Estimated time: 12 minutes
Maharashtra State Board: Class 7
Methods of Separation:
Separation methods are techniques used to separate unwanted substances or individual components from a mixture.
- Simple Distillation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Centrifugation Method
- Chromatography Method
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Methods of Separation
| Method | Principle | Used For | Key Conditions / Features | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crystallisation | Difference in solubility | Purification of solids | Soluble in hot solvent, insoluble in cold; slow cooling gives pure crystals | Benzoic acid |
| Fractional Crystallisation | Difference in solubility of two solids | Separation of solid mixtures | Less soluble substance crystallises first on cooling | K₂CO₃ & KCl |
| Sublimation | Solid → vapour → solid | Sublimable solids | One component sublimes, impurity remains | NH₄Cl, iodine |
| Simple Distillation | Large difference in boiling point (>25°C) | Liquid + non-volatile impurity | Single vaporisation–condensation step | Water + salt |
| Fractional Distillation | Small difference in boiling point (<25°C) | Mixture of miscible liquids | Uses fractionating column for repeated vaporisation | Acetone + methanol |
| Vacuum Distillation | Lowering boiling point by reducing pressure | Heat-sensitive liquids | Prevents decomposition at high temperature | Glycerol |
| Steam Distillation | Steam volatility + immiscibility with water | High b.p., heat-sensitive organic compounds | Compound must be steam volatile and immiscible with water | Aniline, essential oils |
| Azeotropic Distillation | Breaking azeotrope using third component | Constant boiling mixtures | Uses entrainer to change boiling behaviour | Ethanol + water |
| Solvent Extraction | Difference in solubility in immiscible solvents | Organic + aqueous mixtures | Uses separating funnel; compound more soluble in one solvent | Organic extraction |
| Chromatography | Differential adsorption/partition | Separation of mixture components | Based on stationary & mobile phase interaction | Dyes, pigments |
