Topics
Gravitation
- Concept of Gravitation
- Force and Motion
- Centripetal Force
- Kepler’s Laws
- Law of Orbit or Kepler's First Law
- Law of Areas or Kepler's Second Law
- Law of Periods or Kepler's Third Law
- Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Earth’s Gravitational Force
- Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration
- Mass and Weight
- Gravitational Waves
- Free Fall
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Escape Velocity
- Weightlessness in Space
Periodic Classification of Elements
- Classification of Elements
- Dobereiner’s Triads
- Newland's Law of Octaves
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Insights into Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Law
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration of Elements
- Groups and Electronic Configuration
- Periods and Electronic Configuration
- Periodic Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
- Atomic Size
- Metallic and Non-metallic Characters
- Gradation in Halogen Family
Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Equations
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Combination Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Decomposition Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Single Displacement Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Double Displacement Reaction
- Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
- Rate of Chemical Reaction
- Factors Affecting the Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Reduction
- Corrosion of Metals
- Rancidity
Effects of Electric Current
- Electric Circuit
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Centre of a Circular Loop
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Solenoid
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Galvanometer
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
- Alternating current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)
- Electric Generator
Heat
Refraction of Light
Lenses
- Concept of Lenses
- Images Formed by Convex Lenses
- Images Formed by Concave Lenses
- Sign Convention
- Lens Formula
- Magnification
- Power of a Lens
- Combination of Lenses
- The Human Eye
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Myopia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Hypermetropia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Presbyopia
- Apparent Size of an Object
- Use of Concave Lenses
- Use of Convex Lenses
- Persistence of Vision
Metallurgy
- Physical Properties of Metals
- Physical Properties of Non-metal
- Chemical Properties of Metal
- Reactions of Metals
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Chemical Properties of Non-metal
- Ionic Compounds
- Metallurgy
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Concentration of Ores
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Extraction of Metals
- Basic Principles of Metallurgy > Refining of Metals
- Corrosion of Metals
- Prevention of Corrosion
Carbon Compounds
- Bonds in Carbon Compounds
- Carbon: A Versatile Element
- Hydrocarbons
- Straight chains, Branched chains, and Rings of Carbon atoms
- Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
- Homologous Series
- Nomenclature
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Combustion
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Addition Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Substitution Reaction
- Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Macromolecules and Polymers
Space Missions
School of Elements
The Magic of Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Equations
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Combination Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Decomposition Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Single Displacement Reaction
- Types of Chemical Reactions > Double Displacement Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds > Oxidation
- Types of Double Displacement: Neutralization Reaction
The Acid Base Chemistry
- Properties of Acids > Physical Properties
- The pH Scale
- Acids, Bases and Their Reactivity
- Acid or a Base in a Water Solution
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris
- Chemicals from Common Salt - Soap as a Salt
The Electric Spark
All about Electromagnetism
- Magnetic force
- The Bar Magnet
- Right-hand Thumb Rule
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Centre of a Circular Loop
- Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law > Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Solenoid
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- A.C. Generator
- Simple D.C. Motor
- Household Electrical Circuits
Wonders of Light 1
Wonders of Light 2
Striving for better Environment 1
- Abatement of Pollution
- Sustainable Use of Resources
- Definition: Electronegative Elements
- Chemical Equation: Reaction of Nonmetals with Oxygen
- Chemical Equation: Reaction of Nonmetals with Water
- Chemical Equation: Reaction of Dilute Acids with Nonmetals
- Chemical Equation: Reaction of Nonmetals with Hydrogen
Chemical Properties of Nonmetals
1. Electronic Configuration
Most nonmetals have 4 to 7 electrons in their valence shells.
| Nonmetal | Atomic number | Electronic configuration |
|---|---|---|
| ₇N | 7 | 2, 5 |
| ₈O | 8 | 2, 6 |
| ₁₇Cl | 17 | 2, 8, 7 |
2. Formation of Ions
Nonmetals have a tendency to accept electrons in their valence shell to form negatively charged ions called anions.
| Reaction | Ion Formation |
|---|---|
| Cl + e⁻ → Cl⁻ | (2, 8, 7) → (2, 8, 8) (Chloride Ion) |
| O + 2e⁻ → O²⁻ | (2, 6) → (2, 8) (Oxide Ion) |
| N + 3e⁻ → N³⁻ | (2, 5) → (2, 8) (Nitride Ion) |
3. Reaction with Oxygen
Nonmetals combine with oxygen to form acidic oxides (some can be neutral).
| Reaction | Type of Oxide |
|---|---|
| C + O₂ → CO₂ | Acidic Oxide |
| 2C + O₂ → 2CO | Neutral Oxide |
| S + O₂ → SO₂ | Acidic Oxide |
Oxides of nonmetals react with bases to form salts and water:
CO₂ + 2NaOH → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O
Oxides of nonmetals react with water to form acids:
| Reaction | Acid Formed |
|---|---|
| CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ | Carbonic Acid |
| SO₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₃ | Sulphurous Acid |
| SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄ | Sulphuric Acid |
4. Reaction of Nonmetals with Water
Most nonmetals do not react with water.
Exception: Halogens (e.g., chlorine) react with water:
Cl₂ + H₂O → HOCl + HCl
5. Reaction of Nonmetals with Dilute Acids
Generally, nonmetals do not react with acids.
Exception: Halogens (e.g., chlorine) react with dilute hydrobromic acid:
6. Reaction of Nonmetals with Hydrogen
Nonmetals react with hydrogen under specific conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, catalysts).
| Reaction | Product |
|---|---|
| S + H₂ → H₂S | Hydrogen Sulfide |
| N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃ | Ammonia |
Definition: Electronegative Elements
Nonmetals are called electronegative elements because they form negatively charged ions by accepting electrons.
Chemical Equation: Reaction of Nonmetals with Oxygen
\[\mathrm{C}+\mathrm{O}_2\xrightarrow{\text{Complete combustion}}\mathrm{CO}_2\mathrm{(Acidic)}\]
\[2\mathrm{C}+\mathrm{O}_2\xrightarrow{\text{Partial Combustion}}2\mathrm{CO~(Neutral)}\]
\[\mathrm{S}+\mathrm{O}_2\xrightarrow{\text{Combustion}}\mathrm{SO}_2\mathrm{(Acidic)}\]
Nonmetals form acidic or neutral oxides with oxygen.
Chemical Equation: Reaction of nonmetals with water
\[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}_2(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l})\longrightarrow\mathrm{H}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}(\mathrm{a}\mathrm{q})+\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}(\mathrm{a}\mathrm{q})\]
Nonmetals usually don’t react with water, except halogens like chlorine.
Chemical Equation: Reaction of Dilute Acids with Nonmetals
\[\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(\mathrm{g})+2\mathrm{HBr}\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)\longrightarrow2\mathrm{HCl}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{Br}_{2}(\mathrm{aq})\]
Nonmetals usually don’t react with dilute acids, but halogens like chlorine do.
Chemical Equation: Reaction of Nonmetals with Hydrogen
\[\mathrm{S}+\mathrm{H}_2\longrightarrow\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{S}\]
\[\mathrm{N}_2+3\mathrm{H}_2\longrightarrow2\mathrm{NH}_3\]
Nonmetals react with hydrogen in special conditions.
