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Chapters
1: Reproduction in Organisms
2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
3: Human Reproduction
4: Reproductive Health-Problems and Strategies
Unit 2 – Genetics and Evolution
5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
6: Chromosomes, Sex-Linked Inheritance and Human Genetic Disorders
7: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
8: Evolution-Origin of Life
9: Theory of Evolution and Evolution of Man
Unit 3 – Biology and Human Welfare
10: Human Health and Diseases
11: Adolescent Issues: Alcoholism and Drugs
12: Animal Breeding for Improvement in Food Production
▶ 13: Plant Breeding to Enhance Food Production
14: Microbes in Human Welfare
Unit 4 – Biotechnology
15: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
16: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Unit 5 – Ecology and Environment
Chapter 17: Organisms and Populations
Chapter 18: Ecosystem
Chapter 19: Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter 20: Environmental Issues
![Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC chapter 13 - Plant Breeding to Enhance Food Production - Shaalaa.com](/images/biology-english-class-12-isc_6:65d11b7ee3eb4277bbdac77874c6c42a.jpg "Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC chapter 13 - Plant Breeding to Enhance Food Production")
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Solutions for Chapter 13: Plant Breeding to Enhance Food Production
Below listed, you can find solutions for Chapter 13 of CISCE Sarita Aggarwal for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC.
Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC 13 Plant Breeding to Enhance Food Production EXERCISES [Pages 724 - 733]
A. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Multiple choice questions Choose the correct answer:
Green revolution refers to the increased production of ______.
green plants
high yield variety crops
pulses
milk
Callus is ______.
Tissue that forms the embryo
An insoluble carbohydrate
Tissue that grows to form embryoid
Unorganised actively dividing mass of cells maintained in culture
Colchicine brings about ______.
chromosome aberrations
duplication of chromosomes
gene mutations
quick replication
Triticale is obtained by crossing wheat with ______.
oat
barley
maize
rye
Which chemical is used for producing polypolid?
cytokinin
nitrous acid
colchicine
IAA
In protoplast fusion the enzymes required are ______.
cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase
pectinase
ligase, hemicellulase
hemicellulase
Haploids are more suitable for mutation studies than the diploids. This is because ______.
haploids are more abundant in nature than diploids
all mutations, whether dominant or recessive are expressed in haploids
haploids are reproductively more stable than diploids
mutagens penetrate in haploids more effectively than in diploids
Loss of vigour associated with inbreeding is called ______.
heterosis
hybrid vigour
inbreeding depression
hybridisation
The gene ‘cry' is naturally present in ______.
Bacillus thuringiensis
Brassica
tissue culture
Spirulina
Triticale is an ______.
autotriploid
allopolyploid
allotriploid
autotetraploid
Which of the following is not correct about plant introduction?
they give us new crops
they give us new varieties
there is a risk of entry of disease etc. into the country
quarantine is not necessary
Mating between two individuals of different genotypes is called ______.
hybridisation
selection
introduction
hybrid vigour
Homozygosity increases in ______.
cross breeding
inbreeding
polyploidy
hybridisation
A plant tissue culture does not need ______.
nutrient medium
hormonal treatment
soil with inorganic salts
proper plant material
Shoot regeneration is promoted by ______.
cytokinins
auxins
giberrellins
inorganic ions
Somaclonal variations are variations present in ______.
different plants
cells derived from a single culture
transgenic plants
the meristems
The explants used for the production of virus-free plants are from ______.
shoot meristem
leaves
embryos
anthers
Protoplasts are used for genetic engineering because ______.
their cytoplasm is inert
have diploid nucleus
do not have cell walls
do not have cell membranes
Embryo culture is used for ______.
establishing suspension culture
recovery of interspecific hybrids
somatic hybridisation
haploid production
Haploid plants are produced from ______.
meristem culture
embryo culture
anther culture
protoplast culture
Select the mismatch
Anabaena - Nitrogen fixer
Rhizobium - Alfalfa
Frankzia - Alnus
Rhodospirilim - Mycorrhiza
Which of the following is correctly matched for the product produced by them?
Penicillium notatum: Acetic acid
Sacchromyces cerevisiae: Ethanol
Acetobacter aceti: Antibiotics
Methanobacterium: Lactic acid
Conversion of milk to curd improves its nutritional value by increasing the amount of ______.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Select the correct group of biocontrol agents
Bacillus thuringiensis, Tobacco mosaic virus, Aphids
Trichoderma, Baculovirus, Bacillus thuringiensis
Oscillatoria, Rhizobium, Trichoderma
Nostoc, Azospirillum, Nucleopolyhedrovirus
Fill in the blanks
______ consists of single cells and small groups of cells suspended in a liquid culture medium.
The ability of plant cells to regenerate into complete plants is called ______.
Genetic variations that are present in the plant cells of a tissue culture are called ______.
______ are useful in producing plants from some interspecific crosses where hybrid seeds degenerate at an early stage.
Fusion between protoplasts of the selected parents is induced by a solution of ______.
Doubling of chromosomes in haploids is done by treating them with ______.
Most commonly used cytokinins in meristem culture is ______.
______ is a plant part that is excised from the plant and used for initiation of tissue culture.
Loss of vigour associated with inbreeding is called ______.
State whether the following is true or false.
Germplasm means the genetic material of high yielding varieties of a species.
State whether the following is true or false.
Biofortification refers to breeding crops with higher levels of mineral vitamins and proteins.
State whether the following is true or false.
Triticum durum is a hexapolyploid variety of wheat.
State whether the following is true or false.
Inbreeding promotes heterozygosity and is used to have superior variety.
State whether the following is true or false.
Somatic embryo regeneration is induced by high concentration of auxins like 2,4-D.
Match the following.
| Column A | Column B |
| 1. 2,4-D | (a) Colchicine |
| 2. PEG | (b) Single cell protein |
| 3. Cry gene | (c) Callus culture |
| 4. HVY wheat variety | (d) Heterosis |
| 5. Lysin-rich maize variety | (e) Sonalika |
| 6. Autopolyploidy | (f) Rattan |
| 7. Spirullina | (g) Somatic hybridisation |
| 8. Hybrid vigour | (h) Insect resistance |
Answer the following in one or two words.
A technique that involves crossing of two varieties in plants to get desired and improved variety.
Answer the following in one or two words.
Removing of stamens from the immature bisexual flower with forceps.
Answer the following in one or two words.
A breeding technique by which genetic variations are created through changes in the base sequence in the genes.
Answer the following in one or two words.
A polyploid cell or organism that has more than two copies of the same set of chromosomes.
Answer the following in one or two words.
Term used for cells from which cell walls have been removed by digestion with enzymes.
In the questions given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option
Assertion (A): Removal ofmale parts in a flower is called emasculation.
Reason (R): Bagging is not required for emasculated flowers.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Allopolyploidy involves numerical increase of the same genome.
Reason (R): Autopolyploidy develops through hybridisation between two species followed by doubling of chromosomes.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Inbreeding depression or loss of vigour occurs when inbreeding is continued for many generations.
Reason (R): Autopolyploidy can be done to overcome the harmful effects of inbreeding depression.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Biofortification is a good practical aspect to improve health of the people.
Reason (R): Biofortification is breeding of crops with higher levels of vitamins, minerals, proteins and healthier fats.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Virus-free plants can be produced by the meristem tissue culture.
Reason (R): The virus fails to grow during the growth of the host tissue in the artificial medium.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Somatic embryos can be formed from any cell in plant tissue culture.
Reason (R): Any living plant cell is capable of differentiating into somatic embryos.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): For plant tissue culture, it is essential that the explants, culture vessels, medium and instruments are free from microbes.
Reason (R): In a nutrient medium the cells grow into an unorganised mass of cells called callus.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Protoplast culture is an important technique of genetic engineering.
Reason (R): Protoplast culture technique results in the production of somatic-hybrid plants.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Read the sources given and answer any four from the questions given below:
|
Golden rice is a genetically modified variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering. It is rich in beta carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. Golden rice is meant to overcome vitamin A deficiency, deficiency of which causes blindness in children in the developing world. It differs from the parental strains as it contains three beta-carotene genes. Two are isolated from daffodil plant and the third gene from a bacterium. This combination of genes allows the rice plant to synthesise beta-carotene by modifying certain metabolic pathways. Fortified with beta-carotene, this genetically modified rice crop has good yield and is more tolerant to abiotic stresses. |
- Golden rice, a variety of rice has enhanced nutritional value due to the presence of
- Vitamin A
- beta-carotene
- bacterium
- daffodil genes
- The genetically modified variety of rice is produced by introducing
- two genes of daffodil plant
- one gene of a bacterium
- both (a) and (b)
- a bacterium with desired gene
- The genetically modified variety of rice stores its nutrients in its
- roots
- stem
- leaves
- seeds
- Golden rice is called a genetically modified crop because it
- gives good yield
- rich in carbohydrates and proteins
- has a gene from bacterium
- more tolerant to abiotic stress
- Golden rice can help to overcome the deficiency of following in children.
- carbohydrates
- vitamin A
- vitamin B
- minerals
Read the sources given and answer any four from the questions given below:
|
Single cell protein (SCP) refers to the edible protein extracted from the microbial biomass, rich in high-quality protein. These microbes can be grown using inexpensive substrates like agricultural waste, industrial effluents, sawdust and corn cobs, thus reducing the environmental pollution too. Various microorganisms used for the production of SCP are bacteria like Cellulomonas, Alcaligenes, algae-like Spirulina, Chlorella and fungilike yeast (Saccharomyces), Agaricus, Fusarium. In addition to proteins, SCP contains other nutrients such as lipids and vitamins. Most of the organisms used in obtaining SCP are single-celled microorganisms but the term SCP may be misleading as some multicellular microorganisms are also used. Commercial production of SCP is mostly based on yeasts and some fungi like Fusarium graminearum. Use of SCP: SCP production may have potential for feeding the ever-increasing world population. Massive quantities of SCP can be produced in a single day. |
- Which of following organisms cannot be used as SCP?
- algae
- fungi
- bacteria
- mosses
- SCP can be grown on the following substrates
- industrial effluents
- agricultural wastes
- both (a) and (b)
- petri dishes
- SCP can be obtained from the following algae
- Fusarium
- Spirulina
- Saccharomyces
- Agaricus
- SCP are a source of
- only proteins
- proteins and vitamins
- lipids and vitamins
- both (a) and (c)
- Commercial production of SCP is mostly based on fungi like
- Fusarium
- Chlorella
- mushrooms
- Cellulomonas
B. SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS I. Very short answer type questions (1 mark)
List 3 important desirable traits in crop improvement.
Who is called architect of 'Green Revolution'?
What is the term used for sum total of all alleles of the genes present in a crop and its related species?
What term is used for crossing of two varieties of plants?
What is ‘biofortification’?
If an organism has 4 or 5 sets of a genome, what term is used?
If the cell has two or more copies of different genomes, what is it called?
The wheat Triticale contains how many genomes?
What term is used for loss of vigour with inbreeding?
Give the source of single-cell protein.
What is Spirulina rich in?
The technique of growing of plant cells ina suitable culture medium and growing plants from it.
The ability of plant cells to develop into a whole plant.
In plant tissue culture, what is an unorganised mass of cell formed called as?
Name hormones present in the culture medium in tissue culture.
What are somaclonal variations?
What are commonly used explants in tissue culture?
Why are shoot tips used in tissue culture plants?
The name given to a hybrid produced by fusion of somatic cells of two variations or species.
What happens to plant cells if they are subjected to a combination of enzymes like pectinase and cellulase?
What is a Pomato?
What is the importance of soil bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis in plants?
What is Bt cotton?
Give an example of biopesticide.
Name a bioherbicide.
Give 2 advantages of biopesticides.
What are components of nutrients in culture medium in tissue culture?
What is appropriate temperature for tissue cultures?
What is the term used for the ability of plant cells to give rise to complete plants?
Short answer type questions (2 marks)
Define green revolution.
What is hybridisation?
Define the term 'plant tissue culture'.
What is subculturing?
What is surface sterilisation?
What are the different types of tissue cultures, based on the type of in vitro growth?
Why should the suspension cultures be constantly agitated?
List 3 important things that happen in all plant tissue cultures.
Why is a part of the culture transferred into a new culture vessel?
What is totipotency?
Which hormone induces shoot regeneration?
What does the standard medium contain in the tissue culture?
Why is hardening of plantlets necessary?
What are somaclonal variations?
What do you understand by a transgene?
Which explants are used in meristem cultures?
Which hormone promotes axillary branching?
What is embryo culture?
Define a transgenic organism.
How are protoplasts produced?
What is somatic hybridisation?
Name the chemical that brings fusion of protoplasts.
Name two main factors on which performance of a crop depends.
What is meant by an improved variety?
List main steps of variety development.
What are variations?
Define interspecific hybridisation.
What do you understand by pure line?
List the important information the label of a certified seed must carry.
What is germplasm?
Why is quarantine a must before introduction of a plant species from a different country?
Define heterosis.
What is inbreeding depression?
What are mutagens?
Name any two chemical mutagens.
Name any two physical mutagens.
Name an allopolyploid crop produced by humans.
What advantage do autopolyploids have?
Name an anti-nutritional factor present in mustard.
What is a pathogen?
What is inbreeding?
How is a hybrid produced?
Short answer type questions (3 marks)
Define the term plant tissue culture.
What is subculturing?
What is surface sterilisation?
What is the role of growth regulators in plant cultures?
Why should the suspension cultures be constantly agitated?
List three important common things in all plant tissue cultures.
What is subculturing?
Why is a part of the culture transferred into a new culture vessel?
What is totipotency?
Why is hardening of plantlets necessary?
What are somaclonal variations?
How are somaclonal variations produced?
What is the significance of somaclonal variations?
Which explants are used in meristem cultures?
Name the hormone that promotes axillary branching.
What is embryo culture?
What is the significancе of embryo culture?
List various steps in the formation of protoplasts.
Name an allopolyploid crop produced by humans.
What advantage do autopolyploids have?
Define interspecific hybridisation.
Define heterosis.
Define the term:
embryo cultures
Differentiate between the following:
Draught and Dairy breeds
Differentiate the following.
Exotic breed and Indigenous breed
Differentiate between the following:
Indigenous and Cross-breeds
What are the differences between broilers and layers and in their management?
Differentiate between outbreeding and inbreeding.
Differentiate between the following:
Normal and HYV of crops
Differentiate between the following:
Autopolyploid and Allopolyploid
Long answer type questions (5 marks)
Explain the technique of callus culture.
How is callus culture different from suspension culture?
How are shoot and root regenerated in callus cultures?
What is hardening?
How is hardening done?
List a few applications of callus culture and suspension culture.
How are plantlets obtained from the shoot meristem?
What is embryo culture?
List the important applications of embryo culture?
How are homozygous lines produced from anther cultures?
Explain the process of somatic hybridisation.
Explain the following term:
Surface sterilisation
Explain the following concept with an example.
Subculture
Explain the following term:
Protoplast
Explain the following term:
Transgenic organism
Explain the following term:
Callus and suspension cultures
Explain the following term:
Meristem cultures
Explain the following term:
Embryo cultures
Explain the following term:
Anther cultures
Explain the following term:
Somatic hybridisation
Explain the following term:
Totipotency
Explain the following term:
Biopesticides
Discuss the role of plant tissue culture in increasing food production.
Elaborate as to how biotechnology can be helpful in achieving sustainable agriculture.
Bring out the salient features through which biotechnology can lead to higher food production.
E. BOARD QUESTIONS 1 mark
Give the biological name of the following:
The microbe used to control insect larvae growing on cotton.
Give the biological name of the following:
The fungus that is being developed as a bio-control agent.
Give one significant contribution of the following scientist:
T.R. Malthus
Give one significant contribution to the following scientists:
Prof. R. Mishra
2 marks
What is a single cell protein?
How is single-cell protein significant for human welfare?
Explain the term biofortification.
How is the biofortification technique useful for the production of golden rice?
3 marks
Describe the tissue culture technique in plants.
Solutions for 13: Plant Breeding to Enhance Food Production
Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC chapter 13 - Plant Breeding to Enhance Food Production
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