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Chapters
1: Reproduction in Organisms
2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
3: Human Reproduction
4: Reproductive Health-Problems and Strategies
Unit 2 – Genetics and Evolution
5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
6: Chromosomes, Sex-Linked Inheritance and Human Genetic Disorders
7: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
8: Evolution-Origin of Life
▶ 9: Theory of Evolution and Evolution of Man
Unit 3 – Biology and Human Welfare
10: Human Health and Diseases
Chapter 11: Adolescent Issues: Alcoholism and Drugs
Chapter 12: Animal Breeding for Improvement in Food Production
Chapter 13: Plant Breeding to Enhance Food Production
Chapter 14: Microbes in Human Welfare
Unit 4 – Biotechnology
Chapter 15: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Chapter 16: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Unit 5 – Ecology and Environment
Chapter 17: Organisms and Populations
Chapter 18: Ecosystem
Chapter 19: Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter 20: Environmental Issues
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Solutions for Chapter 9: Theory of Evolution and Evolution of Man
Below listed, you can find solutions for Chapter 9 of CISCE Sarita Aggarwal for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC.
Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC 9 Theory of Evolution and Evolution of Man EXERCISES [Pages 515 - 528]
A. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS I. Multiple choice questions Choose the correct answer:
Humans appeared on earth in ______.
palaeozoic era
mesozoic era
cenozoic era
jurassic period
Lamarck's theory of evolution was based on ______.
natural selection
survival of the fittest
inheritance of acquired characters
mutation
The famous book "The Origin of Species" was written by ______.
Carl Linnaeus
Charles Darwin
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Gregor Mendel
Which of the following is not associated with the theory of Charles Darwin?
survival of the fittest
struggle for existence
natural selection
inheritance of acquired characters
The slow process by which new species of organisms arise from the preexisting forms by genetic variation is called ______.
mutation
hybridisation
genets
evolution
Darwin’s explanation of the way in which evolution occurs is that ______.
God determines which species should evolve
progressive adaptations enable one species to leave more offspring
certain species have built-in plans of evolution
those traits used most often persist longer
Successful adaptation simply means ______.
an increase in fitness
moving to a new place
producing offspring
evolving new characteristics
Sympatric speciation is the formation of species ______.
in geographically isolated areas
within a single population without geographical isolation
due to artificial selection
due to polymorphism
Mule and hinny are examples of ______.
sterile hybrids
fertile hybrids
interbreeding in natural conditions
natural selection
Two species that are morphologically almost identical but do not normally interbreed are called ______.
sympatric species
polytypic species
allopatric species
sibling species
The concept of biological species defines species as a group of ______.
individuals occupying a specific area
interbreeding individuals
individuals producing fertile hybrid
reproductively isolated individuals
Resistance of mosquitoes to DDT is an example of ______.
artificial selection
mutation
natural selection
adaptation
Humans belong to order ______.
mammalia
primates
hominidae
pongidae
Anthropoid apes were ancestors of ______.
only monkeys
only apes
monkeys and apes
monkeys, apes and humans
Family Pongidae includes ______.
only gibbons
only gorillas
only chimpanzees
gorillas and chimpanzees
The brain size of modern humans is ______.
400 c.c.
520 c.c.
1400-1450 c.c.
1800 c.c.
By comparing human and primate proteins, humans are closely linked to ______.
chimpanzee
gibbon
organgutan
monkeys
Which of the following forms left the coloured cave paintings?
neanderthal man
Cro-Magnon man
java man
peking man
Java man and Peking man belong to the species ______.
H. erectus
H. habilis
H. sapiens
A. africanus
Which were the first human-like forms that existed about 5 million years ago?
Ramapithecus
Australopithecus
Dryopithecus
Homo habilis
Neanderthal man existed about ______.
1.7 million years ago
40,000 years ago
34,000 years ago
10,000 years ago
The diploid chromosome number of gorilla is ______.
44
46
48
50
Convergent evolution is illustrated by ______.
rat and dog
starfish and cattle fish
bacterium and protozoan
dogfish and whale
Darwin in his ‘Theory of Natural Selection' did not believe in any role of which one of the following in evolution?
survival of the fittest
struggle for existence
discontinuous variation
Over production
‘Use and disuse of organs’ theory was proposed by ______.
Lamarck
Darwin
Hugo de Vries
Malthus
Who proposed the Theory of Origin of Species by Natural Selection?
August Weismann
Hugo de Vries
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
The most likely reason for the development of resistance against pesticides in insects damaging crops is ______.
genetic recombination
directed mutations
acquired heritable changes
random mutations
Geographic and reproductive isolation bring about ______.
extinction
overproduction
speciation
competition
de Vries gave his mutation theory on organic evolution while working on ______.
Pisum sativum
Drosophila melanogaster
Oenothera lamarckiana
Althea rosea
Which one of the following phenomena supports Darwin's concept of Natural Selection in organic evolution?
Development of transgenic animals
Production of "Dolly", the sheep by cloning
Prevalence of pesticide resistant insects
Development of organs from 'stem cells' for organ transplantation
Which is not explained by Lamarckism?
elongation of neck of giraffe
loss of tail in human being
weak progeny of a Nobel laureate
none of these
When two species of different geneology come to resemble each other as a result of adaptation, the phenomenon is termed ______.
micro-evolution
co-evolution
convergent evolution
divergent evolution
Among the human ancestors, the brain size was more than 1000 cc in ______.
Home neanderthalensis
Home erectus
Rama pithecus
Homo habilis
Industrial melanism as observed in peppered moth proves that ______.
the melanic form of the moth had selective advantage over lighter form in industrial area
the lighter moth has no selective advantage either in polluted industrial area or non-polluted area
melanism is a pollution-generated feature
the true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random mutation
Adaptive radiation refers to ______
the power of adaptation in an individual to a variety of environments.
adaptations due to geographical isolation.
migration of members of species from common ancestors.
evolution of different species from common ancestors.
One of the important consequences of geographical isolation is ______.
preventing speciation
speciation through reproductive isolation
random creation of new species
no change in the isolated fauna
Which of the following statements is correct?
Homo erectus is the ancestor of man
Cro-Magnon man’s fossil has been found in Ethiopia
Australopithecus is the real ancestor of modern man
Cro-Magnon man is the most recent ancestor of Homo sapiens
Which of the following is not a concept of Lamarck?
environmental pressure causes variation
rate and survival of organism is different due to variation
inheritance of acquired character
if an organ is used constantly it will continuously increase in size
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is known to be affected by ______.
evolution
limiting factors
saltation
natural selection
Industrial melanism was highlighted by ______.
Mimosa pudica
Triticum aestivum
Biston betularia
Rock python
Fill in the blanks
An evolutionary process giving rise to new species adapted to new habitats on isolated islands is called ______.
The evolution of Australian marsupials and placental mammals on other continents in an example of ______ evolution.
______ evolution refers to the independent development of similar characters in two different groups of organisms occupying different continents.
Genetic ______ are essential for evolution.
______ selection acts to eliminate both the extreme phenotypes of a certain trait.
Sickle cell anaemia is an example of ______ selection.
Adaptive radiations suggest ______ evolution.
Lamarckism is based on inheritance of ______ characteristics.
The evolution of Australian marsupials and placental mammals on other continents in an example of ______ evolution.
The first human-like form ______ existed about ______ years ago.
State whether the following is true or false.
Genetic drift refers to variations in gene frequency within a population by chance rather than by natural selection.
State whether the following is true or false.
Homo habilis came before Homo erectus.
State whether the following is true or false.
Neanderthal man is a direct ancestor of modern humans.
State whether the following is true or false.
Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory.
State whether the following is true or false.
Dryopithecus man existed about 24 million years ago.
Match the following.
| Column A | Column B |
|---|---|
| 1. HardyWeinberg principle | (a) Inheritance of acquired characters |
| 2. Lamarckism | (b) Evolution by natural selection |
| 3. Darwinism | (c) Homo habilis |
| 4. Founder's effect | (d) Predicts genetic equilibrium |
| 5. Louis Leaky | (e) Genetic drift |
Answer the following in one or two words.
Study that deals with the study of the frequencies of genes or entire gene pool in a population.
Answer the following in one or two words.
Sudden and random heritable changes in a gene or a chromosome.
Answer the following in one or two words.
Movement of alleles from one population to another.
Answer the following in one or two words.
Scientific name of black pepper moth.
Answer the following in one or two words.
First human-like form that existed 5 million years ago in Africa.
In the questions given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose LS the correct option.
Assertion (A): Natural selection means survival of the fittest.
Reason (R): Natural variations give an adaptive advantage. More adaptive forms of a trait remain and become more common while less adaptive ones disappear with time.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): The disease sicklecell anaemia is an example of natural selection in human population.
Reason (R): It saves Africans from the fatal disease of malaria in heterozygous condition.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): DDT (an insecticide) has now become almost ineffective against mosquitoes.
Reason (R): Introduction of DDT brought a change in the gene frequency with a shift from DDT-sensitive to DDT-resistant mosquitoes.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Java man and Peking man are the fossils of Homo erectus.
Reason (R): Homo erectus evolved from Homo habilis.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Assertion (A): Chimpanzee is the closest relative of the present-day humans.
Reason (R): The banding pattern of chromosomes 3 and 6 is remarkably similar in humans and chimpanzee.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Read the sources given and answer any four from the questions given below:
| On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed several species of finches with unique beak shapes. These finches closely resembled another finch species, a large ground finch, on the mainland of South America. Evolution in Darwin's finches is a powerful evidence for natural selection. Artificial selection is a process by which man chooses the trait it wants to perpetuate. It involves selective breeding of organisms with desired qualities over many generations and is much faster than natural selection. Artificial selection can be practised by two main types of breeding: inbreeding and outbreeding. Inbreeding involves meeting of two closely related individuals and is carried out to perpetuate a particular trait. For example, pedigree dogs are often inbred to enhance specific qualities. Outbreeding involves the mating of two unrelated individuals and results in the progeny called hybrid which is tougher than the parents. Artificial selection over many generations improves the quality of the stock. Artificial selection may also give rise to new breeds or varieties which differ from the original population. |
- Pedigreed dogs are result of the following technique.
- inbreeding
- outbreeding
- natural selection
- both (a) and (c)
- In Darwin's finch, where was the ancestral finch found
- Galapagos Islands
- South America
- North America
- Pacific Islands
- A hybrid is formed as a result of mating of
- unrelated individuals
- inbreeding
- individuals with same traits
- both (a) and (c)
- What is not true of artificial selection?
- may give rise to new breeds
- desired quality can be obtained in one generation
- over many generations improves the quality of stock
- much faster than natural selection
- Darwin's finches is an example of
- convergent evolution
- artificial selection
- natural selection
- survival of the fittest
Read the sources given and answer any four from the questions given below:
| Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of a population change over generations due to chance. Its effects is strongest in small populations. It usually results in the loss of some alleles altogether. It has major effects when a population is sharply reduced in size by a natural disaster (bottleneck effect) or when a small group splits off from the main population to form a colony (founder effect). The bottleneck effect happens when natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, fires and epidemics kill most individuals and leave behind a small, random group of survivors. It may lead to the loss of some alleles and the allele frequencies in new group are very different from the original population. The founder effect occurs when a few individuals move away from the parental population to establish a new colony. The founding individuals of the new colony do not represent the genetic diversity of the parental population as some alleles may be missing altogether. |
- The bottleneck effect in a population will be very pronounced in the following case.
- severe fire
- mutations in a population
- random mixing of individuals
- death of some individuals
- When the allelic frequencies of a population change over generation due to chance events, it is called
- gene migration
- disruptive selection
- artificial selection
- genetic drift
- When a few individuals move away from a parental population to form a new colony, it leads to
- Bottleneck effect
- Natural selection
- Founder's effect
- Artificial selection
- Which of the following statements is true for the Founder's effect?
- result of an earthquake
- immigration of some individuals
- some alleles may not be present at all
- random mix of all alleles
- The new population in a bottleneck effect represents
- population with loss of a some alleles
- large population with stable allelic frequencies
- random population with equal number of two alleles
- genetic diversity
Read the sources given and answer any four from the questions given below:
| Change in the population of peppered moth in England is an example of natural selection. Before the industrial revolution, the tree trunks were light coloured and covered by lichens. Light-coloured peppered moth, Biston betularia typica had the advantage as they camouflaged well with tree trunks. They escaped predation by birds. The population of light grey moths was about 95%. On the contrary black-coloured moths Biston betularia carbonaria were visible on light-coloured tree trunks and were easy prey for the birds. Hence their population was only about 5%. During industrial revolution, as coal was used in the industries, the tree trunks turned black with soot. As a result, the population of black moth increased as they camouflaged with black tree trunks and could be spotted by the predators. Simultaneously the population of light-coloured moth dwindled as they could be easily spotted and became an easy prey. Then as the industrial revolution progressed, coal was replaced by oil and electricity. It reduced the formation of black soot and the tree trunks became lighter again. It resulted in the increase in the population of lightcoloured moths again. |
- Which type of peppered moth were more prevalent before the industrial revolution?
- Biston carbonaria betularia
- Biston typica betularia
- Biston betularia carbonaria
- Biston betularia typica
- Which of the following changes occurred during industrial revolution?
- Number of black-peppered moth diminished
- Number of predatory birds increased
- Number of white-peppered moth diminished
- Tree trunks turned greyish white
- An important change that occurred as the industrial revolution progressed and coal was replaced by oil.
- tree trunks were covered by soot
- predators for peppered moth increased
- dark-peppered moth camouflaged with tree trunks
- increase in number oflight-peppered moth
- What type of evolutionary phenomenon, does the change in population of peppered moth represent?
- artificial selection
- genetic drift
- natural selection
- mutation
- What happened to the population of black and light grey peppered moths when industries started using oil as a fuel?
- 95% black and 5% grey moth
- 5% black and 95% grey moth
- 50% black and 50% grey moth
- 65% black and 45% grey moth
B. SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Very short answer type questions (1 mark)
What is Lamarck's theory known as?
Give two basic assumptions of Lamarckism.
What experiment did Weismann perform?
What was the name of theory given by Darwin?
What type of competitions do individuals undergo due to overproduction?
Organisms with unfavourable variations die out and only some survive. What is this known as in Darwinism?
Give three important deductions or reasoning of Darwin's concept.
What is population genetics?
What are the ways by which the recombinations occur?
What is Hardy Weinberg principle?
Name the factors that change the genetic equilibrium.
What are sudden and random heritable changes in a gene or a chromosome known as?
What is the movement of alleles from one population to another called?
If the variations occur in a population by chance alone and not by natural selection and bring change in the frequencies of an allele, what is it called?
Name two important causes of genetic drift.
Why do some alleles get lost in the Founder's population?
Name some chance events that result in changing of allelic frequencies and less of genetic variations?
In which kind of selection, the middle range of phenotypes are favoured and extreme types get eliminated?
What is that selection called, when it simultaneously favours individuals at both extremes and 2 peaks in distribution get formed?
Answer the following in one or two words.
Scientific name of black pepper moth.
What happened to the black peppered moth during industrial revolution?
What was the reason for increase in population of black peppered moth?
Population of which moth increased when coal replaced oil and electricity.
Which individuals are favoured by natural selection in sickle cell anaemic allele?
Did spray of DDT give resistance to mosquitoes?
Why did population of DDT resistant mosquitoes increase after a few years?
What is the meaning of out breeding?
When there is a common ancestor and different forms evolve due to adaptation to different habitats what is this evolution called?
The Australian marsupials and placental mammals in different parts of the world show striking similarity. What kind of evolution is it called?
Give the class, order and family to which the modern man belongs.
What is the scientific name of the modern man?
Which are the other animals included in order primates?
By the fossil records when did man and modern apes separate from on different lines?
What is the first human-like form called that existed 5 million years ago in Africa?
Give important features of Australopithecus.
When did Homo habilis appear?
What is the name given to Java man and Peking man? When did they exist?
What was their brain size and height?
At which time did Neanderthal man exist?
When did Cro-Magnon man appear?
Give the sequence of evolution of modern man from Australopithecus with time period.
Which man lived in caves and left behind, beautiful pictures of animals?
What is the diploid number of chromosome in humans.
What is the diploid number of chromosome in great apes?
What does the molecular data and studies on DNA and chromosome number suggest about evolution of humans and great apes?
What does the banding pattern of chromosome number 3 and 6 of humans and great apes represent?
Attempt giving a clear definition of the term species.
Can we call human evolution as adaptive radiation?
Whatis meant by genetic equilibrium?
What is 'Founder effect'?
Give the scientific name of first human like ancestors.
Short answer type questions (2 marks)
What does the study of evolution of Australian marsupials and placental mammals signify?
List four major evolutionary trends of horses.
Who gave the theory of acquired characters?
Name the theory given by Darwin.
Give the main contribution of hugo de vries.
Very short answer question.
State the Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium.
List five major sources of variations.
What is the Founder's effect?
What happens in directional selection?
What is sympatric speciation?
Define the following term:
Speciation
Define the term reproductive isolation.
What is a biological species concept?
Define the concept of evolutionary species.
What is molecular homology?
What did Louis Pasteur try to prove?
How did Wallace disapprove, the Lamarck's theory of evolution?
How is artificial selection different from the natural selection?
Why do some polyploid hybrids have a high economic value?
How long has modern man been in existence?
List a few traits unique to human species.
To which species do Java man and Peking man belong?
When did the modern apes and humans diverged on different lines of evolution?
What role has molecular biology played in tracing the human ancestry?
With whom are humans closely linked—gibbons, orangutan or gorilla?
Give a chronological sequence of evolution of genus Homo.
Why is Cro-Magnon man considered to be an early form of Homo sapiens?
According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the allele frequency of a population remains constant. How do you interpret the change of frequency of alleles in a population?
Short answer type questions (3 marks)
Why and how did the population of peppered moth changed in England before industrial revolution.
Why and how did the population of peppered moth changed in England during industrial revolution.
Why and how did the population of peppered moth changed in England with the progression of industrial revolution?
What is the meaning of the term inbreeding?
What is the meaning of out breeding?
Give one example of artificial selection.
Give Lederberg's experiment. What does it prove?
What is Lamarckism?
Give two important features of Lamarckism theory?
How did Lamarckism theory explain the development of longer neck and legs in giraffe?
Define the term reproductive isolation.
Define the concept of evolutionary species.
Explain the concept of species by Darwin.
How is artificial selection different from the natural selection?
How long has modern man been in existence? List a few traits unique to human species.
Give a chronological sequence of evolution of genus Homo from first human-like form.
Give four important evolutionary features of modern man.
What is the Founder's effect?
Explain the term genetic drift.
Explain the term bottleneck effect.
Explain three kinds of evolutionary responses as a result of natural selection on quantitative traits.
Differentiate between divergent evolution and convergent evolution with one example for each.
Differentiate between Lamarck's Theory and Darwin's Theory.
Differentiate between Genetic drift and gene migration.
Differentiate between Natural selection and artificial selection.
Differentiate between the following:
Allopatric and Sympatric speciation
Write two differences between Homo erectus and Homo habilis
Differentiate between the following:
Dryopithecus and Australopithecus
Differentiate between the following:
Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
Enumerate Lamarck's propositions about evolution. Describe the examples given by Lamarck in support of the theory of use and disuse.
Explain Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
Give a tabular representation of the principle of natural selection.
Mention the salient features of de Vries' theory of mutation.
Comment on the generalisation made by de Vries' on evolution.
Distinguish between microevolution and macroevolution.
Narrate the significance population genetics in evolution.
What is variation?
Name the basic that cause variation among organisms.
Discuss the role of migration.
Define the term:
Genetic drift
How does genetic drift produce id genetic bottleneck?
How did the population of peppered moth change with changes in environment in England?
Before industrial revolution
How did the population of peppered moth change with changes in environment in England?
During industrial revolution
What is the significance of Lederberg experiment?
What is meant by speciation?
Explain allopatric speciation.
Explain sympatric speciation.
How do new species originate in nature?
What was Lamarck's explanation for long legs and long neck of giraffe? How can this be explained by Darwin's theory of natural selection?
Explain Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. What were his assumptions and deductions?
It is expected that selection pressure should have eliminated the gene for sickle cell anaemia. How would you account for its continuance in human population?
Trace the evolution of man from genus Ramapithecus onwards.
How are apes different from humans?
Explaln the evolution of four great apes on the time period scale.
Develop a time line for hominid evolution giving the order of appearance of Homo erectus, Australopithecus, Homo sapiens sapiens, Homo habilis and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.
Explain giving reasons the existence of placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf sharing the same habitat.
Write your observations on the variations seen in the Darwin's finches.
How did Darwin explain the existence of different varieties of finches on Galapagos Islands?
E. BOARD QUESTIONS 1 mark
Name the common ancestor of apes and man.
2 marks
Give two characteristic features of Ramapithecus.
Give two characteristic features of the following:
Cro-magnon man
What are vestigial organs?
Give any one example of a vestigial organ in human body.
State Hardy Weinberg's principle.
Give a mathematical expression for Hardy Weinberg's principle.
3 marks
Explain the evolution of the long neck of giraffe according to Charles Darwin.
Explain industrial melanism.
Solutions for 9: Theory of Evolution and Evolution of Man
Sarita Aggarwal solutions for Biology [English] Class 12 ISC chapter 9 - Theory of Evolution and Evolution of Man
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