Topics
Heredity and Evolution
Life Processes in Living Organisms Part -1
- Life Processes in Living Organisms
- Living Organisms and Energy Production
- Glycolysis
- Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Phases of Respiration: Electron Transport Chain (Electron Transfer System)
- Production of ATP
- Cellular Respiration
- Energy From Different Food Components
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Mitosis > Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Mitosis > Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis: Reduction Division
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis II
- Significance of Meiosis
- Mitosis Vs Meiosis
Life Processes in Living Organisms Part - 2
Environmental Management
Towards Green Energy
- Energy and Use of Energy
- Generation of Electrical Energy
- Power Plants Based on Nuclear Energy
- Power Plant Based on Thermal Energy
- Power Plants Based on Natural Gas
- Electric Energy Generation and Environment
- Electricity Generation using Hydroelectric Energy
- Electricity Generation using Wind Energy
- Electricity Generation using Solar Energy
- Solar Photovoltaic Cell
- Solar Thermal Power Plant
Animal Classification
- Classification of Living Organisms
- History of Animal Classification
- Traditional Method of Animal Classification
- Conventional System of Animal Classification
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Grades of Organization
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Body Symmetry
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Germ Layers
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Body cavity (Coelom)
- Criteria for New System of Classification > Body Segmentation
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Phylum: Aschelminthes
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Phylum: Hemichordata
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Urochordata
- Subphylum: Cephalochordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Cyclostomata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Pisces
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Amphibia
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Reptilia
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Aves
- Subphylum: Vertebrata/Craniata > Class: Mammalia
Introduction to Microbiology
Cell Biology and Biotechnology
- Cell Biology (Cytology)
- Stem Cells
- Stem Cell Research
- Organ Transplantation
- Organ and Body Donation
- Concept of Biotechnology
- Crop Biotechnology > Hybrid Seeds
- Crop Biotechnology > Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Crop Biotechnology > Biofertilizers
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Human Health
- Vaccination and Immunization
- Edible Vaccines
- Treatment
- Interferons
- Gene Therapy
- Cloning
- Industrial Products/White Biotechnology
- Environment and Biotechnology
- Food Biotechnology
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Green Revolution
- White Revolution
- Blue Revolution
- Fertilizers
- Insecticides
- Types of Farming in India > Organic Farming
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock) > Apiculture (Bee Farming)
- Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
- Processing and Preservation of Fruits
Social Health
Disaster Management
Life's Internal Secrets
- Autotrophic Plants
- Heterotrophic Plants
- Human Digestive System
- Nutrition in Plants
- Transport
The Regulators of Life
The Life Cycle
Mapping Our Genes
Understanding Metals and Non-Metals
Striving for Better Environment 2
- Use of Efficient and Eco-friendly Technology
- Sustainable Use of Resources
- Enforcement of Acts, Laws and Policies
Amazing World of Carbon Compounds
- Key Points: Physical Properties of Non-metal
Physical Properties of Non-Metal
1. Physical State: Nonmetals can exist as solids, liquids, or gases at ordinary temperatures.
Examples,
- Solids: Carbon (C), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P)
- Liquids: Bromine (Br₂)
- Gases: Hydrogen (H₂), Nitrogen (N₂), Oxygen (O₂)
2. Lustre: Nonmetals generally do not have a shiny appearance.
Exceptions: Diamond and iodine crystals have a lustrous, shiny look.
Colours: Nonmetals vary in colour.
- Carbon (as coal) is black.
- Sulphur is yellow.
- Bromine is brown.
- Some nonmetals, like oxygen and nitrogen, are colourless.
3. Brittleness: Solid nonmetals are brittle, meaning they break easily when hammered. Some nonmetals are soft, but diamond (an allotrope of carbon) is an exception. It is the hardest natural substance.
Example,
If you hammer coal (a form of carbon), it breaks into pieces.
4. Ductility & Malleability: Nonmetals cannot be drawn into thin wires (not ductile). They also cannot be beaten into sheets (not malleable).
5. Conduction of Heat & Electricity: Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Exception: Graphite (another form of carbon) is an excellent conductor of electricity.
6. Density: Nonmetals usually have low density, making them light substances.
7. Melting & Boiling Point: Most nonmetals have low melting and boiling points, which means they melt and boil at lower temperatures. Exceptions: Some solid nonmetals, like carbon and boron, have very high melting points.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 10
Key Points: Physical Properties of Non-metal
- Most metals are solids at room temperature, but mercury is a liquid, and gallium and caesium melt in the palm of the hand due to their very low melting points.
- Alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium) are soft, low-density metals with low melting points, unlike most metals.
- Iodine, though a non-metal, shows a metallic lustre, which is unusual for a non-metal.
- Carbon exists in allotropes: diamond is the hardest natural substance, and graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
- Nonmetals are usually non-lustrous, soft, poor conductors, and exist in solid or gas states, with bromine being the only liquid non-metal.
