- Space missions are of two types: launching satellites around Earth and exploring space objects beyond Earth.
- Yuri Gagarin was the first human in space (1961), and Neil Armstrong was the first on the Moon (1969).
- Indian space explorers include Rakesh Sharma, Kalpana Chawla, and Sunita Williams.
- Space technology enables fast global communication, internet access, and early warning of natural disasters.
- Satellites support defence, surveillance, weather forecasting, and the location of natural resources, making space tech vital for national development.
Topics
Gravitation
- Concept of Gravitation
- Force and Motion
- Centripetal Force
- Kepler’s Laws
- Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Law of Areas or Kepler's Second Law
- Law of Periods or Kepler's Third Law
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Earth’s Gravitational Force
- Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration
- Mass and Weight
- Gravitational Waves
- Free Fall
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Escape Velocity
- Weightlessness in Space
Periodic Classification of Elements
- Classification of Elements
- Dobereiner’s Triads
- Newland's Law of Octaves
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Insights into Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Law
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration of Elements
- Groups and Electronic Configuration
- Periods and Electronic Configuration
- Periodic Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
- Atomic Size
- Metallic and Non-metallic Characters
- Gradation in Halogen Family
Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Equations
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Combination Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Decomposition Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Single Displacement Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Double Displacement Reaction
- Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
- Rate of Chemical Reaction
- Factors Affecting the Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Reduction
- Corrosion of Metals
- Rancidity
Effects of Electric Current
- Electric Circuit
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Centre of a Circular Loop
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Solenoid
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Galvanometer
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
- Alternating current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)
- Electric Generator
Heat
Refraction of Light
Lenses
- Concept of Lenses
- Images Formed by Convex Lenses
- Images Formed by Concave Lenses
- Sign Convention
- Lens Formula
- Magnification
- Power of a Lens
- Combination of Lenses
- The Human Eye
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Myopia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Hypermetropia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Presbyopia
- Apparent Size of an Object
- Use of Concave Lenses
- Use of Convex Lenses
- Persistence of Vision
Metallurgy
- Physical Properties of Metals
- Physical Properties of Non-metal
- Chemical Properties of Metal
- Reactions of Metals
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Chemical Properties of Non-metal
- Ionic Compounds
- Metallurgy
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Concentration of Ores
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Extraction of Metals
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Refining of Metals
- Corrosion of Metals
- Prevention of Corrosion
Carbon Compounds
- Bonds in Carbon Compounds
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Hydrocarbons
- Straight chains, Branched chains, and Rings of Carbon atoms
- Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
- Homologous Series
- Nomenclature
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Combustion
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Addition Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Substitution Reaction
- Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Macromolecules and Polymers
Space Missions
School of Elements
The Magic of Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Equations
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Combination Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Decomposition Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Single Displacement Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Double Displacement Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
- Types of Double Displacement: Neutralization Reaction
The Acid Base Chemistry
- Properties of Acids > Physical Properties
- The pH Scale
- Acids, Bases and Their Reactivity
- Acid or a Base in a Water Solution
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris
- Chemicals from Common Salt - Soap as a Salt
The Electric Spark
All about Electromagnetism
- Magnetic force
- The Bar Magnet
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Centre of a Circular Loop
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Solenoid
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- A.C. Generator
- Simple D.C. Motor
- Household Electrical Circuits
Wonders of Light 1
Wonders of Light 2
Striving for better Environment 1
- Abatement of Pollution
- Sustainable Use of Resources
- Key Points: Space Missions
Maharashtra State Board: Class 5
Space Missions
Humans have always been curious about the world beyond their reach. One of the biggest areas of curiosity has been outer space. People have looked at the stars and imagined travelling among them. With advancements in science and technology, especially in the 20th century, these dreams started becoming a reality. Space missions are special journeys into space to discover and learn about the universe. These missions can be done by sending robots, satellites, or even astronauts into space. Each mission has a specific goal, like studying a planet, taking pictures of space, or testing new technology.
With the development of powerful rockets and spacecraft, humans began to explore space in new ways. These efforts are called space missions. There are two main types of space missions:
- Earth-Orbit Missions: These focus on placing artificial satellites around the Earth. Satellites are used for communication, weather forecasting, navigation, and scientific research.
- Deep Space Missions: These are missions where spacecraft are sent to study other planets, moons, and objects in space beyond Earth’s orbit.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
Important Milestones in Space Exploration
| Name | Nationality | Achievement | Date | Additional Info |
| Yuri Gagarin | Soviet Union (Russia) | First human in space and to orbit Earth | April 12, 1961 | Orbited Earth aboard Vostok 1 |
| Neil Armstrong | United States | First human to walk on the Moon | July 20, 1969 | Commander of Apollo 11; said "That's one small step for man...". |
| Buzz Aldrin | United States | Second human to walk on the Moon | July 20, 1969 | Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 11; spent 21 hours on the Moon. |
| Vikram Sarabhai | Indian | Father of India’s space program | ISRO Founded: August 15, 1969 | Set up the foundation of Indian space research after INCOSPAR. |
| Rakesh Sharma | Indian | First Indian in space | April 3, 1984 | Flew aboard Soyuz T-11; said “Saare Jahan Se Achha” from space. |
| Kalpana Chawla | Indian-American | First woman of Indian origin in space | November 19, 1997 | Flew on NASA’s space shuttle; died in the Columbia disaster (2003). |
| Sunita Williams | Indian-American | Longest spaceflight by a woman (at the time) | December 9, 2006 | Spent 322 days in space across two NASA missions. |
| Valentina Tereshkova |
Soviet Union (Russia) | First woman in space | June 16, 1963 | Flew solo aboard Vostok 6; remains the only woman to fly solo in space. |
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
Importance of Space Missions
- They have made global communication fast and easy.
- We get weather updates and natural disaster warnings in advance.
- Satellites help in military surveillance and security.
- They help discover minerals and fossil fuels on Earth.
- The internet and GPS we use every day work with the help of space satellites.
- They support live TV, radio, and global broadcasting.
- Space tech helps farmers monitor crops and improve yield.
- Space missions expand our scientific understanding of the universe.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
