Topics
Electrostatics
- Electric Charge
- Scalar Form of Coulomb’s Law
- Principle of Superposition
- Continuous Charge Distribution
- Electric Field
- Electric Field Intensity Due to a Point-Charge
- Electric Lines of Force
- Electric Dipole
- Dipole in a Uniform External Field
- Gauss’s Law
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Electric Potential
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Potential Due to a Point Charge
- Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Electric Potential
- Conductors and Insulators Related to Electric Field
- Capacitors and Capacitance
- Combination of Capacitors
- Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with and Without Dielectric Medium Between the Plates
- Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
- Van De Graaff Generator
- Physical Significance of Electric Field
- Electric Field Due to a System of Charges
Current Electricity
- Electric Current
- Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor
- Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
- Ohm's Law
- Resistance
- V-I Characteristics (Linear and Non-linear)
- Forms of Energy > Electrical Energy
- Electrical Power
- Specific Resistance or Electrical Resistivity
- Resistivity of Various Materials
- Resistors in Parallel
- Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
- Cells, EMF, and Internal Resistance
- Potential Difference and Emf of a Cell
- Cells in Series
- Kirchhoff’s Laws
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Metre Bridge: Slide-Wire Bridge
- Potentiometer
- Measurement of Internal Resistance of a Cell
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Magnetic force
- Oersted's Experiment
- Biot-Savart Law
- Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current-Carrying Loop
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Straight and Toroidal Solenoids (Only Qualitative Treatment)
- Solenoid
- Toroid
- Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields
- Cyclotron
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Force Between Two Parallel Currents (Ampere’s Law)
- Torque on a Current-Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole
- Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
- Magnetic Field due to a Bar Magnet
- Magnetic Field Due to Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet)
- Torque on a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Bar Magnet and Solenoid Analogy
- Properties of magnetic lines of force
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Permanent Magnet
Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Induced Current and Induced Charge
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Mutual Inductance
- Peak and Rms Value of Alternating Current Or Voltage
- Reactance and Impedance
- LC Oscillations
- AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- Power in AC Circuit
- A.C. Generator
- Transformers
Electromagnetic Waves
- Displacement Current
- Concept of Electromagnetic Waves
- Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Elementary Facts About Electromagnetic Wave Uses
Optics
- Reflection of Light
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Ray Optics - Mirror Formula
- Refraction of Light
- Total Internal Reflection
- Refraction at a Spherical Surface and Lenses
- Refraction at a Spherical Surfaces
- Refraction by a Lens
- Thin Lenses and Their Combination
- Thin Lens Formula
- Lens Maker's Formula
- Magnification
- Power of a Lens
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Dispersion by a Prism
- Applications of Scattering of Light
- Optical Instruments
- Simple Microscope or a Reading Glass
- Compound Microscope
- Telescope
- Optical Instruments: the Eye
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Myopia
- Defects of Vision and Their Corrections > Hypermetropia
- Concept of Wave Optics
- Huygens' Principle
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at a Plane Surface Using Wave Fronts
- Proof of Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygens' Principle
- Interference
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Coherent and Incoherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Width of Central Maximum
- Resolving Power of Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
- Seeing the Single Slit Diffraction Pattern
- The Single Slit
- The Validity of Ray Optics
- Electric Polarisation of Matter
- Plane Polarised Light
- Brewster's Law
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Atoms and Nuclei
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Energy Levels
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Isotopes
- Radioactivity
- Alpha Decay
- Beta Decay
- Gamma Decay
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Mass - Energy
- Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear Fusion
Electronic Devices
- Energy Bands in Solids
- Semiconductor Diode
- p-n Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Voltage Regulator
- Junction Transistor
- Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
- Transistor Action
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Transistor as a Switch
Communication Systems
Notes
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM:-
-For parallel refracting surfaces, as in a glass slab, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. However, it is slightly displaced laterally.
-Consider a triangular glass prism. It has two triangular bases and three rectangular lateral surfaces. These surfaces are inclined to each other. The angle between its two lateral faces is called the angle of the prism.
Here PE is the incident ray, EF is the refracted ray and FS is the emergent ray. You may note that a ray of light is entering from air to glass at the first surface AB. The light ray on refraction has bent towards the normal. At the second surface AC, the light ray has entered from glass to air. Hence it has bent away from normal. Compare the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction at each refracting surface of the prism. The peculiar shape of the prism makes the emergent ray bend at an angle to the direction of the incident ray. This angle is called the angle of deviation. In this case ∠D is the angle of deviation.
DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY A GLASS PRISM:-
The prism has probably split the incident white light into a band of colours. Note the colours that appear at the two ends of the colour band. The various colours seen are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. The acronym VIBGYOR will help you to remember the sequence of colours. The band of the coloured components of a light beam is called its spectrum. You might not be able to see all the colours separately. Yet something makes each colour distinct from the other. The splitting of light into its component colours is called dispersion.
WHITE LIGHT IS DISPERSED INTO ITS SEVEN COLOURS.
A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the sky after a rain shower
It is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere. A rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun. The water droplets act like small prisms. They refract and disperse the incident sunlight, then reflect it internally, and finally refract it again when it comes out of the raindrop.
