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Concepts of Statistics

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Definition: Statistics

Statistics is the area of study dealing with the collection, presentation, and analysis of data as well as drawing meaningful conclusions from the data.

CISCE: Class 10

Definition: Data

A collection of given facts or figures, usually expressed in numerical form.

CISCE: Class 10

Definition: Frequency

Frequency:

The number of times a particular observation occurs.

Frequency Distribution:

A tabular arrangement of data showing the frequency of each observation or class.

CISCE: Class 10

Definition: Class Interval

Each group into which raw data is divided is called a class interval.

CISCE: Class 10

Definition: Class Limits

The two values that bound a class interval.

  • Lower limit: Smallest value of the class

  • Upper limit: Largest value of the class

CISCE: Class 10

Definition: Inclusive and Exclusive Forms

  • Inclusive form: Both lower and upper limits are included in the class.
    (Example: 1–10, 11–20)

  • Exclusive form: Lower limit is included, but upper limit is excluded.
    (Example: 0–10, 10–20)

CISCE: Class 10

Definition: Range

The difference between the highest and lowest observations.

Range = Highest value − Lowest value

CISCE: Class 10

Formula: Adjustment Factor

\[\text{Adjustment Factor}=\frac{1}{2}\text{(Lower limit of next class - Upper limit of previous class)}\]

CISCE: Class 10

Formula: Frequency Density

\[\text{Frequency density}=\frac{\mathrm{Frequency}}{\text{Class width}}\]

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