Topics
Measurement
- Measurements
- Physical Quantities
- Unit and Its Types
- Unit Systems
- The International System of Units (SI)
- Measurement of Length
- Measuring Smaller Distances
- Measuring Larger Distances
- Measurement of Mass
- Measurement of Time
- The Temperature and a Thermometer
- Scales of Thermometers
- Unit Prefixes
- Rules and Conventions for Writing SI Units and Their Symbols
- Vernier Callipers
- Screw Gauge
- Devices for Measuring Mass
- Mass and Weight
- Accuracy in Measurements
Motion
- Force and Motion
- Types of Motion
- Multiple Motion
- Distance and Displacement
- Speed
- Velocity
- Acceleration and Retardation
- Displacement - Time Graph Or Distance - Time Graph
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Motion of Freely Falling Body
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Centripetal Acceleration
- Centrifugal Forces
Fluids
- Thrust and Pressure
- Pressure of liquid
- Factors Affecting Liquid Pressure
- Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
- Mercury Barometer (Simple Barometer)
- Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure
- Pascal’s Law
- Hydraulic Machines: Hydraulic Press (Or Bramah Press)
- Density and It’s Unit
- Relative Density and Its Unit
- Principle of Floatation (Laws of Flotation)
- Application of Principle of Flotation
- Buoyancy Force (Upthrust Force)
- Archimedes Principle
- Law of Floatation
Electric Charge and Electric Current
- Electric Charge
- Electric Force
- Electric Field
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Direction of the Electric Current - Conventional and Electronic Flow
- Electro-Motive Force of a Cell
- Electric Resistance
- Electric Circuit
- Types of Circuits: Series Circuit
- Types of Circuits: Parallel Circuit
- Symbols and Functions of Various Components of an Electric Circuits
- Effects of Electric Current
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Chemical Effects of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Alternating current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)
- Dangers of Electricity
- Precautions to Be Taken While Using Electricity
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
- Magnet
- Classification of Magnets
- Magnetic Field
- Properties of magnetic lines of force
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Force on Parallel Current Carrying Conductors
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- A.C. Generator
- Simple D.C. Motor
- Comparison Between A.C. Generator and D.C. Motor
- Electric Generator
- Transformers
- Types of Transformer
- Uses of Electromagnet
Light
- Climatic Factors > Light
- Reflection of Light
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Lateral Inversion
- Formation of Image by Reflection: Real and Virtual Image
- Spherical Mirrors
- Position and Nature of Image Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- Rules to Trace the Image Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- Spherical Mirror > Concave Mirror
- Image Formation by Concave Mirror
- Sign Convention
- Mirror Equation/Formula
- Linear Magnification by Spherical Mirrors
- Spherical Mirror > Convex Mirror
- Image Formation by Convex Mirror
- Speed of Light in Different Media
- Refraction of Light from a Plane Transparent Surface
- Refraction of Light
- Total Internal Reflection
Heat
- Heat
- Effects of Heat
- Transfer of Heat
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- The Temperature and a Thermometer
- Scales of Thermometers
- Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Thermal Capacity
- Change of State
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Vaporisation or Boiling
- Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
- Latent Heat
Sound
- Sound Waves
- Production of Sound
- Propagation of Sound
- Sound Need a Medium to Travel
- Characteristics of Sound
- Loudness and Intensity
- Pitch and frequency
- Quality and Wave Form
- Speed of Sound (Velocity of Sound)
- Speed of Sound in Different Media
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Reflection of Sound Waves
- Application of Reflection of Sound
- Echo
- Reverberation
- Ultrasonic Sound Or Ultrasound
- SONAR
Universe
- Geo Centric Theory
- Heliocentric Model
- The Universe
- Galaxy and Its Types
- Stars and Their Types
- The Sun
- Our Solar System
- Other Heavenly Bodies of the Solar System
- Artificial Satellites
- Orbits of Artificial Satellites
- Space Missions Away from Earth
- Kepler’s Laws
- International Space Station (ISS)
Matter Around Us
- Matter (Substance)
- Natural substances
- Pure Substances
- Elements
- Compound
- Impure Substance
- Mixture
- Differences Between Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Types of Mixtures
- Separation of Mixtures
- Methods of Separation
- Sublimation
- Centrifugation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Simple Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Introduction to Solutions
- Composition of a Solution
- Types of Solutions
- Colloidal Solution
Atomic Structure
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Neutrons (n)
- Structure of the Atom and Nucleus
- Atomic Number (Z) and Mass Number (A)
- Atomic Mass
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Periodic Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
- Isotopes
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Law of Multiple Proportions
- Law of Reciprocal Proportions
- Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes
- Quantum Numbers
Periodic Classification of Elements
- Classification of Elements
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Insights into Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Law
- Advantage and Disadvantage of Modern Periodic Table
- Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
- Periods and Electronic Configuration
- Metallic and Non-metallic Characters
- Metalloid Character
- Alloy
Chemical Bonding
Acids, Bases and Salts
- Acids
- Properties of Acids > Physical Properties
- Classification of Acids
- Uses of Acids
- Aquaregia
- Bases (Alkalis)
- Properties of Bases > Physical Properties
- Classification of Bases (Alkalis)
- Uses of Bases
- Making of natural indicator
- The pH Scale
- Salts
- Classification of Salts
- Water of Crystallization
- General Properties of Salts
- Identification of Salts
- Important Salts in Daily Life
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris
- Similarities and Differences Between Acids and Bases
Carbon and Its Compounds
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Discovery of Carbon Milestones
- Classification of Compounds of Carbon
- Special Features of Carbon
- Allotropes of Carbon > Diamond
- Allotropes of Carbon > Diamond
- Allotropes of Carbon > Graphite
- Allotropes of Carbon > Fullerene
- Straight chains, Branched chains, and Rings of Carbon atoms
- Straight chains, Branched chains, and Rings of Carbon atoms
- Bonds in Carbon Compounds
- Man-made Fibre: Plastics
- Identifying Different Types of Plastics: Resin Codes
- Harmful Effects of Plastics
- New Rules to Make Tamil Nadu Plastic Free
- Role of Students in the Prevention of Plastic Pollution
Applied Chemistry
- Applied Chemistry
- Nanochemistry
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Anaesthetics
- Antacid
- Antibiotics
- Analgesics
- Antipyretic
- Antiseptics and Disinfectants
- Antimalarial
- Introduction to Electrochemistry
- Electro Chemical Cells
- Radiochemistry
- Dye Chemistry
- Agricultural Chemistry
- Food Chemistry
- Forensic Chemistry
Animal Kingdom
- Classification of Living Organisms
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Grades of Organization
- Nomenclature
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Phylum: Aschelminthes
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Phylum: Hemichordata
- Subphylum: Prochordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata
Organisation of Tissues
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Plant Tissues
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Differences Between Xylem and Phloem
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Mitosis > Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Mitosis > Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Mitosis > Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis: Reduction Division
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis II
- Significance of Meiosis
- Mitosis Vs Meiosis
Plant Physiology
Organ Systems in Animals
- Human Organ System
- Human Digestive System
- The Mouth and Buccal Cavity
- The Teeth and Its Structure
- The Salivary Glands
- Swallowing and Peristalsis
- The Food Pipe/Oesophagus
- The Stomach
- The Small Intestine
- Human Digestive System
- Absorption of Food
- Assimilation of Food
- The Large Intestine
- Human Excretory System
- Kidney and Its Internal Structure
- Structure of a Kidney Tubule (Nephrons)
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- The Excretory Organs
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
Nutrition and Health
- Food and Its Types
- Nutrients and Nutrition
- Component of Food
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Fats (Lipids)
- Vitamin and Minerals
- Component of Food: Minerals
- Deficiency Diseases
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Carbohydrates
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Proteins
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Fats
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Vitamin
- Diseases Due to Deficiency of Minerals
- Spoilage of Food
- Food and Micro-organisms
- Methods of Food Preservation
- Food Adulteration
- Food Quality Control
World of Microbes
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Prions
- Useful micro-organisms
- Manifestation of Diseases
- Categories of Disease
- Harmful Microorganisms
- Airborne Diseases
- Airborne Diseases Caused by Virus
- Airborne Diseases Caused by Bacteria
- Contamination of Water and Water Borne Diseases
- Waterborne Diseases Caused by Virus
- Waterborne Diseases Caused by Bacteria
- Vector Borne Diseases
- Protozoan Diseases
- Helminthic Diseases
- Diseases Transmitted by Animals
Economic Biology
- Horticulture
- Manuring (Biomanuring)
- Crop Biotechnology > Biofertilizers
- Medicinal Plants
- Mushroom Cultivation
- Hydroponics
- Aeroponics
- Aquaponics
- Aquaculture
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Prawn Culture
- Vermicomposting
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Apiculture (Bee Farming)
Environmental Science
- Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
- Water Cycle
- Carbon Cycle
- Adaptations of Plants
- Adaptation in Aquatic Plants (Hydrophytes)
- Adaptation in Desert Plants (Xerophytes)
- Adaptation in Grassland Plants (Mesophytes)
- Adaptation for Blending with the Surroundings
- Fresh Water Management
- Waste Water Management
- International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
Computer – LibreOffice Impress
- Libreoffice
- Presentation
Estimated time: 2 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Law: Law of Reciprocal Proportions
"The ratio in which two elements A and B separately combine with a fixed mass of a third element C is either the same as, or a simple multiple of, the ratio in which A and B combine directly with each other."
- Also called the Law of Equivalences.
- e.g. Carbon and sulfur both combine with oxygen; the ratio in which they combine with oxygen is related to the ratio in which they combine with each other.
