Topics
Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science
European Colonialism
India and European Colonialism
Colonialism and the Marathas
India: Social and Religious Reforms
Indian Struggle Against Colonialism
- Struggle before 1857
- Early Resistance to British Rule in India
- Background of Founding the Indian National Congress
- Foundation of the Indian National Congress
- 'Moderates' and 'Extremists'
- Armed Revolutionaries in India
- Mahatma Gandhi: Non-violent Resistance Movement
- Indian National Army (INA)
- 'Quit India' Movement of 1942
- Overview of Indian Struggle Against Colonialism
Decolonisation to Political Integration of India
World Wars and India
World : Decolonisation
Cold War
India Transformed - Part 1
India Transformed - Part 2
Key Points: Struggle before 1857
|
Region/Community |
Leader |
Year/Period |
Nature of Revolt |
Result |
|
Bhils (Khandesh) |
Godaji and Mahipaji |
1818–1822 |
Armed revolt against British |
Revolt suppressed |
|
Ramoshi (Satara) |
Umaji Naik |
1824–1832 |
Guerrilla attacks and treasury seizure |
Umaji Naik executed |
|
Paiks (Odisha) |
Bakshi Jagbandhu |
1817 |
Revolt against land and salt policies |
Revolt crushed |
|
Nanded Region |
Honsaji Naik |
Early 19th century |
Refusal to merge with Nizam |
Defeated by British |
|
Kolhapur (Gadkaris) |
Local chiefs |
1844 |
Resistance against British control |
Rebellion ended |
Key Points: Freedom Struggle of 1857
|
Aspect |
Cause/Leader |
Nature of Event |
Major Centres |
Result/Impact |
|
Military Cause |
Enfield rifle cartridges (Mangal Pandey) |
Sepoy revolt |
Barrackpore, Meerut |
Beginning of uprising |
|
Political Cause |
Doctrine of Lapse (Dalhousie) |
Annexation of states |
Jhansi, Satara, Nagpur |
Discontent among rulers |
|
Economic Cause |
New revenue systems |
Exploitation of peasants |
Awadh, North India |
Farmer unrest |
|
Major Leaders |
Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmibai, Tatya Tope |
Armed struggle |
Kanpur, Jhansi, Gwalior |
Fierce resistance |
|
Outcome |
Bahadur Shah Zafar declared emperor |
British suppression |
Delhi recaptured (1857) |
End of Company rule; Crown rule began |
Key Points: Background of Founding the Indian National Congress
|
Organisation |
Founder/Leader |
Year |
Objective |
Contribution |
|
Land Holders’ Association |
Dwarkanath Tagore |
1837 |
Safeguard interests of landlords |
Beginning of political awareness |
|
British India Society |
William Adams |
1839 |
Inform British about Indian conditions |
Political communication with Britain |
|
East India Association |
Dadabhai Naoroji |
1866 |
Create awareness about Indian issues |
Spread nationalist ideas in England |
|
Indian Association |
Surendranath Banerjee |
1876 |
Unite Indians of all regions and castes |
Organised national conferences |
|
Bombay Presidency Association |
Telang and Pherozeshah Mehta |
1885 |
Political reforms and representation |
Strengthened national movement |
Key Points: Founding of the Indian National Congress
|
Aspect |
Details |
Persons Mentioned |
Resolutions/Demands |
Significance |
|
First Session |
28 December 1885, Mumbai (Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College) |
Vyomeshchandra Banerjee (President) |
Nine resolutions passed |
Beginning of national political organisation |
|
Attendance |
72 delegates from various parts of India |
Pherozeshah Mehta, Dadabhai Naoroji, Rahimtulla Sayani, K.T. Telang, G.K. Gokhale |
Participation from all regions |
All-India character |
|
Founder Role |
Initiative taken by Allan Octavian Hume |
A.O. Hume (British officer) |
Formation of Congress |
Organised political platform |
|
Political Demands |
Inquiry into British administration |
— |
Elected representatives in legislative councils |
Demand for representation |
|
Administrative Reforms |
Indianisation of services |
— |
Civil service exams in India, reduction of military expenses, funds for higher and technical education |
Constitutional reform approach |
Key Points: Moderates
|
Aspect |
Details |
Leaders |
Method |
Outcome |
|
Priority |
Social reforms important |
Gopal Krishna Gokhale |
Constitutional approach |
Gradual reform |
|
View on British |
Believed British sense of justice |
Pherozeshah Mehta |
Petitions and prayers |
Limited concessions |
|
Political Demand |
Representation in councils |
Congress leaders |
Resolutions |
Political awareness |
|
Swadeshi Issue |
Avoided extreme agitation |
Moderate group |
Peaceful methods |
Conflict with Extremists |
|
Surat Split (1907) |
Tension with Extremists |
— |
Session dispute |
Congress divided |
Key Points: Extremists
|
Aspect |
Details |
Leaders |
Method |
Outcome |
|
Priority |
Independence first |
Lokmanya Tilak |
Mass movement |
Strong nationalism |
|
View on British |
British won’t respond to requests |
— |
Agitation and pressure |
Direct confrontation |
|
Swadeshi and Boycott |
Strongly supported |
Tilak, Lajpat Rai |
Public mobilization |
Popular support |
|
Partition of Bengal |
Opposed British policy |
Extremist leaders |
Active resistance |
Leaders arrested |
|
Aftermath |
Tilak jailed (Mandalay) |
— |
Continued struggle |
Reunion at Lucknow |
Key Points: Armed Revolutionaries in India
|
Revolutionary/Group |
Region |
Major Action |
Organisation |
Result |
|
Ram Singh Kuka/Vasudev Balwant Phadke |
Punjab/Maharashtra |
Revolt against British |
— |
Early armed resistance |
|
Savarkar Brothers |
Maharashtra |
Formation of secret society |
Abhinav Bharat |
Savarkar imprisoned |
|
Anusheelan Samiti |
Bengal |
Assassination attempt on Kingsford |
Revolutionary group |
Khudiram Bose executed |
|
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association |
North India |
Saunders assassination; Assembly bomb case |
HSRA |
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged |
|
Gadar Party |
America and Canada |
Revolutionary propaganda |
Gadar organisation |
Inspired patriotic uprising |
Key Points: Mahatma Gandhi – Non-Violent Resistance Movement
|
Movement/Event |
Year |
Place |
Method Used |
Result/Impact |
|
Champaran Satyagraha |
1917 |
Bihar |
Satyagraha against indigo cultivation |
Farmers relieved from exploitation |
|
Rowlatt Act Protest |
1919 |
All India |
Hartal and mass protest |
Nationwide agitation |
|
Jallianwala Bagh Incident |
1919 |
Amritsar |
Peaceful gathering fired upon |
National outrage; Tagore returned title |
|
Non-Cooperation Movement |
1920 |
All India |
Boycott of schools, courts, goods; Swadeshi |
Massive public participation |
|
Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) |
1930 |
Sabarmati to Dandi |
Civil disobedience; broke salt law |
Strengthened freedom movement |
Key Points: Azad Hind Sena (Indian National Army)
|
Aspect |
Details |
Leader |
Place |
Result/Impact |
|
Formation |
Indian soldiers captured by Japan formed army |
Rashbihari Bose |
Southeast Asia |
Beginning of INA |
|
Reorganisation |
Leadership taken over |
Subhash Chandra Bose |
— |
Stronger national movement |
|
Provisional Government |
‘Azad Hind Sarkar’ established (1943) |
Subhash Chandra Bose |
Singapore |
Declared war against British |
|
Andaman and Nicobar |
Renamed as ‘Shaheed’ and ‘Swaraj’ Islands |
Netaji |
Andaman and Nicobar |
Symbol of independence |
|
Military Campaign |
Advanced towards Assam; captured Arakan |
INA soldiers |
Eastern border of India |
Could not capture Imphal |
Key Points: Quit India Movement (1942)
|
Aspect |
Details |
Leaders |
Action Taken |
Result/Impact |
|
Resolution |
Wardha resolution demanding British to quit India |
Maulana Azad (President), Jawaharlal Nehru |
Resolution passed on 8 Aug 1942 |
Start of Quit India Movement |
|
Gandhi’s Call |
“Do or Die” mantra |
Mahatma Gandhi |
Mass non-violent movement |
Nationwide awakening |
|
British Response |
Immediate arrests of leaders |
Gandhi, Nehru, Patel |
Ban on gatherings and sealing Congress offices |
Movement went underground |
|
Public Participation |
Youth and common people joined |
Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Aruna Asaf Ali |
Strikes, protests, parallel governments |
Strong resistance across India |
|
Impact |
Weakening of British rule |
Revolutionary groups and public |
Uprisings in many regions |
Foundation of British rule shaken |
